中国碳排放测算分析与减排路径选择研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
全球气候变化是人类迄今面临的最重大环境问题,也是21世纪人类面临的最复杂挑战之一,围绕减缓气候变暖的国际谈判不仅关系到人类的生存环境,而且直接影响发展中国家的现代化与可持续发展进程。目前国际科学界认为,解决气候变化问题的根本措施之一是减少温室气体的人为排放。中国是世界上第一大碳排放国家,中国的减排问题己经成为国内外学术界、环境界和各国政府共同关注的热点问题。研究中国减排问题具有十分重要的意义,不仅有利于中国的可持续发展,而且有助于缓和全球气候变暖。
     因此,本文在文献回顾和基本理论概述的基础上运用统计分析和计量分析方法对我国碳排放问题进行深入研究,研究内容主要包括:第一部分绪论,介绍本文的选题意义、研究内容、研究方法以及创新点;第二部分碳排放的相关理论概述,指明碳排放相关概念,提出适合我国国情的碳排放测算方法,概括了碳排放问题的理论基础;第三部分碳排放的状况分析,分别从总体状况和碳排放源分布状况对我国碳排放状况进行分析,并通过VAR模型定量分析了我国碳排放对经济、社会和环境造成的影响;第四部分碳排放的影响因素及其实证分析,在理论分析碳排放影响因素的基础上,采用LMDI分解模型对碳排放变化量进行分解分析,并进一步通过分位数回归面板数据模型对不同条件分布位置碳排放影响因素进行实证分析;第五部分减排路径选择及其模拟分析,构建中国能源环境CGE模型,引入能源模块,添加碳排放量和碳排放强度两个变量,在2011年社会核算矩阵数据的基础上,对我国四条主要的减排路径进行模拟分析;第六部分结论与建议,总结全文主要结论,并提出针对性的减排建议。
     本文得出的主要结论有:
     从碳排放水平总体评价结果看,我国碳排放总体水平让人堪忧,其中碳排放效率较低,碳排放总量较高,碳汇能力较差,碳排放人均水平处于中等水平。从碳排放源的分布状况看,在区域方面,我国重度排放区贡献了碳排放总量的50%以上,是我国最重要的碳排放区域。运用泰尔指数分析碳排放量区域差异产生的原因,结果表明以人口为权重的泰尔指数区域内差异对整体差异的贡献率达到80%左右,而以GDP为权重的泰尔指数表明近年来整体差异主要由于区域间差异产生的;在产业结构方面,我国碳排放总量有90%以上来源于第二产业,其中80%来源于工业部门中的高排放行业;在能源结构方面,我国80%的碳排放量来源于煤炭消费,20%左右来源于石油消费,而只有3.46%的碳排放量来源于天然气。灰色关联分析显示,我国碳排放量与煤炭关联度最高;碳排放强度与天然气关联度最高。
     对碳排放变化量的分解结果表明:在碳排放量角度,人均GDP和人口数量对碳排放量具有明显的正向作用,能源消费强度对碳排放量具有明显的抑制作用;人均碳排放量的因素分解结果与碳排放量的相似;在碳排放强度角度,碳排放强度增加归因于能源消费强度的拉动作用,碳排放强度变化与能源消费强度变化完全一致,这与实际情况相符。
     通过面板数据的实证检验进一步验证我国碳排放和碳排放强度的影响效应,回归结果显示,我国经济发展水平与碳排放之间不存在倒U型曲线关系,而是呈现线性上升特征,且影响弹性均大于1;提高能源利用效率能有效抑制碳排放增长,影响系数为0.8;人口规模的影响系数为1.2344,认为人口规模是拉动碳排放增长的重要因素;工业比重的影响效应为0.7392,是继经济发展水平和人口规模之后第三大碳排放影响因素;从城市化水平看,影响系数为0.2123,证实了随着城市人口比重上升碳排放量不断增加;对外开放的系数显著为负,反映我国出口贸易能够抑制碳排放;从森林碳汇看,影响系数为-0.1113,证实了森林对二氧化碳的碳汇作用,但是我国森林碳汇作用较小;交互项分析表明我国城市化对经济发展水平的碳排放效应产生正向影响。分位数回归结果显示,在绝大部分分位点上每个影响因素的参数估计值在5%显著性水平上显著,基于估计结果的稳健性,我们可以认为技术水平、经济对外开放度和城市化水平是引起当前碳排放量减少的主要因素;人均GDP是引起碳排放增加的主要因素,并且在碳排放水平高的地区影响效果更明显;其他影响因素对碳排放量的正向影响效果从高到低分别为人口规模、产业结构、能源结构、居民消费水平,它们在碳排放量分布在不同分位点时的影响效果不同。
     对减排路径模拟分析的结果显示:对于调整产业结构,增加第三产业比重的减排效果更佳,促进经济快速稳定发展的同时也能够实现节能减排;对于调整能源结构,减少煤炭消费比重更利于减排工作,但是同时也要付出惨痛的经济代价,而减少天然气比重对经济冲击作用较小,但减排效果不佳;对于技术进步,提高能源效率既能促进经济发展又能起到良好的减排效果,提高煤炭效率对减排影响最大,提高石油效率对经济变量影响最大;对于碳税政策,征收化石能源从价资源税是减排的有效路径之一,随着税率逐渐升高,减排效果越好,但是随之也会带来一些严重的经济和社会问题,因此需要寻找最优税率以权衡经济社会发展和节能减排间的关系。
     本文的创新之处在于:第一,碳排放量的测算在我国尚属空白,本文在详细分析我国碳源和碳汇的基础上,提出适合我国实际情况的碳排放测算方法,提高了碳排放指标的测算精度;第二,本文创造性的改进Kaya恒等式,将城市化水平、能源结构和产业结构引入Kaya恒等式,奠定了碳排放影响因素的理论基础,利用分解分析指明它们对碳排放的贡献程度;第三,将度量区域公平性指标泰尔指数首次运用于碳排放区域差异分析中,更利于寻找碳排放区域差异存在的原因;第四,首次将具有稳健估计结果的分位数回归面板数据模型用于分析我国碳排放问题,更清晰地反映出我国碳排放分布在不同分位点时每个影响因素的影响效应,并创新性的将森林碳汇引入模型中,研究我国森林的碳汇能力;第五,构建中国能源环境CGE模型,引入效率因子和从价税率,运用CGE模型分析不同减排路径对经济发展和减排的冲击效果,分析结果更具实用性和可靠性。
Global climate change has been one of the most serious environmental problems sofar as well as of the most complex challenges in the21st Century. Internationalnegotiations concerning the reduction of climate warming are not only related to humanliving environment, but also directly affect modernization and sustainable developmentof developing countries. At present, according to the international scientific field, one ofthe fundamental measures to solve the climatic problem is to reduce emissions ofgreenhouse gases. As to carbon emissions China is a major country in the world. China'semission reduction has become a hot issue which academic circles at home and abroad,the environmental community and governments are all concerned about. Research onChinese emission reduction is very important, not only conducive to the sustainabledevelopment of China, but also helps to mitigate the global climate warming.
     Therefore, based on literature reviews and an overview of the basic theory, thispaper uses statistical analysis and econometric analysis method to study China's carbonemissions in depth. The first part is the introduction, covering the significance of thetopic, research content, research methods and innovative points. The second part tells therelative theories, indicating the relevant concepts on carbon emissions, proposescalculation method on carbon emissions suitable for the situation of our country, andsummarizes the basic theories of carbon emissions. The third part is the analysis of thestatus of carbon emissions, including the overall situation and carbon source distributionof carbon emission. It also analyses the impact of China's carbon emissions on theeconomy, social and environmental causes by VAR model. The fourth part includes thefactors affecting carbon emissions and the empirical analysis. On the basis of theory,LMDI decomposition model is used to analyze carbon emissions, and give a furtheranalysis on different distributions of carbon emissions through Quantile regression forpanel data model. The fifth part covers reduction path selection and simulation analysis,constructing China Energy and environmental CGE model, introducing energy module,adding two variables (the amount of carbon emission and the intensity of carbonemission. Based on the2011social accounting matrix data, the paper will analyze China's four major emission reduction paths. The sixth part covers conclusions andrecommendations, involving the summary of the paper and reduction proposals.
     The main conclusions are as follows:
     According to overall evaluation results of Carbon emissions, the overall level ofcarbon emissions in China is in a worrying level, with high level of total number ofemissions and low carbon emission efficiency as well as poor situation of carbon sinksand medium level in terms of carbon emissions on average person. From the distributionof carbon emissions, in the region, China's severe emission areas contributed50%of thetotal carbon emissions, which are the most important regional carbon emissions in China.Through analysis of the causes of difference of regional carbon emissions generated byTheil index, results show that the differences within the Theil index population regionwith population priority contributes about80%to the overall differences, while takingGDP as the Theil index weight indicates that in recent years the whole difference ismainly due to regional differences. In terms of industrial structure, China carbonemissions have more than90%from the second industry, of which80%comes fromindustrial sectors of high energy-consuming industries. In the energy structure, among80%of China's carbon emissions from coal consumption, about20%comes from the oilconsumption, while only3.46%of the carbon emissions from natural gas. Grey relationalanalysis shows highest correlation between China's carbon emissions and coal as well asbetween carbon emissions and natural gas.
     The decomposition results show that in terms of carbon emissions GDP per capitaand population has a positive effect on carbon emissions, that energy consumptionintensity has obvious inhibitory effect on carbon emissions, that carbon emissionsdecomposition per capita and carbon emissions have similar results, that in the angle ofcarbon emission intensity, the increase in it is attributed to the pulling effect, andconsistency between carbon emissions intensity change and the change of energyconsumption intensity, which is consistent with the actual situation.
     By an empirical analysis of panel data, the effect of China's carbon emissions andcarbon emissions intensity are further validated. The regression results show that there isno inverted U shape relationship between China's level of economic development andcarbon emissions, but linear increase feature, with effects of elasticity of greater than1. Improvement of the efficiency of energy use can effectively inhibit the growth of carbonemissions, with the influence coefficient of0.8, the influence coefficient of populationsize of1.2344. It is considered that population size is important factor driving the growthof carbon emissions and effect of industrial proportion is0.7392, making the third carbonemission factors following economic development level and population size. From thecity level, the influence coefficient is0.2123, confirmed as increase in carbon emissionsand the city population proportion. Coefficient of opening to the outside world issignificantly negative, reflecting China's export trade to curb carbon emissions. Fromforest carbon sink, the influence coefficient is-0.1113, confirming the role of carbonsequestration of forest carbon dioxide and the small effect of forest carbon sink in ourcountry. Interaction analysis shows that a city of China effects of carbon emissions has apositive effect on the level of economic development. Quantile regression results showthat each in the vast majority of quantile factors affect parameter estimates significant at5%level of significance. Based on the robustness of estimating results, we think thattechnology level, economic opening degree and development level of the city are majorfactors to cause the current carbon emissions. GDP per capita is a major factor to causethe increase in carbon emissions, and the effect of high levels of carbon emissions in theregion is more obvious. Other factors on the positive effect of carbon emissions fromhigh to low are the size of the population, industrial structure, energy structure, theconsumption level of residents. They give different effects when carbon emissions are atdifferent quantiles.
     Simulation analysis on the emission reduction path shows good effect on adjustingthe industrial structure, increasing the reduction proportion of the tertiary industry,promoting the rapid and stable economic development and at the same time also beingable to achieve energy-saving emission reduction. Adjusting energy structures andreducing the proportion of coal consumption is more beneficial to emissions reduction.But it also pays a painful economic cost. Reducing the natural gas effect on the economicimpact is small, but the emission reduction effect is not good. As for technologicalprogress, improving energy efficiency can not only promote the economic developmentbut can play a good reduction effect. Improve coal efficiency has the greatest impact onemissions and improving oil efficiency has the greatest impact on economic variables. As for a carbon tax, levying tax from the price of fossil energy resource is one of the mosteffective ways to reduce emissions. As the tax rate gradually increases, emissionreduction effect is better, but it will also bring some serious economic and socialproblems, therefore it is necessary to find the optimal tax rate to balance the relationshipbetween economic and social development and energy-saving emission reduction.
     The innovation of this paper lies in:
     First, the calculation of carbon emissions is still a blank in our country. Based onanalyzing China's carbon sources and sinks of carbon emissions, this paper proposes thecalculation method for the actual situation for our country, improving the measurementaccuracy of carbon emission index;
     Second, Kaya equation is improved creatively, introducing the city level, energystructure and industrial structure into the Kaya identities, laying the theoreticalfoundation of factors influencing the carbon dioxide emission, taking advantage ofdecomposition analysis to indicate their contribution to carbon emissions;
     Third, Theil index, the equity index measuring regions is applied for the first time tothe analysis of the regional difference in carbon emissions, more conducive to findreasons for the existence of the regional differences of carbon emissions;
     Fourth, for the first time the quantile regression model for panel data with the robustestimation results is used to analyze China's carbon emissions, more clearly reflecting theeffect of different site factors at each quantile, and introducing forest carbon sink into themodel to study China's forest carbon sink capacity.
     Fifth, This paper constructs China energy environmental CGE model, introducingthe efficiency factor and the ad valorem tax rate, applying CGE model to analysis on theimpact of different emission reduction ways on economic development and the reductionso that analysis results are more practical and reliable.
引文
①Boulding,Kenneth E..The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth,In Environmental Quality in a GrowingEconomy (H. Jarrett(ed.)).1966,103(39):55-90.
    ①21世纪议程联合国环境与发展大会(UNCED).迈向二十一世纪--里约宣言[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
    ①陈红敏.国际碳核算体系发展及其评价[J].中国人口资源与环境,2011(9):111-116
    ②Johnston, D.,Lowe,R., Bell, M..An Exploration of the Technical Feasibility of Achieving CO2Emission Reductionsin Excess of60%Within the UK Housing Stock by the Year2050[J].Energy Policy,2005,(33):1643-1659.
    ③Treffers, T.,Faaij, APC, Sparkman,J., Seebregts, A..Exploring the Possibilitie for Setting up Sustainable EnergySystems for the Long Term: Two Visions for the Dutch Energy System in2050[J].Energy Policy,2005(33):1723-1743.
    ①Grossman GM,Krueger AB. Environmental Impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement [M]. NBER,Working Paper,1991.3914.
    ②Huang W M,Lee GWM, Wu C C. GHG Emissions,GDP Growth and the Kyoto Protocol:A Revisit of EnvironmentalKuznets Curve Hypothesis [J].Energy Policy,2008(36).
    ③Birdsal N.(1992),Another Look at Population and Global Warming: Population,Health and Nutrition PolicyResearch. Working Paper,Washington,D.C.: World Bank,WPS1020.
    ④Knapp T. and R. Mookerjee(1996),Population Growth and Global CO2Emissions. Energy Policy.24:31-37.
    ①Chung U.,Choi J.,Yun J. I(.2004),Urbanization Effect on the Observed Change in Mean Monthly Temperaturesbetween1951-1980and1971-2000in Korea. Climate Change.66:127-136.
    ②York R. Demographic trends and energy consumption in European Union Nations:1960~2025[J].Social ScienceResearch,2007,36(3):855~872.
    ③Liu Y. Exploring the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption in China using ARDL
    (autoregressive distributed lag) and FDM (factor decomposition model)[J]. Energy,2009,34(11):1846~1854.
    ④Chen H,Jia B,Lau S S Y.Sustainable urban form for Chinese compact cities:Challenges of a rapid urbanizedeconomy[J].Habitat International,2008,32:28~40.
    ⑤Liddle B. Demographic dynamics and per capita environmental impact:Using panel regressions and householddecompositions to examine population and transport[J].Population and Environment,2004,26:23~39.
    ⑥Dalton M,ONeill B C,Prskawetz A,Jiang L,Pitkin J. Population Aging and Future Carbon Emissions in the UnitedStates[J]. Energy Economics,2008(30):642-675.
    ⑦Knapp T. and R. Mookerjee(1996),Population Growth and Global CO2Emissions. Energy Policy.24:31-37.
    ⑧Ang B W,Zhang F Q,Choi K H. Factorizing Changes in Energy and Environmental Indicators throughDecomposition[J]. Energy,1998,23(06):489-495.
    ①Zaim O., Taskin F. Environmental Efficiency in Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the OECD: A Non-parametricApproach [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2000,58(2).
    ②Zhou P., Ang B. W., Poh K. L. Slacks-based Efficiency Measures for Modeling Environmental Performance[J].Ecological Economics,2006,60(1).
    ③Kortelainen M. Dynamic Environmental Performance Analysis: A Malmquist Index Approach [J]. EcologicalEconomics,2008,64(4).
    ④Zhang M., Mu H. L., Ning Y. D. Accounting for Energy-related CO2Emission in China,1991-2006[J]. EnergyPolicy,2009,37(3).
    ⑤Burniaux J-M,Nicoletti G,Martin S.J.GREEN:A global modelfor quanifying the cost of policies to curb CO2emissions [J].OECDEconomic Studies,1992,19:49-90.
    ⑥Manne A S,Mendelsohn R,Richels R.MERGE:A model for evaluating regional and global effects of GHG reductionpolicies[J].Energy Policy,1995,23(1):17-34.
    ⑦Goulder L.H.Effects of carbon taxes in an economy with prior tax distortions:An intertemporal general equilibriumanalysis[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,1995,29(3):271-297.
    ⑧Haji Hatibu Haji Semboja,“The Effects of Energy Taxes on the Kenyan Economy: A CGE Analysis”,EnergyEconomics,1994,16:205-215.
    ⑨Gottinger H W.Greenhouse gas economics and computable general equilibrium[J].Journal of Policy Modeling,1998,20(5):537-580.
    ①Gurkan selcuk Kumbaroglu,“Environmental Taxation and Economic Effects: A Computable General EquilibriumAnalysis for Turkey”,Journal of Policy Modeling,2003,25:795-810.
    ②Frank Scrimgeour,Les Oxley and Koli Fatai,“Reducing Carbon Emissions The Relative Effectiveness of DifferentTypes of Environmental Tax: the Case of New Zealand”,Environmental modeling&Software,2005,20:1439-1448.
    ③Garbaccio R,Jorgenson D.Controlling carbon emissions in China [J].Environment and development economics,1999,4(4):493-518.
    ④孙建卫,陈志刚,赵荣钦等.基于投入产出分析的中国碳排放足迹研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(5):28-34.
    ⑤韩颖,李廉水,孙宁等.中国钢铁工业二氧化碳的排放研究[J].南京信息工程大学学报,2011,3(1):53-57.
    ⑥刘竹,耿涌和薛冰等.城市能源消费碳排放核算方法[J].资源科学,2011,33(7):1325-1330
    ⑦王吉凯,刘志峰,鲍宏,卞本羊.基于生命周期的家电产品碳排放计算方法研究[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,35(8):1043-1048
    ⑧尚春静,张智慧.建筑生命周期碳排放核算[J].工程管理学报,2010,24(1):7-12
    ①王锋,吴丽华和杨超.中国经济发展中碳排放增长的驱动因素研究[J].经济研究,2010,2:123-136.
    ②张传平,周倩倩.我国碳排放影响因素研究[J].河南科学,2012,30(10):1549-1553.
    ③滕欣,李健和刘广为.中国碳排放预测与影响因素分析[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2012,14(5):11-18.
    ④何小钢,张耀辉.中国工业碳排放影响因素与CKC重组效应——基于STIRPAT模型的分行业动态面板数据实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2012,1:26-35
    ⑤王群伟,周鹏,周德群.我国二氧化碳排放绩效的动态变化、区域差异及影响因素[J].中国工业经济,2010(1):45-54.
    ⑥高卫东,姜巍,谢辉等.经济发展对中国能源碳排放空间分布的影响[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2009(4):296-299
    ①王中英,王礼茂.中国经济增长对碳排放的影响分析[J].安全与环境学报,2006(10):88-91
    ②陈文颖,高鹏飞和何建坤.二氧化减排对中国未来GDP增长的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2004(6):744-747
    ③胡玉莹.中国能源消耗、二氧化碳排放与经济可持续增长[J].当代财经,2010(2):29-36
    ④彭希哲,朱勤.我国人口态势与消费模式对碳排放的影响分析[J].人口研究,2010(1):48-58
    ⑤智静,高吉喜.中国城乡居民食品消费碳排放对比分析[J].地理科学进展,2009(5):429-434
    ⑥朱勤,彭希哲和陆志明等.人口与消费对碳排放影响的分析模型与实证[J].中国人口、资源与环境,2010(2):98-102
    ①孙辉煌.我国城市化、经济发展水平与二氧化碳排放——基于中国省级面板数据的实证检验[J].华东经济管理,2012,10:69-74.
    ②胡玉莹.中国能源消耗、二氧化碳排放与经济可持续增长[J].当代财经,2010(2):29-36
    ③朱勤,彭希哲和陆志明等.人口与消费对碳排放影响的分析模型与实证[J].中国人口、资源与环境,2010(2):98-102
    ④陈劭锋,刘扬和邹秀萍等.二氧化碳排放演变驱动力的理论与实证研究[J].科学管理研究,2010(2):43-48
    ⑤王群伟,周德群.中国全要素能源效率变动的实证研究[J].系统工程,2008(7):74-80
    ⑥唐建荣,张白羽,浦徐进.中国碳减排的技术路径及政策建议——基于经典估计贝叶斯平均(BACE)法的实证研究[J].当代财经,2011,11:30-38
    ①魏巍贤,杨芳.技术进步对中国二氧化碳排放的影响[J].统计研究,2010,27(7):36-44.
    ②李子豪,刘辉煌.外商直接投资、技术进步和二氧化碳排放——基于中国省际数据的研究[J].科学学研究,2011(10).
    ③郑玉歆,樊明太.中国CGE模型及政策分析[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999
    ④高颖,李善同.含有资源与环境账户的CGE模型的构建[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008(3)
    ⑤王灿.基于动态CGE模型的中国气候政策模拟与分析[D].博士学位论文,清华大学,2003.
    ⑥陈文颖,高鹏飞和何建坤.用MARKAL-MACRO模型研究减排对中国能源系统的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2004,44(3):342-346
    ⑦胡秀莲,刘强和姜克隽.中国减缓部门碳排放的技术潜力分析[J].中外能源,2007(8):1-8
    ①IPCC.2006IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories[B/OL].http://www. ipcc-nggip.Iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/chinese/index.html
    ①UNFCCC.Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)[R].UNFCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.1.Bonn,1997.
    ①Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, London: Cambridge University Press,2006;Nicholas Sten, Key Elements of A Global Deal on Climate Change, The London School of Economics and Pol iticalScien ce,2008, London: UK, http://www. lse. ac. uk.
    ②J.Westerlund and S.A.Basher, Testing for Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions Using a Century of PanelData,Environmental&Resource Economics, Vo.l40, No.1,2008, pp:109-120.Brazilian Proposal.Proposed Elements of A Protocol to The United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange.
    ①Sivan Kartha,Tom A thanasiou, Paul Baer, A fair Sharing of Effort: Operationalizing the Greenhouse DevelopmentRights framework,Side Event, UNFCCC Meeting, Bonn, June6,2008, www. ecoequity.org/GDRs/.
    ①国家发展和改革委员会.中华人民共和国气候变化初始信息通报[E],2004年11月.
    ①UNFCCC.Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)[R].UNFCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.1.Bonn,1997.
    ②周莉荫,严员英,王贺礼.造林与再造林碳汇项目概述[J],江西能源,2007(3):8-10.
    ①张颖,吴丽莉,苏帆,杨志耕.我国森林碳汇核算的计量模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2010(2):194-200
    ①郝千婷,黄明祥和包刚.碳排放核算方法概述与比较研究[J].中国环境管理.第4期:51-55.
    ①IPCC.2006IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories[B/OL]. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/chinese/index.html
    ②陆新元,田为勇.环境监察[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002(10)
    ①国家环境保护总局规划与财务司.环境统计概论(第一版)[M].北京:中国环境学科出版社,2001.
    ①Van P N, Azomahou T. Nonlinearities and Heterogeneity in Environmental Quality:An Empirical Analysis ofDeforestation[J].Journal of Development Economics,2007(84).
    ①William Rees, Mathis Wackemagel. Urban ecological foot-prints:Why cities cannot be sustainable-And why theyare a key to sustainability[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review,1996,16(4-6):223-248.
    ①高吉喜.可持续发展理论探索——生态承载力理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001:1-56.
    ②王树华,毛汉英,王忠静.生态足迹研究的国内外近期进展[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(6):776-782.
    ①张阿玲,郑淮和何建坤.适合中国国情的经济、能源、环境(3E)模型[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,200242(12):1616-1620
    ①Bogner J E, Spokas K A, Burton E A, Kinetics of methane oxidation in a landfill cover soil: temporal variations, awhole-landfill oxidation experiment, and modeling of net CH4emissions [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol.,1997,31:2504-2514.
    ①胡玉莹.中国能源消耗、二氧化碳排放与经济可持续增长[J].当代财经,2010(2):29-36
    ①纪玉山,纪明.低碳经济的发展趋势及中国的对策研究[J].社会科学辑刊,2010(2):83-89
    ①21世纪议程联合国环境与发展大会(UNCED).迈向二十一世纪--里约宣言[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
    ①中国国家发展和改革委员会组织编制.中国应对气候变化国家方案[M],2007年6月
    ①姜涛,袁建华和何林.人口-资源-环境-经济系统分析模型体系[J].系统工程理论与实践,2002(12):45-48
    ②Johansen S,1991,Estimation and hypothesis testing of co integrating vectors in Gaussian vector auto regressivemodels. Econometrical,51:1551~1580.
    ③Lutkepohl H,1993,Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis. Springer-verlag,ermany.
    ④李中才,王广成和娄美珍.中国生态足迹与经济增长的协整、误差修正模型及预测[J].系统工程,2007,25(8):63-67
    ①蔡昉,都阳.中国地区经济增长的趋同于差异.经济研究,2000,10:30-37.
    ②徐建华,鲁凤,苏方林等.中国区域经济差异的时空尺度分析.地理研究,2005,24(1):57-68.
    ①潘家华,张丽峰.我国碳生产率区域差异性研究[J].中国工业经济,2011(5):47-57.
    ①庄贵阳.气候变化的挑战与中国低碳经济的发展[J].国际经济评论,2007(5):50-52.
    ①樊星.沈阳市工业能源消费与经济发展的灰色关联分析[J].第八届沈阳科学学术年会论文集,2011.9.
    ①朱勤,彭希哲,陆志明,等.中国能源消费碳排放变化的因素分解及实证分析[J].资源科学,2009,31(12):2072-2079.
    ②Monica Carvalho, Luis Maria Serra, Miguel Angel. Optimal synthesis of regeneration systems subject toenvironmental constraints[J].Energy,2011,36(6):3779-3790.
    ③Monica Carvalho, Luis Maria Serra, Miguel Angel. Optimal synthesis of regeneration systems subject toenvironmental constraints[J].Energy,2011,36(6):3779-3790.
    ④Christopher Yang, David McCollum, Ryan McCarthy, Wayne Leighty. Meeting an80%Reduction in GreenhouseGas Emissions from Transportation by2050: A Case Study in California,Transportation Research Part D:Transport andEnvironment,2009,Vol.14, Issue3, May,PP.147-156.
    ①林伯强等.中国二氧化碳的环境库兹涅兹曲线预测及影响因素分析[J].管理世界,2009(4)
    ②林伯强,刘希颖.中国城市化阶段的碳排放:影响因素和减排策略[J].经济研究,2010(8):66-78
    ①贺红兵.我国碳排放影响因素分析[D].华中科技大学,2012年5月
    ②冷雪,碳排放与我国经济发展关系研究[D].复旦大学,2012年4月
    ③郭朝先.产业结构变动对中国碳排放的影响[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2012(7)
    ④史丹.结构变动是影响我国能源消费的主要因素[J].中国工业经济,2009(11):38-43
    ①张雷,李艳梅和黄园淅等.中国结构节能减排的潜力分析[J].中国软科学,2011(2):42-51
    ②冯相昭,王雪臣和陈红枫.1971—2005年中国CO2排放影响因素分析[J].气候变化研究进展,2008(1)
    ③齐志新,陈文颖.结构调整还是技术进步?:改革开放后我国能源效率提高的因素分析[J].上海经济研究,2006(6):8-16.
    ④梅林海,杨慧.基于Kaya公式的中国碳排放因素的灰关联分析[J].云南财经大学学报,2011(4)
    ⑤秦昌才,刘树林.碳排放影响因素研究的现状、比较与启示[J].经济与管理评论,2012(3)
    ①Ang B W,Zhang F Q,Choi K H. Factorizing Changes in Energy and Environmental Indicators throughDecomposition[J]. Energy,1998,23(06):489-495.
    ①Koenker,Bassett.Regression Quantiles[J].Econometrica,1978,(46).
    ②Bassett,Koenker.Strong Consistency of Regression Quantiles and Related Empirical Processes[J].EconometricTheory,1986,(2).
    ③Powell,James L.Censored Regression Quantiles[J].Journal of Econometrics,1986,(32).
    ④李群峰.基于分位数回归的面板数据模型估计方法[J].统计与决策,2011(17):24-26.
    ①汪臻.中国居民消费碳排放的测算及影响因素研究[D].中国科学技术大学,2012年10月.
    ②朱勤,彭希哲和陆志明等.人口与消费对碳排放影响的分析模型与实证[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2010(2)
    ③UNFPA. State of World Population2009. http://www. unfpa.org/swp/2009.
    ①许广月,宋德勇.中国碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证研究-基于省域面板数据[J].中国工业经济,2010,(5):37-47.
    ②Jorgenson A K. Does foreign investment harm the air we breathe and the water we drink [J]. OrganizationEnvironment,2007,(20):137-156.
    ③Perkins and Neumayer. Transnational linkages and the spillover of environment-efficiency into developing countries[J]. Global Environmental Change,2009,(19):375-383.
    ①徐滇庆.可计算一般均衡模型(CGE)及其新发展[A].茅轼.现代经济学前沿专题[C].北京:经济科学出版社1993:107-138
    ②徐卓顺.可计算一般均衡模型:建模原理、参数估计方法与应用研究[D].博士学位论文,华东科技大学,2009
    ①吕振东,郭菊娥和席酉民.中国能源CES生产函数的计量测算及选择[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(4):156~160
    ②阿明顿条件是指不同国家的商品具有不可替代性,也称阿明顿假设。一般用CES函数描述阿明顿假设。
    ③郑玉歆,樊明太.中国CGE模型及政策分析[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.
    ①魏巍贤.基于CGE模型的中国能源环境政策分析[J].统计研究,2009(7)
    [1] Ang B W,Zhang F Q,Choi K H. Factorizing Changes in Energy and EnvironmentalIndicators through Decomposition[J]. Energy,1998,23(06):489-495.
    [2] Ang B. W. Is the Energy Intensity a Less Useful Indicator Than the Carbon Factor inthe Study of Climate Change [J]. Energy Policy,1999,27(15).
    [3] Bassett,Koenker.Strong Consistency of Regression Quantiles and Related EmpiricalProcesses[J].Econometric Theory,1986,(2).
    [4] Birdsal N.(1992),Another Look at Population and Global Warming: Population,Health and Nutrition Policy Research. Working Paper,Washington,D.C.: WorldBank,WPS1020.
    [5] Bogner J E, Spokas K A, Burton E A, Kinetics of methane oxidation in a landfillcover soil: temporal variations, a whole-landfill oxidation experiment, and modelingof net CH4emissions [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol.,1997,31:2504-2514.
    [6] Boulding,Kenneth E..The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth,InEnvironmental Quality in a Growing Economy(H.Jarrett(ed.)).1966,103(39):55-90.
    [7] Brazil in Response to the Berlin Mandate. Proposed Elements of a Protocol toUNFCCC (United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention)[EB/OL].www.unfccc.int.
    [8] Brazilian Proposal.Proposed Elements of A Protocol to The United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change.
    [9] Burniaux J-M,Nicoletti G,Martin S.J.GREEN:A global model for qualifying the costof policies to curb CO2emissions[J].OECD Economic Studies,1992,19:49-90.
    [10]Chen H,Jia B,Lau S S Y.Sustainable urban form for Chinese compact cities:Challenges of a rapid urbanized economy[J].Habitat International,2008,32:28-40.
    [11]Christopher Yang, David McCollum, Ryan McCarthy, Wayne Leighty. Meeting an80%Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation by2050: A CaseStudy in California,Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2009,Vol.14, Issue3, May,PP.147-156.
    [12]Chung U.,Choi J.,Yun J. I(.2004),Urbanization Effect on the Observed Change inMean Monthly Temperatures between1951-1980and1971-2000in Korea. ClimateChange.66:127-136.
    [13]Dalton M,ONeill B C,Prskawetz A,Jiang L,Pitkin J. Population Aging and FutureCarbon Emissions in the United States[J]. Energy Economics,2008(30):642-675.
    [14]David McCollum, Christopher Yang.Achieving Deep Reductions in US TransportGreenhouse Gas Emissions: Scenario Analysis and Policy Implications, EnergyPolicy,2009,Vol.37, Issue12, December, PP.5580-5596.
    [15]Elzen M, Berk M, Both S, et al. FAIR1.0(Framework to assess internationalregimes for differentiation ocommitments): An interactive model to explore optionsfo differentiation of future commitments in international climate policy making [R].RIVM Report,2000.
    [16]European Commission (1995):“The GEM–E3Energy Model”, Report, DG–XII,Brussels.
    [17]Frank Scrimgeour,Les Oxley and Koli Fatai,“Reducing Carbon Emissions TheRelative Effectiveness of Different Types of Environmental Tax: the Case of NewZealand”,Environmental modeling&Software,2005,20:1439-1448.
    [18]Garbaccio R,Jorgenson D.Controlling carbon emissions in China [J].Environmentand development economics,1999,4(4):493-518.
    [19]Global Commons Institute. Contraction and Convergence:A Global Solution to aGlobal Problem [EB/OL]. http://www.gn.apc.org/gci/contconv/cc.html.1997.
    [20]Gottinger H W.Greenhouse gas economics and computable general equilibrium[J].Journal of Policy Modeling,1998,20(5):537-580.
    [21]Goulder L.H.Effects of carbon taxes in an economy with prior taxdistortions:Anintertemporal general equilibrium analysis[J].Journal of environmental economicsand management,1995,29(3):271-297.
    [22]Greening,L A. Effects of human behavior on aggregate carbon intensity of personaltransportation: comparison of10OECD countries for the period1970~1993[J]. Energy Economics,2004,26(01):1-30.
    [23]Grossman GM, Krueger AB. Environmental Impacts of the North American FreeTrade Agreement [M]. NBER, Working Paper,1991.
    [24]Gurkan selcuk Kumbaroglu,“Environmental Taxation and Economic Effects:AComputable General Equilibrium Analysis for Turkey”,Journal of Policy Modeling,2003,25:795-810.
    [25]Haji Hatibu Haji Semboja,“The Effects of Energy Taxes on the Kenyan Economy: ACGE Analysis”,Energy Economics,1994,16:205-215.
    [26]http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/1997/agbm/misc01a03. pdf.1997Posner E A,Cass RS.Justice and Climate Change2008.[C/OL].http://web.hks.harvard. edu/publications/workingpapers/.2010
    [27]http://www.huanqiu.com/zhuanti/world/climate2009/
    [28]Huang W M, Lee GWM, Wu C C. GHG Emissions, GDP Growth and the KyotoProtocol: A Revisit of Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis [J].Energy Policy,2008(36).
    [29]IPCC.2006IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories[B/OL].http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/chinese/index.html
    [30]IPCC.In:Metz,B,Davidson,O,Swart,R,Pan,J.(Eds.),ClimateChange2001:Mitigation:Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, UK,2001.
    [31]IUCC. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [R].Switzerland:IUCC,1992.
    [32]J.Westerlund and S.A.Basher, Testing for Convergence in Carbon DioxideEmissions Using a Century of Panel Data,Environmental&Resource Economics,2008,40(1):109-120.
    [33]Jansen C,Torvanger A. Sharing the Burden of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation [R]. FinalReport of the Joint CICERO-ECN Project on the Global Differentiation of EmissionMitigation Targets Amount Countries,2001.
    [34]Johnston, D.,Lowe,R., Bell, M..An Exploration of the Technical Feasibility ofAchieving CO2Emission Reductions in Excess of60%Within the UK Housing Stockby the Year2050[J].Energy Policy,2005,(33):1643-1659.
    [35]Jorgenson A K. Does foreign investment harm the air we breathe and the water wedrink [J].Organization Environment,2007,(20):137-156.
    [36]Jorgenson, D. and P. J. Wilcoxen(1989):“Environmental regulations and U.S.economic growth”, presented at the MIT Workshop on Energy and EnvironmentalModeling,July31-Aug.1,also published in Rand Journal of Economics,Summer1990.
    [37]Joshi V,Urjit Patel.India and a Carbon Deal. Economic&Political Weekly.2009.
    [38]Jun Liu,Ting ting Feng,Xi Yang.The energy requirements and carbon dioxideemissions of tourism industry of Western China:A case of Chengdu city[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2011,15(6):2887-2894.
    [39]Knapp T. and R. Mookerjee,Population Growth and Global CO2Emissions. EnergyPolicy.1996(24):31-37.
    [40]Koenker,Bassett.Regression Quantiles[J].Econometrica,1978,(46).
    [41]Kortelainen M. Dynamic Environmental Performance Analysis:A Malmquist IndexApproach [J]. Ecological Economics,2008,64(4).
    [42]Lan Cui Liu,Ying Fan,Gang Wu,Yi Ming Wei.Using LMDI method to analyze thechange of China’s industrial CO2emissions from final fuel use:An empiricalanalysis[J].Energy Policy,2007,35:5892-5900.
    [43]Liddle B.Demographic dynamics and per capita environmental impact:Using panelregressions and household decompositions to examine population and transport[J].Population and Environment,2004,26:23-39.
    [44]Liu Y.Exploring the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption inChina using ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) and FDM (factor decompositionmodel)[J].Energy,2009,34(11):1846-1854.
    [45]Manne A S,Mendelsohn R,Richels R.MERGE:A model forevaluating regional andglobal effects of GHG reduction policies[J].Energy Policy,1995,23(1):17-34.
    [46]Martine A.Uyterlinde,Martin Junginger.Implications of technological learning on theprospects for renewable energy technologies in Europe[J].Energy Policy,2007(2):68-79.
    [47]Mathis Wackemage, William Rees. Perceptual and structural bar-riers to investing innatural capital:Economics from an ecological foot-print perspective[J]. EcologicalEconomies,1997,(20):3-24.
    [48]Mathis Wackemagel,Lillemor Lewan,Carina Borg strom Honsson.Evaluating the useof national capital with the ecological footprint Applications in Swedenandsubregions[J].AMBIO,1999,28(7):604-602.
    [49]Mielnik O.,Goldemberg J.The Evolution of the “Carbonizaltion Index” inDeveloping Countries [J].Energy Policy,1999,27(5).
    [50]Monica Carvalho,Luis Maria Serra,Miguel Angel.Optimal synthesis of regenerationsystems subject to environmental constraints[J].Energy,2011,36(6):3779-3790.
    [51]Nicholas Stern,The Economics of Climate Change:The Stern Review,London:Cambridge University Press,2006;Nicholas Stern,Key Elements of A Global Deal onClimate Change,The London School of Economics and Pol itical Science,2008,London:UK,http://www. lse. ac. uk.
    [52]Perkins and Neumayer.Transnational linkages and the spillover of environment-efficiency into developing countries [J]. Global Environmental Change,2009,(19):375-383.
    [53]Powell,James L.Censored Regression Quantiles[J].Journal of Econometrics,1986(32).
    [54]R.P.Detwiler.Land use change and the global carbon cycle:the role of tropicalsoils[J],1986
    [55]Reijnders L..A normative strategy for sustainable resource choice and recycling[J].Resources Conservation and Recycling,2000,28(1):121-131.
    [56]Sehulze ED,Lloyd J,Kelliher FM,et a1.Productivity offorests in the Euro-Siberiaboreal region and their potential to act as a carbon sink-a synthesis.Global ChangeBio1.1999.
    [57]Sivan Kartha,Tom A thanasiou, Paul Baer, A fair Sharing of Effort: Operationalizingthe Greenhouse Development Rights framework,Side Event, UNFCCC Meeting,Bonn, June6,2008, www. ecoequity.org/GDRs/.
    [58]Sun J.W.The Decrease of CO2Emission Intensity Is Decarbonization at National andGlobal Levels[J]. Energy Policy,2005,33(8).
    [59]The energy conservation center,Japan.Handbook of Energy&Conomic Statistics inJapan,2006.
    [60]Torvanger A,Godal O. A Survey of Differentiation Methods for NationalGreenhouse Gas Reduction Targets[R].CICERO report1999:5,1999.
    [61]Treffers, T.,Faaij,APC,Sparkman,J.,Seebregts,A..Exploring the Possibility forSetting up Sustainable Energy Systems for the Long Term:Two Visions for theDutch Energy System in2050[J].Energy Policy,2005,(33):1723-1743.
    [62]UNFCCC.Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange(UNFCCC)[R].FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.1.Bonn,1997.
    [63]UNFPA.State of World Population2009.http://www. unfpa.org/swp/2009.
    [64]Valentini R,Mattenucci G,Dolman A J,et al.Respiration as the main determinant ofcarbon balance in European forests. Nature.2000.
    [65]Van P N,Azomahou T. Nonlinearities and Heterogeneity in EnvironmentalQuality:An Empirical Analysis of Deforestation[J].Journal of DevelopmentEconomics,2007(84).
    [66]Wang C,Chen J,Zou J,2005.Decomposition of energy2related CO2emissions inChina:1957~2000.Energy30,73-80.
    [67] Wang T,Watson T.Who owns China’s carbon emissions[J].Tyndall BriefingNote,2007:23.
    [68] Wiedmann T,Wood R,Lenzen M etal. Development of an embedded carbonemissions in dicator-producing a time series of input-output table sand embeddedcarbon dioxide emissions for the UK by using a MRIO data optimizationsystem[R].Report to the UKD epartment for Environment,Food and Rural Affairs byStockholm Environment Institute at the University of York and Centre for IntegratedSustain-ability Analysis at the University of Sydney,Defra,Lon-don,UK,2007.
    [69]William E Rees.Revisiting carrying-capacity:Area-based indicators of sustainability[EB/OL].http//www.dieoff.com/page/1lO.htm,1997.
    [70]William Rees, Mathis Wackemagel.Urban ecological foot-prints:Why cities cannotbe sustainable-And why they are a key to sustainability[J]. Environmental ImpactAssessment Review,1996,16(4-6):223-248.
    [71]York R. Demographic trends and energy consumption in European UnionNations:1960~2025[J].Social Science Research,2007,36(3):855-872.
    [72]Zaim O.,Taskin F.Environmental Efficiency in Carbon Dioxide Emissions in theOECD:A Non-parametric Approach[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2000,58(2).
    [73]Zhang M., Mu H. L., Ning Y. D. Accounting for Energy-related CO2Emission inChina,1991-2006[J]. Energy Policy,2009,37(3).
    [74]Zhang Z. Q., Qu J. S., Zeng J. J. A Quantitative Comparison and Analysis on theAssessment Indications of Greenhouse Gases Emission [J]. Journal of GeographicalSciences,2008,18(4).
    [75]Zhou P.,Ang B. W., Poh K. L. Slacks-based Efficiency Measures for ModelingEnvironmental Performance[J]. Ecological Economics,2006,60(1).
    [76]21世纪可持续发展国际学术研讨会.21世纪可持续发展国际学术研讨会论文集[C].中国大连:大连理工大学,1996
    [77]21世纪议程联合国环境与发展大会(UNCED).迈向二十一世纪--里约宣言[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
    [78]鲍健强,苗阳和陈锋.低碳经济:人类经济发展方式的新变革[J].中国工业经济,2008,4(17):34-38
    [79]卞家涛,余珊萍.减排问题研究综述与展望[J].华南理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011(5):1-6
    [80]蔡昉,都阳.中国地区经济增长的趋同于差异.经济研究,2000,10:30-37
    [81]曹国良,张小曳和郑方成等.中国大陆秸秆露天焚烧的量的测算[J].资源科学.2006,28(1):9-13
    [82]陈德湖,张津.中国碳排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线分析[J].统计与信息论坛,2012(5):48-53
    [83]陈红敏.国际碳核算体系发展及其评价[J].中国人口资源与环境.2011(9):111-116
    [84]陈六君,王大辉和方福康.中国污染变化的主要因素——分解模型与实证分析[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,40(4):561-568
    [85]陈劭锋,刘扬和邹秀萍等.二氧化碳排放演变驱动力的理论与实证研究[J].科学管理研究,2010(2):43-48
    [86]陈伟.内蒙古自治区煤炭产业可持续发展研究[D].硕士学位论文,中国地质大学,2007
    [87]陈文颖,高鹏飞和何建坤.二氧化减排对中国未来GDP增长的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2004(6):744-747
    [88]陈文颖,高鹏飞和何建坤.用MARKAL-MACRO模型研究减排对中国能源系统的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2004,44(3):342-346
    [89]陈文颖,吴宗鑫和何建坤.全球未来碳排放权“两个趋同”的分配方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版).2005(6)
    [90]陈文颖,吴宗鑫.气候变化的历史责任与碳排放限额分配[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(6):481-485
    [91]陈文颖,吴宗鑫和何建坤等.国家“十五”科技攻关专题2001-BA611B-03-01,未来碳排放权分配[R].清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院,2003
    [92]邓玉勇,杜铭华和雷仲敏.基于能源-经济-环境(3E)系统的模型方法研究综述[J].甘肃社会科学,2006(3):209-212
    [93]杜立民.我国二氧化碳排放的影响因素:基于省级面板数据的研究[J].南方经济,2010(11)
    [94]樊星.沈阳市工业能源消费与经济发展的灰色关联分析[J].第八届沈阳科学学术年会论文集,2011(9)
    [95]范中启,曹明.能源—经济—环境系统可持续发展协调状态的测度与评价[J].预测,2006(4):66-70
    [96]冯相昭,王雪臣,陈红枫.1971—2005年中国CO2排放影响因素分析[J].气候变化研究进展,2008(1)
    [97]付允,马永欢和刘怡君等.低碳经济的发展模式研究[J].中国人口、资源与环境,2008,18(3):14-20
    [98]高吉喜.可持续发展理论探索——生态承载力理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001:1-56
    [99]高卫东,姜巍和谢辉等.经济发展对中国能源碳排放空间分布的影响[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2009(4):296-299
    [100]高颖,李善同.含有资源与环境账户的CGE模型的构建[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008(3)
    [101]郭朝先.产业结构变动对中国碳排放的影响[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2012(7)
    [102]郭又荣.低碳经济与河南省经济发展机遇[J].全国商情,2009(11):14-16
    [103]国家发展和改革委员会.中华人民共和国气候变化初始信息通报[E],2004(1)
    [104]国家环境保护总局规划与财务司.环境统计概论(第一版)[M].北京:中国环境学科出版社,2001
    [105]韩颖,李廉水和孙宁等.中国钢铁工业二氧化碳的排放研究[J].南京信息工程大学学报,2011,3(1):53-57
    [106]韩智勇,魏一鸣和范英.中国能源强度与经济结构变化特征研究[J].数理统计与管理,2004,23(11):1-6
    [107]郝千婷,黄明祥和包刚.碳排放核算方法概述与比较研究[J].中国环境管理.2010(4):51-55
    [108]何宏涛.水泥生产二氧化碳排放分析和定量化探讨[J].水泥工程,2009(1):61-65
    [109]何建坤,刘滨和陈文颖.有关全球气候变化问题上的公平性分析[J].中国人口.资源与环境.2004(06)
    [110]何小钢,张耀辉.中国工业碳排放影响因素与CKC重组效应——基于STIRPAT模型的分行业动态面板数据实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2012(1):26-35
    [111]贺灿飞,梁进社.中国区域经济差异的时空变化:市场化、全球化与城市化.管理世界,2004(8):8-17
    [112]贺红兵.我国碳排放影响因素分析[D].博士学位论文,华中科技大学,2012
    [113]胡代泽.我国农作物秸秆资源的利用现状与前景.资源开发与市场,2000,16(1):19-20
    [114]胡秀莲,姜克隽等.中国温室气体减排技术选择及政策评价[M].北京:中国环境科学方法出版社,2001
    [115]胡秀莲,刘强和姜克隽.中国减缓部门碳排放的技术潜力分析[J].中外能源,2007(8):1-8
    [116]胡玉莹.中国能源消耗、二氧化碳排放与经济可持续增长[J].当代财经,2010(2):29-36
    [117]纪玉山,纪明.低碳经济的发展趋势及中国的对策研究[J].社会科学辑刊,2010(2):83-89
    [118]姜涛,袁建华和何林.人口-资源-环境-经济系统分析模型体系[J].系统工程理论与实践,2002(12):45-48
    [119]蒋金荷,姚愉芳.气候变化政策研究中经济-能源系统模型的构建[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2002(7):41-45
    [120]冷雪,碳排放与我国经济发展关系研究[D].博士学位论文,复旦大学,2012
    [121]李国志,周明.人口与消费对二氧化碳排放的动态影响—基于变参数模型的实证分析[J].人口研究,2012(1)
    [122]李群峰.基于分位数回归的面板数据模型估计方法[J].统计与决策,2011(17):24-26
    [123]李善同,翟凡.一个中国经济的可计算一般均衡模型[J].数量经济技术经济研究,1997(31)
    [124]李淑霞,周志国.森林碳汇研究与碳汇经济[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2010(S1):288-291
    [125]李智,鞠美庭和刘伟等.中国1996~2005年能源生态足迹与效率动态测度与分析[J].资源科学,2007(11):54-60
    [126]李中才,王广成和娄美珍.中国生态足迹与经济增长的协整、误差修正模型及预测[J].系统工程,2007,25(8):63-67
    [127]李子豪,刘辉煌.外商直接投资、技术进步和二氧化碳排放——基于中国省际数据的研究[J].科学学研究,2011(10)
    [128]梁巧梅,魏一鸣和范英等.中国能源需求和能源强度预测的情景分析模型及其应用[J].管理学报,2004(l):62-66
    [129]林伯强,刘希颖.中国城市化阶段的碳排放:影响因素和减排策略[J].经济研究,2010(8):66-78
    [130]林伯强等,中国二氧化碳的环境库兹涅兹曲线预测及影响因素分析[J],管理世界,2009(4)
    [131]林师模,苏汉邦和林幸桦.能源技术创新对经济、能源及环境的影响[J].东莞理工学院学报,2006,13(4):67-73
    [132]刘华军,闫庆悦和孙曰瑶.中国二氧化碳排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线分析—基于时间序列与面板数据的经验估计[J].中国科技论坛,2011(4):108-113
    [133]刘强,庄幸和姜克隽等.中国出口贸易中的载能量及碳排放量分析[J].中国工业经济,2008(8):46-55
    [134]刘英,赵荣钦和焦士兴.河南省土地利用碳源/汇及其变化分析[J],水土保持研究.2010,17(5):154-161
    [135]刘竹,耿涌和薛冰等.城市能源消费碳排放核算方法[J].资源科学,2011,33(7)1325-1330
    [136]鲁丰先,王喜和秦耀辰等.低碳发展研究的理论基础[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2012(09)
    [137]陆新元,田为勇.环境监察[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002(10)
    [138]吕振东,郭菊娥和席酉民.中国能源CES生产函数的计量测算及选择[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(4):156-160
    [139]梅林海,杨慧.基于Kaya公式的中国碳排放因素的灰关联分析[J].云南财经大学学报,2011(4)
    [140]缪旭明.人均CO2累积排放和按贡献值履行义务的研究[J].中国软科学,1998(9):28-23
    [141]潘家华,张丽峰.我国碳生产率区域差异性研究[J].中国工业经济,2011(5):47-57
    [142]潘家华,郑艳.基于人际公平的碳排放概念及其理论含义[J].世界政治,2009(10):6-16
    [143]潘泽勇.更有效的低碳和安全的英国能源政策[J].全球科技经济展望,2007(9):56-59
    [144]彭水军,包群.经济增长与环境污染——环境库兹涅茨曲线假说的中国检验[J].财经问题研究,2006(8):3-17
    [145]彭希哲,朱勤.我国人口态势与消费模式对碳排放的影响分析[J].人口研究,2010(1):48-58
    [146]齐志新,陈文颖和吴宗鑫.工业轻重结构变化对能源消费的影响[J].中国工业经济,2007(2):35-42
    [147]齐志新,陈文颖.结构调整还是技术进步?:改革开放后我国能源效率提高的因素分析[J].上海经济研究,2006(6):8-16
    [148]秦昌才,刘树林.碳排放影响因素研究的现状、比较与启示[J].经济与管理评论,2012(3)
    [149]任国玉,徐影和罗勇.世界各国排放历史和现状[J].气象科技,2002(3):129-134.
    [150]任力.低碳经济与中国经济可持续发展[J].社会科学家,2009(2)
    [151]阮晓波.中国新能源与可再生能源发展的现状及前景分析[N].电源世界网,2006
    [152]尚春静,张智慧.建筑生命周期碳排放核算[J].工程管理学报,2010,24(1):7-12
    [153]史丹.结构变动是影响我国能源消费的主要因素[J].中国工业经济,2009,(11):38-43
    [154]孙辉煌.我国城市化、经济发展水平与二氧化碳排放——基于中国省级面板数据的实证检验[J].华东经济管理,2012(10):69-74
    [155]孙建卫,陈志刚和赵荣钦等.基于投入产出分析的中国碳排放足迹研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(5):28-34
    [156]孙立成,周德群和李群.能源利用效率动态变化的中外比较研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2008(8):57-68
    [157]唐建荣,张白羽和浦徐进.中国碳减排的技术路径及政策建议——基于经典估计贝叶斯平均(BACE)法的实证研究[J].当代财经,2011(11):30-38
    [158]滕欣,李健和刘广为.中国碳排放预测与影响因素分析[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2012,14(5):11-18
    [159]汪刚,冯霄.基于能量集成的CO2减排量的确定[J].化工进展,2006,25(12):1467-1470
    [160]汪臻.中国居民消费碳排放的测算及影响因素研究[D].博士学位论文,中国科学技术大学,2012
    [161]王灿.基于动态CGE模型的中国气候政策模拟与分析[D].博士学位论文,清华大学,2003
    [162]王锋,吴丽华和杨超.中国经济发展中碳排放增长的驱动因素研究[J].经济研究,2010(2):123-136
    [163]王吉凯,刘志峰和鲍宏等.基于生命周期的家电产品碳排放计算方法研究[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,35(8):1043-1048
    [164]王群伟,周德群.中国全要素能源效率变动的实证研究[J].系统工程,2008(7):74-80
    [165]王群伟,周鹏和周德群.我国二氧化碳排放绩效的动态变化、区域差异及影响因素[J].中国工业经济,2010(1):45-54
    [166]王树华,毛汉英和王忠静.生态足迹研究的国内外近期进展[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(6):776-782
    [167]王微,林剑艺和崔胜辉等.碳足迹分析方法研究综述[J].环境科学与技术,2010(7):71-78
    [168]王文军,庄贵阳.碳排放权分配与国际气候谈判中的气候公平诉求[J].外交评论,2012(1):72-84
    [169]王翊,黄余.公平与不确定性:全球碳排放分配的关键问题[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2011(S2):271-275
    [170]王中英,王礼茂.中国经济增长对碳排放的影响分析[J].安全与环境学报,2006(10):88-91
    [171]魏巍贤,杨芳.技术进步对中国二氧化碳排放的影响[J].统计研究,2010,27(7):36-44
    [172]魏巍贤.基于CGE模型的中国能源环境政策分析[J].统计研究,2009(7)
    [173]瓮伟,杨继涛和赵青玲.我国秸秆资源化技术现状及其发展方向.中国资源综合利用,2004(7):18-21
    [174]吴巧生,成金华.中国能源消耗强度变动及因素分解:1980~2004[J].经济理论与经济管理,2006(10):34-40
    [175]徐滇庆.可计算一般均衡模型(CGE)及其新发展[A].茅轼.现代经济学前沿专题[C].北京:经济科学出版社1993:107-138
    [176]徐国泉,刘则渊和姜照华.中国碳排放的因素分解模型及实证分析:1995-2004[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2006(06):158-161
    [177]徐建华,鲁凤,苏方林等.中国区域经济差异的时空尺度分析.地理研究,2005,24(1):57-68
    [178]徐卓顺.可计算一般均衡模型:建模原理、参数估计方法与应用研究[D].博士学位论文,华东科技大学,2009
    [179]许广月,宋德勇.中国碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证研究-基于省域面板数据[J].中国工业经济,2010(5):37-47
    [180]许敏兰,罗建兵.公共卫生支出公平性的实证分析—基于基尼系数和泰尔指数的视角[J].湖南商学院学报(双月刊),2011,18(5):39-45
    [181]许士春,习蓉和何正霞.中国能源消耗碳排放的影响因素分析及政策启示[J].资源科学,2012(1)
    [182]杨福霞,杨冕和聂华林.能源与非能源生产要素替代弹性研究——基于超越对数生产函数的实证分析[J].资源科学,2011(3):460-467
    [183]杨国锐.中国经济发展中的碳排放波动及减碳路径研究[D].博士学位论文,华中科技大学,2010
    [184]尹晓芬,王灏和王晓鸣.贵州森林碳汇现状及増汇潜力分析[J].地球与环境,2012(2):266-270
    [185]张阿玲,郑淮和何建坤.适合中国国情的经济、能源、环境(3E)模型[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2002,42(12):1616-1620
    [186]张传平,周倩倩.我国碳排放影响因素研究[J].河南科学,2012,30(10):1549-1553
    [187]张雷,李艳梅和黄园淅等.中国结构节能减排的潜力分析[J].中国软科学,2011(2):42-51
    [188]张丽霞,张德英和顾凯平.森林资源系统仿真模型结构分析与模拟[J].江西农业大学学报,2004(5):705-708
    [189]张敏,王革华和高虎.中国可再生能源发展战略与政策研究[J].经济研究参考,2004(84):26-32
    [190]张曙红,武鹏程.区域环境资源经济协调发展综合决策支持系统研究[C].中国可持续发展研究会2006学术年会,2006
    [191]张伟,王韶华和范德成.基于PA-VEC的我国碳排放影响因素及影响机理研究[J].工业技术经济,2013(2)
    [192]张欣.可计算的一般均衡模型的基本原理与编程[M].上海:格致出版社,2010
    [193]张颖,吴丽莉和苏帆等.我国森林碳汇核算的计量模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2010(2):194-200
    [194]张运涛,方德罗.反刍动物甲烷排放及其对全球变暖的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(1):47-49
    [195]张正敏,王革华.中国可再生能源发展的战略与政策研究[J].经济研究参考,2004(84):26-33
    [196]赵建宁,张贵龙和杨殿林.中国粮食作物秸秆焚烧释放碳量的测算[J].农业环境科学学报.2011,30(4):812-816
    [197]赵林,殷鸣放和陈晓非等.森林碳汇研究的计量方法及研究现状综述[J].西北林学院学报,2008(1)
    [198]赵娜,邵新庆和吕进英等.草地生态系统碳汇浅析[J].草原与草坪,2011,31(6):75-82
    [199]赵媛,梁中和袁林旺.能源与社会经济环境协调发展的多目标决策一以江苏省为例[J].地理科学进展,2002(2):34-40
    [200]赵志耘,杨朝峰.中国碳排放驱动因素分解分析[J].中国软科学,2012(6):175-183
    [201]郑玉歆,樊明太.中国CGE模型及政策分析[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999
    [202]智静,高吉喜.中国城乡居民食品消费碳排放对比分析[J].地理科学进展,2009(5):429-434
    [203]中国国家发展和改革委员会组织编制.中国应对气候变化国家方案[M],2007
    [204]周莉荫,严员英和王贺礼.造林与再造林碳汇项目概述[J].江西能源,2007(3):8-10
    [205]周新军.交通运输业能耗现状及未来走势分析[J].中外能源.2010(7):9-18
    [206]朱勤,彭希哲和陆志明等.中国能源消费碳排放变化的因素分解及实证分析[J].资源科学,2009,31(12):2072-2079
    [207]朱勤,彭希哲和陆志明等.人口与消费对碳排放影响的分析模型与实证[J].中国人口、资源与环境,2010(2):98-102
    [208]主春杰,马忠玉等.中国能源消费导致的二氧化碳排放量的差异特征分析[J].生态环境,2006,15(05):1029-1034
    [209]庄贵阳.气候变化的挑战与中国低碳经济的发展[J].国际经济评论,2007(5):50-52

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700