新疆草原肉牛商品化生产技术模式的研究
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摘要
本试验研究同营养水平条件下,不同品种、不同阶段、不同饲养方式的肉牛生长发育的变化,以及生长发育对胴体产肉性能及肉品质的影响。
试验一:将试验牛按品种分为3组,研究相同体重下不同品种牛在代乳料饲喂过程中的生长发育。结果表明:在早期断奶阶段,安杂、荷斯坦、新褐杂三个品种在日增重上差异不显著(P>0.05),单位增重培育成本安杂为8.25元/kg,荷斯坦为9.62元/kg,新褐杂为9.27元/kg,并且在此期间安杂牛在体斜长与体直长的绝对增加量上高于新褐杂与荷斯坦,差异显著(P<0.05)。
试验二:在试验一的基础上挑选同月龄常规饲养方式断奶的犊牛为对照组,研究不同品种犊牛放牧补饲条件下的生长发育规律。结果表明:放牧补饲阶段,安杂、荷斯坦、新褐杂三个品种在日增重上差异不显著(P>0.05),但均极显著的高于对照组土种牛。与同月龄对照组土种牛相比,在3～6月龄的各体尺指标上,不同品种间差异很大,有的达到了显著或极显著的水平(P<0.05;P<0.01),在体斜长增量上新褐杂发育最快与安杂和土种差异显著(P<0.05)。在试验结束时安杂牛在腰角宽上显著大于新褐杂牛(P<0.05),在腰角宽上安杂增长最快与荷斯坦、新褐杂组差异显著(P<0.05),与土种牛组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。放牧补饲阶段各品种净收益为,新褐杂285.7元、荷斯坦280.7元、安杂243.2元,土种牛仅4.6元。
试验三:对早期断奶组三个品种犊牛进行不同育肥时间的舍饲,研究同营养水平下不同阶段各品种的差异。结果表明:在舍饲的7～10月龄阶段,各品种牛体尺增量除体直长组间差异显著外(P<0.05),其余指标差异均不显著。日增重与收益上新褐杂>安杂>荷斯坦,但差异不显著。体高上品种特点明显,分别是荷斯坦>新褐杂>安杂。在10～12月龄阶段的日增重与收益上安杂>新褐杂>荷斯坦,体尺增量在胸围、腰角宽,体直长上品种间差异显著(P<0.05),在12～15月龄阶段日增重与收益上新褐杂>荷斯坦>安杂,在15～18月龄的日增重与收益上安杂>新褐杂>荷斯坦,体尺上除体直长增量品种间差异显著外(P<0.05),其余指标变化品种间差异不显著。
试验四:研究不同阶段、各品种的屠宰与产肉性能及品种间的差异。结果表明,不同月龄间屠宰率、净肉率等指标差异极显著(P<0.01);肉骨比上10月龄与18月龄差异显著(P<0.05),12月龄与10、18月龄差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合各月龄数据从品种的角度来说,屠宰率、净肉率、肉骨比等指标上分别是安杂>新褐杂>荷斯坦。分割肉比例上,新褐杂高档肉比例最高、荷斯坦优质肉比例最高、安杂牛普通肉比例最高,但品种间均无显著性差异。
试验五:研究不同月龄肉品质的差异。试验六:研究不同月龄肉品质指标的品种间及各部位的差异。结果表明:10与18月龄的失水率、系水率、蒸煮损失差异不显著(P>0.05),但剪切力与糖酵解潜力差异显著(P<0.05)。12月龄的失水率、系水率、蒸煮损失与10、18月龄差异显著(P<0.05)。糖酵解潜力10月龄显著高于18月龄(P<0.05),但与12月龄差异不显著。剪切力10与12月龄差异不大,但均小于18月龄且差异显著(P<0.05),胶原蛋白、全可溶蛋白、肌浆蛋白、肌间脂肪等指标在各月龄间差异显著(P<0.05)。灰分随年龄增长呈递增趋势。10月龄、12月龄、18月龄牛肉品质分析表明,肉品质众多测量指标在品种、部位上均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。肉品质在品种、部位、营养水平、月龄间存在一定的互作效益。
The experiment study the change of the beef cattle's growth and development under same nutritional level condition, the different variety, the different period, the different raising way as well as the effect of the meat performance and the meat quality of the carcass influenced by the growth and development.
Experiments one: The experiment divide into 3 groups according to the variety of the experimental cow and study the same weigh and different variety cows' growth and development raising the milk materials. The result indicated:The difference of the weight gain per day of Angus, the Holstein and the Xinjiang Brown mixed is not significant(P>0.05) in early weaning stage,The cultivation cost unit weight gain of Angus is 8.25 yuan/ kg, the Holstein is 9.62 yuan/ kg, the Xinjiang Brown mixed is 8.25 yuan/ kg. The absolute increasement on the slanting long and the body straight long of Angus is higher than the Xinjiang Brown mixed and the Holstein,the difference is significant (P<0.05) in early weaning stage.
Experiments two: The experiment choose the same moon's age calf cow which is weaned with the age of the conventional raising way as the control group in the basis of the experiment one,study the growth developmental mechanism of the different variety calf cows under the herds add raises condition.Angus 's hip width is remarkably bigger than the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow (P<0.05) end the experiment, In the herds add raises stage, the difference of the liveweight gain per day of An Za, the Holstein, the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow three varieties are not significant (P>0.05),but are all extremely higher than the control group local variety cow. Compared with the same moon's age control group local variety cow,the difference of every body measurement in the 3-6 moon's age is very big,many difference achieved significant (P<0.05) and extremely significant(P<0.01).The development of the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow is fastest, it's increasement on slanting long is significant bigger than Angus and the local variety cow(P<0.05). The development of Angus mixed cow is fastest, it's increasement on hip width is significant bigger than the Xinjiang Brown cow and the Holstein (P<0.05) ,the local variety and extremely significant bigger than the local variety cow (P<0.01).The net income of every variety under the herds add raises condition is: the Xinjiang Brown cow 285.7 yuan, the Holstein 280.7 yuan, Angus 243.2 yuan, the local variety cow 4.6 yuan.
Experiments three: The experiment rear in confinement to the three variety calf cow in the early weaning group by the different fattening time, study the difference of every variety cow under the same nutritional level and the different period. The result indicated: In 7-10 moon's age rearing in confinement, except the difference of the body straight long in every variety cow is significant (P<0.05).The difference of other body measurement increment quota are not significant (P>0.05). The liveweight gain per day and income of the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow is highest than Angus and the Holstein,the last is lowest, but the difference is not significant(P>0.05).The feature of variety in withers height is obvious. The withers height of Holstein is highest than the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow and Angus, the last is lowest.In 10-12 moon's age Angus of the live weight gain per day and income is highest than the the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow and Dutch Stan, the last is lowest.The difference of the withers height increment including chest circumference, hip width ,the body straight long is significant in different variety(P<0.05). In 12-15 moon's age the liveweight gain per day and income of the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow is highest than Holstein and Angus, the last is lowest. In 15-18 moon's age the live weight gain per day and income of Angus is highest than the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow and Holstein, the last is lowest.Except he difference of the body straight long increment is significant in different variety(P<0.05),Other body measurement increment quota are not significant (P>0.05) .
Experiments four: The experiment study the slaughter and meat performance and the difference between variety. The result indicated: The difference of dressing percentage and neat percentage of different moon 's age is extremely significant (P<0.01).The difference of meat-bone ratio is significant between 10 moon 's age and 18 moon 's age (P<0.05). The difference of meat-bone ratio is not significant between 12 moon 's age and 10,18 moon 's age (P>0.05).Synthesis every moon 's age data from the angle of variety, the quota including dressing percentage, neat percentage and meat-bone ratio of Angus is highest than the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow and Holstein, the last is lowest.The high-end meat in sectioning meat of the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow is highest,the prime meat of Holstein is highest, ordinary meat of Angus is highest,but the difference of variety is not significant (P>0.05) .
Experiments five: The experiment study the difference of meat quality in different moon 's age. Experiments six: The experiment study the varietal and regional difference of meat quality in different moon 's age. The result indicated:The difference of dehydration ratio,water holding ratio and steam cooked loss is not significant (P>0.05). The difference of the shearing force and glucolysis latent force is significant (P<0.05). The difference of the dehydration ratio,water holding ratio and steam cooked loss is significant between 12 moon 's age and 10,18 moon 's age (P<0.05). The difference of the collagen protein,whole soluble protein, myogen and intermuscular fatness is significant in every moon 's age (P<0.05).Follow the age increasing,the ash content express increment trend.The analysing result of meat quality indicated: the difference of many measurement data of meat quality in variety and region is significant (P<0.05).The meat quality exist interaction efficiency between variety,region ,nutrition level and moon 's age.
试验一:将试验牛按品种分为3组,研究相同体重下不同品种牛在代乳料饲喂过程中的生长发育。结果表明:在早期断奶阶段,安杂、荷斯坦、新褐杂三个品种在日增重上差异不显著(P>0.05),单位增重培育成本安杂为8.25元/kg,荷斯坦为9.62元/kg,新褐杂为9.27元/kg,并且在此期间安杂牛在体斜长与体直长的绝对增加量上高于新褐杂与荷斯坦,差异显著(P<0.05)。
试验二:在试验一的基础上挑选同月龄常规饲养方式断奶的犊牛为对照组,研究不同品种犊牛放牧补饲条件下的生长发育规律。结果表明:放牧补饲阶段,安杂、荷斯坦、新褐杂三个品种在日增重上差异不显著(P>0.05),但均极显著的高于对照组土种牛。与同月龄对照组土种牛相比,在3～6月龄的各体尺指标上,不同品种间差异很大,有的达到了显著或极显著的水平(P<0.05;P<0.01),在体斜长增量上新褐杂发育最快与安杂和土种差异显著(P<0.05)。在试验结束时安杂牛在腰角宽上显著大于新褐杂牛(P<0.05),在腰角宽上安杂增长最快与荷斯坦、新褐杂组差异显著(P<0.05),与土种牛组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。放牧补饲阶段各品种净收益为,新褐杂285.7元、荷斯坦280.7元、安杂243.2元,土种牛仅4.6元。
试验三:对早期断奶组三个品种犊牛进行不同育肥时间的舍饲,研究同营养水平下不同阶段各品种的差异。结果表明:在舍饲的7～10月龄阶段,各品种牛体尺增量除体直长组间差异显著外(P<0.05),其余指标差异均不显著。日增重与收益上新褐杂>安杂>荷斯坦,但差异不显著。体高上品种特点明显,分别是荷斯坦>新褐杂>安杂。在10～12月龄阶段的日增重与收益上安杂>新褐杂>荷斯坦,体尺增量在胸围、腰角宽,体直长上品种间差异显著(P<0.05),在12～15月龄阶段日增重与收益上新褐杂>荷斯坦>安杂,在15～18月龄的日增重与收益上安杂>新褐杂>荷斯坦,体尺上除体直长增量品种间差异显著外(P<0.05),其余指标变化品种间差异不显著。
试验四:研究不同阶段、各品种的屠宰与产肉性能及品种间的差异。结果表明,不同月龄间屠宰率、净肉率等指标差异极显著(P<0.01);肉骨比上10月龄与18月龄差异显著(P<0.05),12月龄与10、18月龄差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合各月龄数据从品种的角度来说,屠宰率、净肉率、肉骨比等指标上分别是安杂>新褐杂>荷斯坦。分割肉比例上,新褐杂高档肉比例最高、荷斯坦优质肉比例最高、安杂牛普通肉比例最高,但品种间均无显著性差异。
试验五:研究不同月龄肉品质的差异。试验六:研究不同月龄肉品质指标的品种间及各部位的差异。结果表明:10与18月龄的失水率、系水率、蒸煮损失差异不显著(P>0.05),但剪切力与糖酵解潜力差异显著(P<0.05)。12月龄的失水率、系水率、蒸煮损失与10、18月龄差异显著(P<0.05)。糖酵解潜力10月龄显著高于18月龄(P<0.05),但与12月龄差异不显著。剪切力10与12月龄差异不大,但均小于18月龄且差异显著(P<0.05),胶原蛋白、全可溶蛋白、肌浆蛋白、肌间脂肪等指标在各月龄间差异显著(P<0.05)。灰分随年龄增长呈递增趋势。10月龄、12月龄、18月龄牛肉品质分析表明,肉品质众多测量指标在品种、部位上均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。肉品质在品种、部位、营养水平、月龄间存在一定的互作效益。
The experiment study the change of the beef cattle's growth and development under same nutritional level condition, the different variety, the different period, the different raising way as well as the effect of the meat performance and the meat quality of the carcass influenced by the growth and development.
Experiments one: The experiment divide into 3 groups according to the variety of the experimental cow and study the same weigh and different variety cows' growth and development raising the milk materials. The result indicated:The difference of the weight gain per day of Angus, the Holstein and the Xinjiang Brown mixed is not significant(P>0.05) in early weaning stage,The cultivation cost unit weight gain of Angus is 8.25 yuan/ kg, the Holstein is 9.62 yuan/ kg, the Xinjiang Brown mixed is 8.25 yuan/ kg. The absolute increasement on the slanting long and the body straight long of Angus is higher than the Xinjiang Brown mixed and the Holstein,the difference is significant (P<0.05) in early weaning stage.
Experiments two: The experiment choose the same moon's age calf cow which is weaned with the age of the conventional raising way as the control group in the basis of the experiment one,study the growth developmental mechanism of the different variety calf cows under the herds add raises condition.Angus 's hip width is remarkably bigger than the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow (P<0.05) end the experiment, In the herds add raises stage, the difference of the liveweight gain per day of An Za, the Holstein, the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow three varieties are not significant (P>0.05),but are all extremely higher than the control group local variety cow. Compared with the same moon's age control group local variety cow,the difference of every body measurement in the 3-6 moon's age is very big,many difference achieved significant (P<0.05) and extremely significant(P<0.01).The development of the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow is fastest, it's increasement on slanting long is significant bigger than Angus and the local variety cow(P<0.05). The development of Angus mixed cow is fastest, it's increasement on hip width is significant bigger than the Xinjiang Brown cow and the Holstein (P<0.05) ,the local variety and extremely significant bigger than the local variety cow (P<0.01).The net income of every variety under the herds add raises condition is: the Xinjiang Brown cow 285.7 yuan, the Holstein 280.7 yuan, Angus 243.2 yuan, the local variety cow 4.6 yuan.
Experiments three: The experiment rear in confinement to the three variety calf cow in the early weaning group by the different fattening time, study the difference of every variety cow under the same nutritional level and the different period. The result indicated: In 7-10 moon's age rearing in confinement, except the difference of the body straight long in every variety cow is significant (P<0.05).The difference of other body measurement increment quota are not significant (P>0.05). The liveweight gain per day and income of the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow is highest than Angus and the Holstein,the last is lowest, but the difference is not significant(P>0.05).The feature of variety in withers height is obvious. The withers height of Holstein is highest than the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow and Angus, the last is lowest.In 10-12 moon's age Angus of the live weight gain per day and income is highest than the the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow and Dutch Stan, the last is lowest.The difference of the withers height increment including chest circumference, hip width ,the body straight long is significant in different variety(P<0.05). In 12-15 moon's age the liveweight gain per day and income of the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow is highest than Holstein and Angus, the last is lowest. In 15-18 moon's age the live weight gain per day and income of Angus is highest than the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow and Holstein, the last is lowest.Except he difference of the body straight long increment is significant in different variety(P<0.05),Other body measurement increment quota are not significant (P>0.05) .
Experiments four: The experiment study the slaughter and meat performance and the difference between variety. The result indicated: The difference of dressing percentage and neat percentage of different moon 's age is extremely significant (P<0.01).The difference of meat-bone ratio is significant between 10 moon 's age and 18 moon 's age (P<0.05). The difference of meat-bone ratio is not significant between 12 moon 's age and 10,18 moon 's age (P>0.05).Synthesis every moon 's age data from the angle of variety, the quota including dressing percentage, neat percentage and meat-bone ratio of Angus is highest than the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow and Holstein, the last is lowest.The high-end meat in sectioning meat of the Xinjiang Brown mixed cow is highest,the prime meat of Holstein is highest, ordinary meat of Angus is highest,but the difference of variety is not significant (P>0.05) .
Experiments five: The experiment study the difference of meat quality in different moon 's age. Experiments six: The experiment study the varietal and regional difference of meat quality in different moon 's age. The result indicated:The difference of dehydration ratio,water holding ratio and steam cooked loss is not significant (P>0.05). The difference of the shearing force and glucolysis latent force is significant (P<0.05). The difference of the dehydration ratio,water holding ratio and steam cooked loss is significant between 12 moon 's age and 10,18 moon 's age (P<0.05). The difference of the collagen protein,whole soluble protein, myogen and intermuscular fatness is significant in every moon 's age (P<0.05).Follow the age increasing,the ash content express increment trend.The analysing result of meat quality indicated: the difference of many measurement data of meat quality in variety and region is significant (P<0.05).The meat quality exist interaction efficiency between variety,region ,nutrition level and moon 's age.
引文
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