多样化物料的库存控制研究
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摘要
在整个供应链中,库存是一个公司运营有效性的重要标志之一。过多的库存造成资金积压、库存过期、库存成本过高等问题,而没有库存却会导致缺件无法生产满足客户的风险。当前,在全球性电子制造业中,企业面临着市场需求变化更快更不稳定,原物料多样化且采购提前期长,库存控制困难等问题,因此,要如何进行合理的库存控制已经为企业越来越重视。
本文根据电子制造业物料品种繁多的特点,研究了多样化物料的库存控制,主要有如下方面的研究工作:
1.从库存管理的基本概念入手,研究ABC分类法与Kraljic矩阵分类法的特性,并在此基础上结合两者特性设计了分类模型。
2.在介绍库存控制模型的基础上,分析了定量订货,定时订货, VMI(Vendor Management Inventory) /JIT(Just in time) ,安全库存,MRP(Materials Requirement Planing)五种库存控制模型的优缺点,并根据分类模型建立多样化物料的库存控制对应关系表。
3.根据A公司的库存现状,分析其库存控制的特点,并将多样化物料的库存控制模型对应关系套用在其改善方案中。
4.设计了合理的库存管理绩效评价指标。并在此基础上,通过改善前后库存管理绩效评价,验证了在制造业原物料种类繁多,库存管理复杂的情况下,综合运用Kraljic矩阵分类法和ABC分类法对原材料进行分类采用不同的库存控制模型是有效与可实行的。
Throughout the supply chain, inventory is one of the important symbols of effectiveness of a company operating. Excess inventory will lead to overstock, inventory expiring, large inventory cost, etc. While if no stock, it will bring about shortage risk, which means no production to meet the customer demand. At present, in the global electronics manufacturing industry, enterprises are faced with many issues, such as faster and more instable demand changes in market, long procurement lead time of varied raw materials, difficult inventory control. So how to conduct a reasonable inventory control has become paid more attention in the enterprises.
In this paper, based on features of a wide variety of materials in the electronic manufacturing industry, varied materials inventory control was studied. The reseach aspects as below:
1. Beginning with the basic concepts of inventory management, by studying characteristics of the ABC classification and Kraljic matrix, a combination of classification model was set up.
2. Via the introduction of inventory control model, quantitative ordering,self-timer ordering, VMI(Vendor Management Inventory)/JIT(Just in time), safety stock, MRP(Materials Requirement Planing), these five inventory control models were analyzed their advantages and disadvantages. And a relation table of varied materials inventory control model came out based on the classification model.
3. In accordance with the inventory status in Company A, analysis of the characteristics of its inventory control was done and the relation table of varied materials inventory control model was applied to the improvement programs.
4. Set up reasonable inventory management performance indexes. Based on the indexes, with the evaluation of inventory management performance before and after, it indicates the following approach can work and be applied although holding a wide range of manufacturing raw materials and complex inventory management in manufacturing enterprises. Through the integrated use of Kraljic matrix and the ABC classification, classifying raw materials and taking different inventory control model is effective.
本文根据电子制造业物料品种繁多的特点,研究了多样化物料的库存控制,主要有如下方面的研究工作:
1.从库存管理的基本概念入手,研究ABC分类法与Kraljic矩阵分类法的特性,并在此基础上结合两者特性设计了分类模型。
2.在介绍库存控制模型的基础上,分析了定量订货,定时订货, VMI(Vendor Management Inventory) /JIT(Just in time) ,安全库存,MRP(Materials Requirement Planing)五种库存控制模型的优缺点,并根据分类模型建立多样化物料的库存控制对应关系表。
3.根据A公司的库存现状,分析其库存控制的特点,并将多样化物料的库存控制模型对应关系套用在其改善方案中。
4.设计了合理的库存管理绩效评价指标。并在此基础上,通过改善前后库存管理绩效评价,验证了在制造业原物料种类繁多,库存管理复杂的情况下,综合运用Kraljic矩阵分类法和ABC分类法对原材料进行分类采用不同的库存控制模型是有效与可实行的。
Throughout the supply chain, inventory is one of the important symbols of effectiveness of a company operating. Excess inventory will lead to overstock, inventory expiring, large inventory cost, etc. While if no stock, it will bring about shortage risk, which means no production to meet the customer demand. At present, in the global electronics manufacturing industry, enterprises are faced with many issues, such as faster and more instable demand changes in market, long procurement lead time of varied raw materials, difficult inventory control. So how to conduct a reasonable inventory control has become paid more attention in the enterprises.
In this paper, based on features of a wide variety of materials in the electronic manufacturing industry, varied materials inventory control was studied. The reseach aspects as below:
1. Beginning with the basic concepts of inventory management, by studying characteristics of the ABC classification and Kraljic matrix, a combination of classification model was set up.
2. Via the introduction of inventory control model, quantitative ordering,self-timer ordering, VMI(Vendor Management Inventory)/JIT(Just in time), safety stock, MRP(Materials Requirement Planing), these five inventory control models were analyzed their advantages and disadvantages. And a relation table of varied materials inventory control model came out based on the classification model.
3. In accordance with the inventory status in Company A, analysis of the characteristics of its inventory control was done and the relation table of varied materials inventory control model was applied to the improvement programs.
4. Set up reasonable inventory management performance indexes. Based on the indexes, with the evaluation of inventory management performance before and after, it indicates the following approach can work and be applied although holding a wide range of manufacturing raw materials and complex inventory management in manufacturing enterprises. Through the integrated use of Kraljic matrix and the ABC classification, classifying raw materials and taking different inventory control model is effective.
引文
[01]张锦特,赖玟玲,季节性需求下受资源限制及缺货之存货模型,管理科学学报,2005,(3),72~80
[02]陈荣秋,马士华,生产运作管理,北京,机械工业出版社,2005,154~155
[03]黄卫来,蔡建湖,张子刚,需求不确定环境下的提前订购策略分析,工业工程,2007,(1),17~20
[04]罗兵,于会强,林略等著,供应链环境下的供应商管理库存模型研究,工业工程与管理, 2004,(4),40~43
[05] Kraljic,P.(1983),“Purchasing Must Become Supply Management”,Harward Business Review,Sept-Oct,109~117
[06]林勇,马士华,基于随机提前期的(Q,R)库存模型,计算机集成制造系统--CIMS,2002,(5),396~398
[07]詹姆士.R.斯托克,道格拉斯·M·兰伯特,邵晓峰译,战略物流管理,北京,中国财政经济出版社,2003,277,18
[08]陈荣秋,马士华,生产与运作管理,北京,高等教育出版社,1999,418~422
[09]马士华,林勇,供应链管理,北京,高等教育出版社,2003,219~225
[10] Michiel R. Leenders, Harold E. Fearon,采购与供应管理,北京,机械工业出版社,2003,26~27,356~360
[11]约瑟夫·L·卡维纳托、拉尔夫·G·考夫曼(著) ,吕一林,闻鸿雁,雷利华等译,采购手册:专业采购与供应人员指南(6版,北京,机械工业出版社,2001
[12] Catherine Stenzel,Joe Stenzel著,成本管理精要,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2004,2~4
[13]马士华,林勇,供应链管理,北京,机械工业出版社,2005
[14]刘小东,崔建昆,采购成本控制,机械管理开发,2004,(5),113~116
[15]薛建武,张强,两级库存模型下的供应商缺货成本分析,工业工程,2006,(9),28~39
[16]万上海,有缺货成本随机需求下的存货策略,安徽机电学院学报, 1999,(9),19~22
[17]陈兵兵,陈军军,供应链上缺货风险与库存控制,TECHNOLOGY & ENTERPRICE UPDATE,2005,(12),63~66
[18]柳键,时变需求环境下供应链缺货时点与补货次数优化,中国管理科学, 2005,(12),23~28
[19]黄菊,马东晓,易树平等著,基于供应链管理选择供应商的成本计算方法,重庆大学学报,2004,(3),5~8
[20]张根林,谢洁,供应中断情况下的库存控制模型研究,系统工程理论,2006,(12),69~77
[21]李小申,夏尊,可替代产品库存模型的研究,运筹与管理, 2006,(12),123~131
[22]王建阳,牛芳,董颖颖,考虑紧急订货的供应链库存控制策略研究,技术经济与管理研究,2003,(3),49
[23]孙建强,于毅,再订货点计算方法存在的问题及改进,财会通讯.理财版,2007,(1),14
[24]林略,黄翔,模式对配套供应商的经济效益影响,物流平台
[25]杨方燕,郭钢,基于ABC分类的安全库存优化算法研究,中国制造业信息化,2004,(1),83~86
[26]霍海平, ABC法在军工企业安全库存管理中的作用,航天工业管理,2006,(增刊),23~24
[27]徐春迎,阮文彪,供应链不确定性与安全库存研究,商业研究,2005,(13),65~68
[28]张启超,张悟移,供应链中的安全库存优化管理的探讨,物流技术,2007,(6),98~100
[29]范志强,张志栋,程晋石,考虑供给与需求波动性的安全库存定量研究,物流技术,2005,(10),90~93
[30]戴湘荣,王骏,VMI在“零库存”管理应用中的研究,物流技术,2004,(6),55~69
[31]郭芸,零库存在制造企业中的应用,物流科技,2006,(9),100~102
[32]王霄羽,供应链管理中含风险因素的库存成本控制,中原工学院学报,2005,(2),57~59
[33]龙江涛,李德愿,冯春花,零库存实施条件方法研究,价值工程,2006,(2),30~32
[34]尚徽,唐林彬,浦徐进,供给存在季节性波动情况下的合作定价模型,价值工程,2004,(7),23~26
[35]薛建武,张强,两级库存系统的供应商缺货成本的研究,工业工程,2006,(9),28~30
[36]朱道立等,物流与供应链管理,上海,复旦大学出版社,2001
[37]胡宗武,工业工程-原理,方法与应用,上海,上海交通大学出版社,2002
[02]陈荣秋,马士华,生产运作管理,北京,机械工业出版社,2005,154~155
[03]黄卫来,蔡建湖,张子刚,需求不确定环境下的提前订购策略分析,工业工程,2007,(1),17~20
[04]罗兵,于会强,林略等著,供应链环境下的供应商管理库存模型研究,工业工程与管理, 2004,(4),40~43
[05] Kraljic,P.(1983),“Purchasing Must Become Supply Management”,Harward Business Review,Sept-Oct,109~117
[06]林勇,马士华,基于随机提前期的(Q,R)库存模型,计算机集成制造系统--CIMS,2002,(5),396~398
[07]詹姆士.R.斯托克,道格拉斯·M·兰伯特,邵晓峰译,战略物流管理,北京,中国财政经济出版社,2003,277,18
[08]陈荣秋,马士华,生产与运作管理,北京,高等教育出版社,1999,418~422
[09]马士华,林勇,供应链管理,北京,高等教育出版社,2003,219~225
[10] Michiel R. Leenders, Harold E. Fearon,采购与供应管理,北京,机械工业出版社,2003,26~27,356~360
[11]约瑟夫·L·卡维纳托、拉尔夫·G·考夫曼(著) ,吕一林,闻鸿雁,雷利华等译,采购手册:专业采购与供应人员指南(6版,北京,机械工业出版社,2001
[12] Catherine Stenzel,Joe Stenzel著,成本管理精要,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2004,2~4
[13]马士华,林勇,供应链管理,北京,机械工业出版社,2005
[14]刘小东,崔建昆,采购成本控制,机械管理开发,2004,(5),113~116
[15]薛建武,张强,两级库存模型下的供应商缺货成本分析,工业工程,2006,(9),28~39
[16]万上海,有缺货成本随机需求下的存货策略,安徽机电学院学报, 1999,(9),19~22
[17]陈兵兵,陈军军,供应链上缺货风险与库存控制,TECHNOLOGY & ENTERPRICE UPDATE,2005,(12),63~66
[18]柳键,时变需求环境下供应链缺货时点与补货次数优化,中国管理科学, 2005,(12),23~28
[19]黄菊,马东晓,易树平等著,基于供应链管理选择供应商的成本计算方法,重庆大学学报,2004,(3),5~8
[20]张根林,谢洁,供应中断情况下的库存控制模型研究,系统工程理论,2006,(12),69~77
[21]李小申,夏尊,可替代产品库存模型的研究,运筹与管理, 2006,(12),123~131
[22]王建阳,牛芳,董颖颖,考虑紧急订货的供应链库存控制策略研究,技术经济与管理研究,2003,(3),49
[23]孙建强,于毅,再订货点计算方法存在的问题及改进,财会通讯.理财版,2007,(1),14
[24]林略,黄翔,模式对配套供应商的经济效益影响,物流平台
[25]杨方燕,郭钢,基于ABC分类的安全库存优化算法研究,中国制造业信息化,2004,(1),83~86
[26]霍海平, ABC法在军工企业安全库存管理中的作用,航天工业管理,2006,(增刊),23~24
[27]徐春迎,阮文彪,供应链不确定性与安全库存研究,商业研究,2005,(13),65~68
[28]张启超,张悟移,供应链中的安全库存优化管理的探讨,物流技术,2007,(6),98~100
[29]范志强,张志栋,程晋石,考虑供给与需求波动性的安全库存定量研究,物流技术,2005,(10),90~93
[30]戴湘荣,王骏,VMI在“零库存”管理应用中的研究,物流技术,2004,(6),55~69
[31]郭芸,零库存在制造企业中的应用,物流科技,2006,(9),100~102
[32]王霄羽,供应链管理中含风险因素的库存成本控制,中原工学院学报,2005,(2),57~59
[33]龙江涛,李德愿,冯春花,零库存实施条件方法研究,价值工程,2006,(2),30~32
[34]尚徽,唐林彬,浦徐进,供给存在季节性波动情况下的合作定价模型,价值工程,2004,(7),23~26
[35]薛建武,张强,两级库存系统的供应商缺货成本的研究,工业工程,2006,(9),28~30
[36]朱道立等,物流与供应链管理,上海,复旦大学出版社,2001
[37]胡宗武,工业工程-原理,方法与应用,上海,上海交通大学出版社,2002