香料烟品质形成对生态的响应及水氮调控研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
香料烟是一个特殊的烟草类型,具有芬芳的香气和优美的吃味,其特殊的香气特征与香料烟香味物质组成及含量密切相关。本文于2006-2010年采用大田和盆栽试验方法,系统研究了我国不同产区香料烟香味物质组成特点及质量差异、香料烟品质形成对品种和生态的响应,系统地研究了土壤水分和氮素营养对香料烟生理特性、产量和质量形成的影响,阐明了我国不同产区香料烟致香物质组成特点及其与品质的关系,明确了生态、品种对香料烟致香物质含量的贡献,水氮调控对香料烟产量和品质形成的影响,为进一步提升我国香料烟质量提供理论依据和技术支撑。主要研究结论如下:
     1.对国内不同产区的香料烟和我国进口的土耳其及泰国香料烟的香味物质、非挥发性有机酸、高级脂肪酸含量和感官质量进行了分析。结果表明,不同产区香料烟香味成分组成相同,但各组分的含量和所占比例差异较大。所定性定量的香味物质总量以云南香料烟最高,其A1级烟叶香味物质总量分别是新疆、浙江、湖北同部位烟叶的1.79、2.08、1.72倍,是泰国、土耳其香料烟的1.83、2.31倍。土耳其香料烟中有机酸所占比例超过其香味成分总量的60%,类赖百当化合物仅占3.64%;云南香料烟主要香味物质是类赖百当化合物,其次是有机酸,该产区中、上部烟叶类赖百当化合物含量占香味物质总量的45.58%~50.62%;浙江香料烟香味物质也以有机酸所占比例最高,其次是类赖百当和类西柏烷化合物;新疆香料烟主要香味物质是有机酸和类赖百当化合物;湖北香料烟以类西柏烷化合物所占比例最高,有机酸次之。泰国香料烟有机酸所占比例为46%,类赖百当占32.92%,类西柏烷不足6.0%。香料烟类胡萝卜素降解产物含量较低(除浙江外)。云南、新疆香料烟的感官质量与挥发性有机酸、类赖百当和类西柏烷类物质含量呈正相关;浙江、湖北香料烟的感官质量与总有机酸含量呈正相关。
     2.在云南、浙江两个生态条件下研究了不同品种香料烟农艺性状、经济性状和质量的差异。结果表明,生态区间、品种间香料烟农艺性状、产量、AB级烟叶的比例具有明显的不同。品种对香料烟叶片数的贡献率远高于生态因素和二者的互作效应;生态因素对腺毛密度的贡献率占绝对优势,3个品种腺毛密度均表现为云南显著高于浙江;品种与生态互作对香料烟产量的贡献率高于生态因素;生态对香料烟AB级烟叶比例的贡献率高于品种。香料烟化学成分和香味物质的含量在生态区间、品种间具有明显差异,生态对香料烟糖和烟碱含量的贡献率高于品种及因素互作,总体上云南香料烟糖高碱低,浙江香料烟糖低碱高。香料烟香味物质含量在生态区间、品种间差异较大,品种对赖百当、西柏烷类物质和总有机酸含量的贡献率明显高于其它因素;生态对香料烟总挥发性有机酸和特征有机酸含量的贡献率明显高于互作相应,品种的贡献率很低。总体上,Basma品种赖百当类物质含量显著高于其它品种,Canik品种西柏烷类物质含量显著高于其它品种,Samsun品种类西柏烷类物质含量显著低于其它品种;云南干旱的气候有利于赖百当类、有机酸类物质的形成和糖的积累,浙江湿热气候有利于西柏烷类物质的形成和烟碱的提高。感官质量评价表明,云南种植巴斯玛品种更能彰显其芳香型特征;浙江种植沙姆逊品种有利于形成浓郁的香味。
     3.采用盆栽控水方法,研究了土壤水分胁迫对香料烟生长发育、生理代谢、化学成分、香味物质含量及质量的影响。结果表明,随土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,香料烟对氮素吸收和干物质的积累量显著减少,产量下降,叶绿素含量和光合速率降低。土壤水分由65%~75%降至50%~60%时光合速率降低幅度很小,MDA含量变化不大,说明香料烟具有较强的抗旱性;当土壤水分降至35%~45%时,MDA含量明显提高,光合速率降低幅度增大,出现深度午休现象。叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率与生理生态因子的相关分析表明,对净光合速率影响最大的因子各处理均为气孔导度;对蒸腾速率影响最大的因子因土壤水分含量不同而异,土壤水分在65%~75%时是空气温度,土壤水分在60%以下是光合有效辐射。随土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,香料烟糖含量降低,总氮和烟碱含量有所增加;中部叶异戊酸和β-甲基戊酸等挥发性有机酸、赖百当类物质以及西柏烷类物质的含量明显提高,酯类、非酶棕色化反应产物、苯丙氨酸降解产物的含量也有所增加;随土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,上部叶有机酸、类胡萝卜素降解产物、苯丙氨酸降解产物的含量提高,但增幅小于中部叶;赖百当类物质以及西柏烷类物质的含量在轻度水分胁迫时稍有降低,严重水分胁迫时明显下降。香料烟中部叶感官质量随土壤水分的变化与香料烟有机酸3项指标、类赖百当及其降解产物、类西柏烷类及其降解产物含量变化相一致,上部叶感官质量随土壤水分的变化与有机酸3项指标的变化相一致。在本试验条件下,土壤水分在50%~60%,有利于获得较优的品质和适宜的产量。
     4.研究了氮用量对香料烟碳氮代谢关键酶活性、产量和香味物质含量及品质的影响。结果表明,随着氮用量的增加,烟叶GS活性提高,烟草对氮素同化能力增强。中氮水平下有利于提高SPS活性,前期促进香料烟生长,后期促进蔗糖的积累;高氮水平下SPS活性明显下降,导致蔗糖积累减少。这是氮用量在适宜范围时,产量提高但总糖含量没有明显下降的原因;而氮用量过高,香料烟糖含量显著降低,AB级烟叶比例显著下降,烟叶产量虽高但品质变差。氮用量在45~60kg/hm2范围内,香料烟类赖百当和类西柏烷含量有所增加,超过此用量明显降低;随氮用量的增加,香料烟中挥发性有机酸总量均呈下降趋势。香料烟的吸食品质随氮用量的变化与其类赖百当、类西柏烷含量变化一致。
     5.研究了不同氮源对香料烟光合速率、经济性状、化学成分和香味物质含量的影响。结果表明,与复合肥和硝酸钾相比,有机氮源能提高中后期香料烟叶片光合速率和AB级烟叶比例;施芝麻饼和牛粪增加赖百当类物质的含量,桐油枯和芝麻饼提高类西柏烷类物质的含量,特别是芝麻饼肥处理既保持了较高的产量、产值和AB级烟叶比例,又提高了香料烟特征香味物质β-甲基戊酸、异戊酸和赖百当类物质的含量,改善了香料烟品质。
As a special type of tobacco, aromatic tobacco has fragrant resin aromaand pure taste that have a close relationship with its flavor component kinds andcontent. During2006-2010, through field and potted cultivation, a systematic researchwas conducted on flavor component characteristics and quality differences ofaromatic tobacco from different producing areas in China, and on different aromatictobacco varieties’ responses to ecological environment. Specially, the impacts of soilwater stress and nitrogen nutrition on the physiological characteristics, yields andquality characters of aromatic tobacco were systematically studied. The relationshipbetween flavor component composition characteristics and quality of aromatictobacco in China was clarified, and conclusions were also drawn on the contributionsof ecological environment and species to the yield, main chemical composition andflavor components content of aromatic tobacco, and the effects of water and nitrogenregulation on the formation of yields and quality of oriental tobacco. These resultsprovided the theoretical basis and important technical support to further improvementthe overall quality level of oriental tobacco in China. The main research results wereas follows:
     1. The flavor components, non-volatile organic acids, higher fatty acid andsensory quality of domestic, Turkey and Thailand aromatic tobaccos were analyzed.The result showed that aromatic tobacco in different regions had same flavorcomponents but remarkably different content and proportion of them. The amount ofqualitative and quantitative flavor component was highest in Yunnan aromatic tobaccowhose A1class tobacco leaf contained respectively1.79,2.08,1.72times of flavorcomponent amount of same position of tobacco leaf from Xinjiang, Zhejiang andHubei, and respectively1.83and2.31times of Thailand and Turkey. In Turkeyaromatic tobacco, organic acids took up over60%in all its flavor components, yet thelabdannums occupied only3.64%. Yunnan aromatic tobacco’s main flavor componentwas labdannums which took up45.58%~50.62%, and its second most componentwas organic acids. The flavor component that occupied highest proportion of Zhejiangaromatic tobacco was organic acids, followed by labdannums and cembranoids. The major flavor component of Xinjiang aromatic tobacco was organic acids andlabdannums. Hubei aromatic tobacco’s cembranoids had largest amount in allcomponents, the second largest was organic acids. Thailand aromatic tobaccocontained46%organic acids,32.92%labdannums, while less than6.0%cembranoids.Apart from Zhejiang aromatic tobacco, other producing areas’ aromatic tobaccos hadlow content of carotenoid degradation products. Yunnan and Xinjiang aromatictobacco’s volatile organic acids and labdannums had a positive effect on its sensoryquality, and Zhejiang aromatic tobacco’s volatile organic acids also had a positivecorrelation with its sensory quality.
     2. The distinctions in agronomic characters, economic characters and qualitywere studied under two different ecological condition in Yunnan and Zhejiang. Theresult revealed that the agronomic characters, yields and A&B level tobacco leavesbetween different ecological environments and species had remarkable distinctions.Species had a much stronger effects on leaf number than ecological factors andinteraction effect of the two factors. Ecological factors was dominant on density ofglandular trichome, and3species of Yunnan all had higher density of glandulartrichome than according species of Zhejiang. Also, the interaction effect of speciesand ecology had a bigger influence on yields than ecological factors, and ecologicalfactors were more powerful on the ratio of A class leave over B class leaves. Thechemical compositions and flavor components of aromatic tobacco had significantdistinctions among different ecological areas and species. Ecology had a strongereffect on sugar and nicotine than species and interaction effect. In general, Yunnanaromatic tobacco had higher sugar and lower nicotine, while Zhejiang aromatictobacco had lower sugar and higher nicotine. In addition, species was the most powerfactor on the content of labdannums, cembranoids and organic acids. Ecologicalfactors had a far stronger influence on content of volatile organic acids and typicalorganic acids than interaction effect of ecology and species, especially than specieswhich had a very limited contribution. Generally speaking, Basma had high levelcontent of labdannums, Canik had high proportion of cembranoids while lowproportion of labdannums, Samsun contianed the lowest level cembranoids in allaromatic tobacco species. The arid climate in Yunnan is conductive to the formationof labdannums and organic acids and accumulation of sugar, the hot and humidclimate in Zhejiang is beneficial to the formation of cembranoids and the increase ofnicotine. The sensory quality evaluation showed that cultivating Basma in Yunnan can significantly enhance its aromatic characteristics, while growing Samsun in Zhejianggreatly benefits the formation of its rich aroma.
     3. By water control through potted cultivation, the impacts of soil water stress onthe aromatic tobacco’s growth and development, physiological metabolism, chemicalcomponents and flavor component content and quality were studied. The resultsrevealed that, with the increase of soil moisture stress, aromatic tobacco showeddecrease in absorb and accumulation of nitrogen, decline in yields and lower level ofchlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate. When soil water declined from65%~75%to50%~60%, there was a slight decrease of photosynthesis rate and trivialchange of MDA content, indicating that aromatic tobacco has good drought resistance.When soil water declined to35%~45%, there was a significant rise in MDA contentand remarkable reduction in photosynthesis rate, giving rise to depth middaydepression of tobacco. The correlation analysis between photosynthesis rate andphy-ecological factors, transpiration rate and phy-ecological factors shows that themost powerful factor to net photosynthesis rate is stomatal conductance under alltreatments, while the most important factor to transpiration rate varies according todifferent levels of soil moisture, turning out to be air temperature under soil moisturelevel of65%~75%and ohotosynthetically active radiation under soil moisture level ofbelow60%. With the increase of soil water stress, several changes in aromatictobacco’s physiological characteristics were shown. Firstly, the contents of sugardeclined while the total nitrogen and nicotine increased. Also, the cutter leaf flavorcomponents like isovaleric acid β-methlvaleric acid, labdannums and cembranoidshave remarkable growth, and the contents esters, non-enzymatic browning reactionproducts and phenylalanine degradation products are also increased. In addition, thecontent organic acids, phenylalanine degradation products and carotenoid degradationproducts of upper leaves were increased yet with lower extent than cutter leaf. Andthe labdannums and cembranoids declined little with mild soil moisture stress whiledeclined greatly with severe soil moisture stress. Moreover, the change in cutter leaf’ssensory quality in response to soil moisture variation is consistent with the change oforganic acids’3indicators, labdannums and its degradation products, cembranoidsand its degradation products, and the change in upper leaf’s sensory quality inresponse to soil moisture variation is consistent with the change of organic acids’3indicators. Under experimental condition of this paper, keeping the soil moisture levelat50%~60%contributes to relatively high quality and proper yields of aromatic tobacco.
     4. The influences of nitrogen rate on the key enzyme activity of carbon andnitrogen metabolism, yields, flavor components’ content and quality of aromatictobaccos were explored. The result illustrated that, with the increase of nitrogen rate,the GS activity of tobacco leaf was improved, and assimilative capacity for nitrogenwas strengthened. Moderate nitrogen rate is beneficial to promote SPS activity, boostearly growth of aromatic tobacco to gain proper yields and improve the accumulationof sucrose in later growth. Under high level of nitrogen rate, there was a sharpdecrease of SPS activity and reduce in sucrose accumulation. This was exactly thereason why total sugar content has no obvious decrease while the yield is increasedwithin proper range of nitrogen rate. However, overuse of nitrogen remarkablyreduced SPS activity and sucrose accumulation, resulting in the prominent decrease ofaromatic tobacco’s soluble sugar and reducing sugar and a proportion reduce of ABgrade tobacco leaf, and thus tobacco had a high yield yet low output in such condition.The labdannums and cembranoids increased with a nitrogen rate ranging45~60kg/hm2, yet decreased sharply when the rate increased beyond this range. With theincrease of nitrogen rate, the total amount of volatile organic acids exhibited a downtrend. The sensory quality had a constant variation with the content of labdannumsand cembranoids when the nitrogen rate changed.
     5. The effects of different nitrogen source on photosynthetic rate, economiccharacteristics, chemical compositions and flavor component content of aromatictobaccos were researched. The result showed that, compared with compound fertilizerand potassium nitrate, organic nitrogen fertilizer could improve the photosynthesisrate and AB level leaf proportion of aromatic tobacco in middle and later growth.Pure sesame oil cake and cow dung could raise the content of labdannums, andcombination use of tung oil cake and sesame oil cake could increase the content ofcembranoids. Sesame oil, especially, not only kept relatively high yields, output andproportion of AB level leaf, but also increased the content of aromatic tobaccocharacteristic flavor component including isovaleric acid,β-methlvaleric acid andlabdannums, significantly improving the quality of aromatic tobacco.
引文
[1] WOLF A.Aromatic or Oriental Tobacco[M].Durham,NC:Duke University Press,1962.
    [2]左天觉.烟草的生产、生理和生物化学[M].朱尊权,等译.上海:上海远东出版社,1993:379-380.
    [3] D.Layten Davis,Mark T.Nielsen.烟草—生产,化学和技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:251-269.
    [4]赵振山,张勇华,王春林,等.希腊香料烟技术讲座(一)[J].中国烟草,1990,(3):1-3.
    [5]饶梓云,马长德,王玉山,等.土耳其香料烟考察报告[J].中国烟草科学,1995,16(3):25-30.
    [6]赵振山.希腊香料烟讲座(三)[J].中国烟草,1990,(5):1-3.
    [7]冯茜,符云鹏,李亚龙,等.香料烟系列标准应用指南[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2000.
    [8]中国烟草代表团.希腊香料烟考察报告[J].
    [9]中国烟草进出口公司.南斯拉夫和希腊香料烟生产考察报告[J].烟草科技,1989,(3):42-43.
    [10]史宏志,刘国顺.烟草香味学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011.
    [11]韩富根.烟草化学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011.
    [12]周冀衡.烟草生理与生物化学[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1996.
    [13] Stedman R L,Burdick D,Schmeltz I. Composition Studies on Tobacco. XVII.Steam-Volatile Acidic Fractionof Cigarette Smoke[J].Tobacco Science,1963,7:166-169.
    [14] Stedman R L.The chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke[J]. Chem.Rev.1968,68:153-207.
    [15]左天觉.烟草的生产、生理和生物化学[M].上海:上海远东出版社,1991.
    [16] Lefftingwell J C,Lefftingwell D.GRAS flavor chemicals-detection thresholds[J].Perf Flav,1991,16(1):1-19.
    [17] Schumacher J N. Isolation and identification of some components of Turkish tobacco[J]. Tob. Sci.,1974,18:43-48.
    [18] Leffingwell J C, Leffingwell D.Chemical and sensory aspects of tobacco flavor[J].Rec Adv Tob Sci.,1988,14:169-218.
    [19] Severson,R.F.Isolation and characterization of the sucrose esters of the cuticolar waxes of green tobaccoleaf[J].Agric.Food Chem,1985,33:870-875.
    [20]蔡莉莉,谢复炜,刘克建,等.香料烟中蔗糖酯的气相色谱/质谱分析[J].烟草科技,2009,3:40-44.
    [21] Einolf W N, Chan w G.Estimation of sucrose esters in tobacco by direct chemical ionization massspectrometry[J].J Agric.Food Chem,1984,32:785-789.
    [22] Nielson M T.Variation of flavor components on leaf surfaces of tobacco genotype differing in trichomedensity[J].J.Agric Food Chem,1990,38:467-471.
    [23]高致明,刘国顺,赵振山,等.香料烟叶片发育和结构与品质关系的研究[J].中国烟草学报,1993,(4):33-39.
    [24]杨志新,罗建蓉,陈学军,等.几个香料烟品种及其子代的腺毛密度差异比较[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2012,41(2):118-121.
    [25] Roberto Barrera.Trichome type,density and distribution on the leaves of certain tobacco varieties andhybrids[J].Tob Sci.1966,(10):157-161.
    [26] Roberto Barrera,E.A.Wrensman.Trichome type,density and distri-bution on the leaves of certain tobaccovarieties and hybrids[J].Tob.sci.1966,10:157-161.
    [27]高致明,刘国顺,符云鹏,等.香料烟叶片腺毛及分泌细胞的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1996,30(4):329-332.
    [28] Johnson A.W.et.al.Tobacco leaf trichomcs and their exudes[J].Tob.Sci,1985,29:67-72.
    [29] Nielson M T.Variation of flavor components on leaf surfaces of tobacco genotype differing in trichomedensity[J].J.Agric.Food Chem.,1990,38:467-471.
    [30] Chakra borty M.K.The chemistry of tobacco trichomes[J].Tob.Sci,1963,7:122-127.
    [31] Sevenson R F,Arrendale R F, Orestes T C,et al. Quantitation of the major cuticular components from greenleaf of different tobacco types. Agric. Food Chem.1984,32(3):566-570.
    [32] Severson,R.F.Isolation and characterization of the sucrose esters of the cuticolar waxes of green tobaccoleaf[J].Agric.Food Chem,1985,33:870-875.
    [33] Severson,R.F.et.al.Quantination of major cuticular components from green leaf of different tobaccotype.J.Agric.Food.Chem,1984,32:566-570.
    [34]Johnson A W,Severson R F,Hudson J,et al. Tobacco leaf trichomes and their exudates[J]. Tob. Sci.,1985,29:67-72.
    [35]张华,赵百东,冀浩,等.水分胁迫对烤烟腺毛超微结构的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2008,14(5):45-47.
    [36]张华,崔红,冀浩,等.水分胁迫对烤烟腺毛形态发育及基因表达的影响[J].郑州牧业工程高等专科学校学报,20212,32(1):4-8
    [37]韩锦峰,汪耀富,杨素勤.干旱肋迫对烤烟化学成分和香气物质含量的影响[J].中国烟草科学,1994,(1):35-38.
    [38]李鹏飞,周冀衡,张建平,等.氮、磷、钾、镁亏缺对烤烟生长和叶片腺毛发育的影响[J].烟草科技,2009,(12):49-54.
    [39] Court W A, Elliot J M, Hendel J G. Influence of applied nitrogen fertilization on certain lipids,terpenes,andother charactrics offlue-cured tobacco[J].Tob.SCI.1984,28:69-72.
    [40]时向东,刘国顺.不同类型肥料对烤烟叶片腺毛密度、种类及分布规律的影响[J].中国烟草学报,1999,5(2):19-22.
    [41]孔光辉,徐照丽,王伟,等.不同肥料对红花大金元中部叶片腺毛及分泌物积累的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2007,13(4):41-44.
    [42]周世民,韩延,符云鹏,等.肥料类型对香料烟叶片腺毛密度的影响[J].烟草科技,2007,(7):55-57.
    [43]梁志敏,翁梦苓,崔红.施用有机肥对烟草腺毛形态结构及分泌物的影响[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2008,47(2):156-159.
    [44]韩锦峰.烤烟叶面分泌物的初步研究[J].中国烟草科学,1995,(2):10-12.
    [45]张燕,李天飞,宗会,等.不同产地香料烟内在化学成分及致香物质分析[J].中国烟草科学,2003,(4):12-16.
    [46]张永红,吴鸣,胡建军,等.国内外香料烟香味物质与品质比较[J].烟草科技,2004,(1):3-7.
    [47]河南农业大学.优质香料烟关键生产技术研究技术报告[].2003.
    [48]符云鹏,刘国顺,王彦亭,等.有机氮用量对香料烟香味物质及产量品质的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2004,38(4):436-440.
    [49]姬小明,吕全建,赵铭钦,等.香料烟致香物质的提取及测定方法研究[J].河南农业科学,2009,(1):46-49.
    [50]刘国顺,符云鹏,刘学芝,等.不同产地和类型香料烟的化学成分研究[J].耕作与栽培,1996,(1):28-31.
    [51]李志伟,符云鹏,王志韬,等.不同产区香料烟化学成分及感官质量比较[J].中国农学通报2009,25(12):61-65.
    [52]梁莉莉.土耳其香料烟挥发物的研究[J].质谱学报,21,(3)21-22.
    [53]张晓燕,俞杏珍,符云鹏,等.不同基因型香料烟叶片发育过程中碳氮代谢关键酶活性及代谢产物变化[J].中国农学通报2009,25(12):112-116.
    [54]许树银,鲁建民,黄凯.优质香料烟品种杰尼克引种试验[J].烟草科技,2000,(5):36-38.
    [55]屈生彬,殷端,张晨东,等.不同质量类型香料烟品种成熟叶生理生化特性比较[J].中国烟草学报,2010,16(1):53-57.
    [56]屈生彬,殷端,张晨东,等.不同质量类型香料烟品种在云南保山香料烟产区的适应性研究[J].中国烟草学报,2008,14(1):32-36.
    [57]殷端,杨世波.移栽期对香料烟伊兹密尔生育及产质量的影响[J].山地农业生物学报,2006,25(2):101-104.
    [58]王义伟,贺晓辉,符云鹏,等.不同移栽期对保山香料烟叶片碳氮代谢关键酶活性和化学成分的影响[J].中国农学通报2009,25(12):107-111.
    [59]陆天胜,张均明.移栽期对皖南香料烟生长发育和品质产量的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2001,7(2):32-35.
    [60] Cousins L T. The effects of variations in plant population on the yield and quality of oriental tobacco inRhodesia[J].
    [61]赵振山.希腊香料烟讲座(二)[J].中国烟草,1990,(4):1-3.
    [62]宗会,温华东,张燕,等.氮肥形态、用量和种植密度对香料烟光合作用的影响[J].烟草科技,2004,(1):33-35.
    [63]殷端,邵惠芳,杨跃林,等.氮用量和种植密度对香料烟伊兹密尔生长及产量质量的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2002,(3):218-221.
    [64]韩延,周世民,刘艳英,等.氮用量对香料烟生理特性及品质的影响[J].烟草科技,2003,(4):3-6.
    [65]张晓燕.施氮量和打顶时期对香料烟生理特性及品质的影响[].2009.
    [66]张晓燕,符云鹏.氮用量对香料烟生长发育及产量品质的影响[J].浙江农业科学,2011(3):541-544.
    [67]刘建军,符云鹏,王小翠,等.施氮量对香料烟干物质积累及氮利用率的影响中国土壤与肥料2011(6):30-34.
    [68]李斌,李拴来,唐永红.陕北黄河沿岸地区香料烟施氮量研究[J].中国烟草科学,1997,(1):21-23.
    [70]许树银,吴自友,鲁建民,等.优质香料烟氮肥施用量试验报告[J].烟草科技,1997,(2):42-43.
    [71]宋玉川,刘敬业,贺晓辉,等.有机肥对香料烟成熟叶中几种酶活性及叶绿体色素、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量的影响研究[J].昆明学院学报2009,31(3):11~15
    [72]韩延,刘国顺,符云鹏.氮源对香料烟生理特性的影响[J].烟草科技,1997,2001,(4):39-42.
    [73]张晨东,杨跃林,殷端,等.有机肥对香料烟产量质量的影响研究[J].云南农业大学学报,2003,18(1):5-9.
    [74]符云鹏,温玉转,王德华,等.不同肥料配施对香料烟燃烧性及品质的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2011,32(3):67-72.
    [75]黄建如,陈修年,王忠富,等.施用B、Zn、Ca肥对浙江山区香料烟产质影响的分析[J].中国烟草,1994,(2):41-43.
    [76]殷端,宋玉川.氮、硼、镁肥对香料烟云香巴斯玛一号产量质量的影响[J].西南农业学报,2007,20(4):777-787.
    [77] Aleodor D P.不同施肥水平和水分状况对香料烟某些植物学特性的影响[].烟草科学研究合作中心农学与植病学组会议论文集,2000:24-32.
    [78]陆继锋,龚跃平.土壤湿度对香料烟叶片水分代谢影响的研究[J].中国烟草科学,1999,(2):23-25.[]
    [79]符云鹏,刘国顺,高致明,等.土壤水分对香料烟发育及某些生理生化特性的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,1996,(2):154-159.
    [80]朱显灵,郑富钢,哈君利.世界香料烟生产形势分析[J].世界农业,2006,(11):31-33.
    [81]符云鹏,刘国顺,杨双剑,等.不同生态类型区香料烟干物质积累、养分吸收与分配特点比较[J].河南农业大学学报,2005,39(4):430-435.
    [82]姚益群,谢金伦,郭其菲,等.云南烟草香气研究[J].烟草科技,1988,(4):24-27.
    [83]符云鹏,刘国顺,高致明,等.香料烟香气物质成分与其颜色关系的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1996,30(3):223-226.
    [84]王东山,彭黔荣,杨再波,等.不同地区不同等级复烤烟叶中重要致香物质的分析比较[J].香料香精化妆品,2005(6):14-18.
    [85]邵岩,宋春满,邓建华,等.云南与津巴布韦烤烟致香物质的相似性分析[J].中国烟草学报,2007,13(4):19-25.
    [86]张永安,郑湖南,周冀衡,等.不同产区烤烟香气特征与化学成分的差异[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,33(5):568-571.
    [87]壮孟昀.海芙蓉精油成分之萃取与鉴定[D].台湾:中原大学,2003:33-37.
    [88] Ligon J T, Benoit G R. Morphological effects of moisture stress on burley tobacco[J]. Agronomy Journal,1996,58:35-38.
    [89]蒋美红,刘煜宇,念小魁,等.土耳其香料烟中关键组分的制备及分析[J].精细化工,201027(3):248-253.
    [90]苏德成.中国烟草栽培学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2005:591-602.
    [91]刘国顺.烟草栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003
    [92]石俊雄,陈雪,雷璐,等.生态因子对贵州烟叶主要化学成分的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2008,29(2):18-22.
    [93]秦松,王正银,石俊雄,等.贵州省不同香气类型烟叶质量特征研究[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(11):2319-2326
    [94]李章海,王能如,王东胜,等.不同生态尺度烟区烤烟香型风格的初步研究[J].中国烟草科学,2011,32(5):1-5.
    [95]席元肖,魏春阳,宋纪真,等.不同香型烤烟化学成分含量的差异[J].烟草科技,2011,(5):29-33,65.
    [96]刘培玉,王新发,汪健,等.不同生态地区烤烟主要致香物质含量的变化[J].浙江农业学报,2010,22(2):239-243.
    [97]符云鹏,王德华,李志伟,等.不同产区香料烟香味成分含量比较[J].中国烟草学报,2012,18(1):12-38.
    [98]崔红,冀浩,杨惠绢,等.不同生态区烟草的叶面腺毛基因表达[J].生态学报,2011,31(11):3143-3149.
    [99]戴冕.我国主产烟区若干气象因素与烟叶化学成分关系的研究[J].中国烟草学报,2000,6(1):27-34.
    [100]杨铁钊,李伟,李钦奎,等.烤烟叶面腺毛密度及其分泌物变化动态的相关分析[J].中国烟草科学,2005,(1):43-46.
    [101]汤朝起,张俊,郜强.挥发性有机酸与香料烟品质的研究[].上海烟草系统2001年度学术论文选编,2001:24-31.
    [102]李光西,李廷睦,胡俊泽.土耳其香料烟考察报告[J].现代农业科技,2007,(20):104-106.
    [103]陈瑞泰.希腊香料烟[J].国外烟草,1991,(2):1-11.
    [104]娄晓平.希腊香料烟主产区生态条件简介[J].中国烟草科学,1992,(4):5-6.
    [105]刘国顺,陈江华.中国烤烟灌溉学[J].北京:科学出版社,2012.
    [106]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
    [107]邹琦.植物生理学实验指导.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
    [108]汤章城.现代植物生理学实验指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1999
    [109]史宏志,韩锦峰,赵鹏,等.不同氮量与氮源下烤烟淀粉酶和转化酶活性动态变化[J].中国烟草科学,1999(3):5-8.
    [110]韩瑞宏,张亚光,田华,等.干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿叶片几种内源激素的变化[J].华北农学报,2008,23(3):81-84.
    [111]李东晓,李存东,孙传范,等.干旱对棉花主茎叶片内源激素含量与平衡的影响[J].棉花学报,2010,22(3):231-235.
    [112]张明生,谢波,谈锋.水分胁迫下甘薯内源激素的变化与品种抗旱性的关系[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(5):498-501.
    [113]李岩,潘海春,李德全.土壤干旱条件下玉米叶片内源激素含量及光合作用的变化[J].植物生理学报,2000,26(4):301-305.
    [114]李良勇,崔国贤.营养胁迫下植物内源激素变化研究进展[J].作物研究,2002,(5):240-243.
    [115]李建贵,黄俊华,王强.梭梭叶内激素与渗透调节物质对高温胁迫的响应[J].南京林业大学学报,2005,29(6):45-48.
    [116]许振柱,周广胜.植物氮代谢及其环境调节研究进展应用生态学报[J].2004,15(3):511-516.
    [117]汪耀富,闫拴年,于建军,等.土壤干旱对烤烟生长的影响及机理研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1994,28(3):250-255.
    [118]许大全.光合作用“午睡”现象的生态、生理与生化[J].植物生理学通讯,1990,33(4):241-244.
    [119]刘玉华,贾志宽,史纪安,等.旱作条件下不同苜蓿品种光合作用的日变化[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1469-1477.
    [120] Attipalli R R,Kolluru V C,Munusamy V. Drought-induced responces of photosynthesis and antioxidantmetabolism in higher plants[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2004,161(11):1189-1202.
    [121]王焘,郑国生,邹琦.小麦光合午休过程中RuBPCase活性的变化[J].植物生理学通讯,1996,32(4):257-260.
    [122]郑国生,王焘.田间冬小麦叶片光合午休过程中的非气孔限制[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(5):799-800.
    [123] Farquhar G D,Sharkey T D.Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis[J].Annu Rev Plant physiol,1982,33:317-345.
    [124] Sharkey T D.Transpiration-induced changes in the photosynthetic capacity of eaves[J].Planta,1984,160:143-150.
    [125]关义新,戴俊英,林艳.水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气孔限制[J].植物生理学通讯,1995,31(4):293-297.
    [126]汪耀富,韩锦峰,林学梧.烤烟生长前期对干旱胁迫的生理生化响应研究[J].作物学报,1996,22(1):117-121.
    [127]孙国荣,阎秀峰,刘波,等.烤烟旺长期气孔和非气孔限制对水分胁迫的反应[J].植物研究,2002,22(2):179-183.
    [128]于军,王海珍,周正立,等.塔里木荒漠优势树种气体交换特性与环境因子的关系研究[J].西北植物学报,2008,28(10):2110-2117.
    [129]刘玉华,史纪安,贾志宽,等.旱作条件下紫花苜蓿光合蒸腾日变化与环境因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(10):1811-1814.
    [130]刘庚山,郭安红,任三学,等.不同覆盖对夏玉米叶片光合和水分利用率日变化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):152-156.
    [131]阎秀峰,孙国荣,李敬兰,等.羊草和星星草光合蒸腾日变化的比较研究[J].植物研究,1994,14(3):287-291.
    [132]王玉辉,周广胜.松嫩平原盐碱化草地羊草叶片生理生态特性分析[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3):12-19.
    [133]温达志,周国逸,许德强,等.四种禾本科牧草植物蒸腾速率与水分利用效率的比较[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2000(增刊):67-76.
    [134]黄振英,董学军,蒋高明,等.沙柳光合作用和蒸腾作用日动态变化的初步研究[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(4):817-823.
    [135]钱晓晴,顾竹英,周明耀,等.水分供应和氮素形态对水稻一些水分生理特征的影响[J].作物学报,2007,33(12):2016-2020.
    [136]孙园园,孙永健,吴合洲,等.水分胁迫对水稻幼苗氮素同化酶及光合特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5):1016-1022.
    [137] Munjal N,Sawhney S K, Sawhney V. Activation of nitrate reductase in extracts of water stressedwheat[J].Phptochem.,1997,45(4):659-665.
    [138] Yadav RS,Sharwa RL,Pandey U K, et al.1998. Effects of various water potential treatment on nitrogenreductase activity in wheat genotypes. Agric Sci Digest,18(2):73-75.
    [139]梁太波,王建伟,尹启生,等.水分胁迫对烤烟氨同化和生物量的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2012,18(3):50-54.
    [140]韩锦峰,汪耀富,岳翠凌,等.干旱胁迫下烤烟光合特性和氮代谢研究[J].华北农学报,1994,9(2):39-45.
    [141]韩娜,葛荣朝,赵宝存,等.植物谷氨酰胺合成酶研究进展[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(4):407-411.
    [142]张智猛,戴良香,胡昌浩,等.灌浆期不同水分处理对玉米籽粒蛋白质及其组分和相关酶活性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(4):720-728.
    [143]李智念,王光明,曾之文.植物干旱胁迫中的ABA研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(2):99-104.
    [144] Zhang J, Davies W J. Changes in concentration of ABA in xylem sap as a function of changing soil waterstatus account for changes in leaf conductance and growth[J]. Plant Cell and Environ.,1990,13:277-285.
    [145] Johnson A W,Severson R F,Hudson J,et al. Tobacco leaf trichomes and their exudates[J]. Tob. Sci.,1985,29:67-72.
    [146]汤章城.现代植物生理学实验指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1999
    [147]岳俊芹,刘健康,刘卫群.不同氮素形态对烤烟叶片碳氮代谢关键酶活性及化学成分的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2004,38(2):155-158.
    [148]李常健,林清华,张楚富.高等植物谷萄酰胺合成酶研究进展[J].生物学杂志,2001,l8(4):1-3.
    [149]韩娜,葛荣朝,赵宝存,等.植物谷氨酰胺合成酶研究进展[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(4):407-411.
    [150]张明方,李志凌.高等植物中与蔗糖代谢相关的酶[J].植物生理学通讯,2002,38(3):289-295.
    [151]刘凌霄,沈法富,卢合全,等.蔗糖代谢中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的研究进展[J].分子植物育种,2005,3(2):275-281.
    [152] Zhang C.F,Peng S B.Benneu J.et al. glutamine synthetase ferredoxin dependent glutanate synthase inmaize[J]. Plant Cell Physiology,1992,33:1193-1198.
    [153] Rorerts D L. Rowland R L. Macrocyclic diterpenes. а and β-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols from tobacco[J]. J.Org.Chem.,1962,27:3989-3992.
    [154] Chang S Y,Grunwal D C. Duvatrienediol,kalanes and fatty acids in cuticular wax of tobacco leaves ofvarious physiological maturity[J].Phytochemistry,1976,15:961-963.
    [155]蔡莉莉,谢复炜,谢剑平.烟草中蔗糖酯的研究进展[J].烟草科技,2006,(6):39-44.
    [156]刘百战,李均利,陈加林.烟丝香气成分分析中固相微萃取方法的改进[J].烟草科技,2002,(1):9-13.
    [157]李庆龙,陈玲,杨文彬,等.固相微萃取气质联用技术在烟草顶空成分分析中的应用[J].烟草科技,2000,(2):21-24. 
    [158]刘百战,宗若雯,岳勇,等.国内外部分白肋烟香味成分的对比分析[J].中国烟草学报,2000,(2):1-5.
    [159]符云鹏,刘国顺,宋玉川,等.氮肥种类对香料烟生长及产量品质的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2003,37(1):68-73.
    [160]杨延兵,高荣岐,尹燕枰,等.氮素与品种对小麦产量和品质性状的效应[J].麦类作物学报2005,25(6):78-81.
    [161]刘秋员.水氮互作对香料烟生长发育及产质量的影响[D].河南农业大学硕士论文,2010.
    [162]苏贤坤.烤烟水肥交互效应以及水分调控研究[D].浙江大学硕士论文,2005.
    [163]周世民.香料烟腺毛和结晶细胞发育及其与环境关系研究[D].河南农业大学硕士论文,2003.
    [164]韩延.香料烟生长发育及物质代谢规律研究[D].河南农业大学硕士论文,2001.
    [165]刘国顺,符云鹏,赵铭钦等.优质香料烟关键生产技术研究[R].郑州:河南农业大学,2003.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700