SLEEK序列的实验研究与临床应用
|
摘要
第一部分：血液抑制翻转时间(BSP TI)与血液流速关系的体外实验研究
目的：探讨SLEEK序列中参数血液抑制翻转时间(Blood Suppression Inversion Time, BSP TI)与血液流速(V)之间的关系,提高SLEEK显示血管的能力。
材料与方法：取一圆形塑料容器(直径15cm),将一导管(内径2mm)固定其中央并用猪油包埋。导管为模拟人体内血管,其与高压注射器相连,高压注射分别以0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0ml/s的流速向导管内注入生理盐水(模拟流动血液)。在每种流速下分别采用BSP TI为100、500、800、1100ms的SLEEK序列进行扫描,其它扫描参数一致。由两名放射科医生对上述各种模拟血流速度采用不同BSP TI的SLEEK图像进行评估并测量其信号噪声比(Signal-noise rate, SNR),分析BSP TI与V是否存在相关性及其对图像质量的影响。
结果：当BSP TI=100ms, V=3.0ml/s开始显示模拟血管,V=4.0ml/s显示模拟血管的SNR最高(SNR=0.927)；当BSP TI=500ms,V=2.0ml/s开始显示模拟血管,V=3.0ml/s显示模拟血管的SNR最高(SNR=1.732)；当BSP TI=800ms, V=0.5ml/s开始显示模拟血管,V=1.0ml/s显示模拟血管的SNR最高(SNR=2.256)；当BSP TI=1100ms,V=0.2ml/s开始显示模拟血管,V=1.0ml/s显示模拟血管的SNR最高(SNR=1.875)。
结论：在SLEEK中,BSP TI与V之间为负相关；不同的V采用适当的BSP TI有助于提高SLEEK序列显示血管的SNR。
第二部分SLEEK和CTA对兔腹主动脉缩窄模型评估的实验对比研究
目的：以CTA为参考标准,评估SLEEK序列显示兔腹主动脉缩窄的可信性。
材料和方法：将7只新西兰兔随机分为4组。第1组(对照组,n=1)：仅实施开腹手术；第2组(Ⅰ级,n=2)：将腹主动脉人工缩窄20-50%；第3组(Ⅱ级,n=2)：将腹主动脉人工缩窄51-75%；第4组(Ⅲ级,n=2)：将腹主动脉人工缩窄76-99%。术后行SLEEK检查,并随后行CTA检查。
结果：7只建立腹主动脉缩窄兔模型成功接受SLEEK和CTA检查,无死亡发生。除1只SLEEK夸大腹主动脉缩窄的程度(SLEEK显示中断,CTA显示Ⅲ级狭窄),其余SLEEK与CTA表现一致。在大多数情况下,BSP TI=500ms显示腹主动脉最好。
结论：SLEEK评估兔腹主动脉缩窄是可靠的,可以作为评估血管狭窄的检查方法。
第三部分：高血压患者肾动脉SLEEK成像中影响BSP TI因素的探讨
目的：探讨SLEEK序列肾动脉成像中参数BSP TI (blood suppression inversion time)的影响因素及一个合适的BSP TI是否能提高肾动脉的图像质量。
材料和方法：总共95人在1.5T MRI上接受了SLEEK检查(包括10名志愿者和85名高血压患者)。首先,对10名志愿者采用数个间隔300ms的BSP TI多次行SLEEK扫描来决定显示肾动脉的BSP TI的范围。然后采用上述BSP TI范围对85名高血压病人进行SLEEK扫描。最后由两名经验丰富的放射科医生评估每位高血压患者的SLEEK图像并决定清楚显示肾动脉及分支的合适BSP TI。记录所有高血压患者的年龄,性别,体重,呼吸频率(RR),心率(CR),所用的BSP TI,合适的BSP TI及肾动脉的评估结果。然后回顾性分析上述各种因素与BSP TI的关系。
结果：在10名志愿者中,SLEEK清楚显示肾动脉的BSP TI为800ms,1100ms和1400ms。对于高血压患者,SLEEK采用一个合适的BSP TI有助于提高显示肾动脉的能力,且BSP TI受RR和CR的影响并呈负相关,相关系数分别为0.50727(P<0.0001)和0.35275(P=0.0013)；BSP TI与性别(P=0.1373)、年龄(P=0.2301)、体重(p=0.2455)及肾动脉的评估结果(P=0.0535)无相关性。当RR为17-19bpm(95%CI)和CR为74-82bpm(95%CI)采用BSP TI=800ms时SLEEK图像质量较好；当RR为14-15bpm(95%CI)和CR为71-77bpm(95%CI)采用BSP TI=1100ms时SLEEK图像质量较好；当RR为13-16bpm(95%CI)和CR为62-69bpm(95%CI)采用BSP TI=1400ms时SLEEK图像质量较好。
结论：SLEEK序列中BSP TI与RR和CR之间呈负相关,使用一个合适的BSP TI有助于SLEEK显示肾动脉和对肾动脉病变的评估,有助于提高工作效率。
第四部分非对比剂MRI血管成像对高血压患者肾动脉的评价：SLEEK序列与CTA对照
目的：评估非对比剂磁共振血管成像SLEEK序列(spatial labeling with multiple inversion pulses)显示肾动脉及肾动脉病变的能力。
材料与方法：在1.5T HD MR (GE healthcare)对50名高血压患者采用SLEEK序列扫描并进行前瞻性研究。所有患者在SLEEK检查后1-7天内接受CTA检查。由两名放射科专家对SLEEK显示肾血管及肾血管病变进行评估。并与CTA的结果进行对照。
结果：在50名高血压患者,46名患者成功执行了SLEEK检查。3名患者因为呼吸运动不规则而检查失败,1名患者因为大量腹水而无法清楚显示肾动脉。46名患者中CTA总共发现119根肾动脉,其中86根肾动脉为正常,26根为肾动脉狭窄(RAS),7根为肌纤维发育不良(FMD)。在肾动脉狭窄程度的评估方面,SLEEK序列与CTA具有很好的相关性(Rs=0.851,p<0.05)；在显示肾实质内肾动脉分支方面,SLEEK明显优于CTA(P<0.05)。SLEEK能有效避免脊柱骨,钙化斑块,静脉系统的干扰。
结论：SLEEK是一种相对经济、对肾功能无影响、能准确评估肾动脉疾病,它可以替代CTA做为筛查肾动脉病变的一种检查方法,尤其对于肾功能不良的高血压患者更为适用。
Part 1 Relationship between BSP TI and the blood flow velocity in an invitro study using a SLEEK sequence
Purpose:To investigate the relation between blood suppression inversion time (BSP TI) and the blood flow velocity (V) in an invitro study and to improve the vessel visibility of using a suitable BSP TI in SLEEK sequence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:A round plastic container was taked (diameter: 15cm), in which a catheter (interior diameter:2mm) simulated as vessel was imbedded by pork fat. The catheter was connected to a high pressure injector which injected saline (simulated as blood flow) with the velocity=O.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0ml/s respectively. For every rate, four SLEEK scans were carried out using various BSP TI with 100、500、800、1100ms. All other scan parameters were identical. All images with SLEEK were evaluated and the SNR of simulated vessel were measured by two experienced radiologists using a joint reading performed in consensus. Lastly, the relation between BSP TI and V in invitro experiment was analyzed.
Results:All SLEEKs were successfully undergone. For the SLEEK images with BSP TI=100ms, the saline rate with 3.0ml/s was presented primarily as high intensity in the catheter and with 4.0ml/s was showed the most high SNR(0.927) in it. For images with BSP TI=500ms, the rate with 2.0ml/s was presented firstly as high intensity and with 3.0ml/s was showed the most high SNR (1.732). For images with BSP TI=800ms, the rate with 0.5ml/s was presented firstly as high intensity and with 1.0ml/s was showed the most high SNR (2.256). For images with BSP TI=1100ms, the rate with 0.2ml/s was displayed firstly as high intensity and with 1.Oml/s was described the most high SNR(1.875).
Conclusion:A negative relation was found between BSP TI and V in our study. A suitable BSP TI helps to improve the ability of delineating vessel with SLEEK for various blood flow rate.
Part 2 Evaluation of abdominal aorta coarctation made in rabbit in experiment study:Comparison SLEEK with CTA
Purpose:To evaluate the reliability of SLEEK in displaying the coarctation of abdominal aorta with comparison to CTA in New Zealand rabbit.
Material and Method:7 rabbits were splited into 4 groups in randomly. The first group(control group, n=1):only operation; The second group (Ⅰgrade, n=2):The degree of abdominal aorta stenosis was 20-50% by surgery; The third group (Ⅱgrade, n=2):The degree of stenosis was 51-75% by operation; The fourth group (Ⅲgrade, n=2):The stenotic degree of abdominal aorta was 75-99% by surgery; all surgical rabbits were underwent SLEEK and CTA in an hour respectively.
Results:7 surgical rabbits with abdominal aorta coarctation were successfully SLEEK and CTA. Exception for one stenotic degree was overestimated by SLEEK with comparison to CTA, all rabbits were identical with SLEEK and CTA in presenting the degree of abdominal aorta coarctation. In most circumstances, the abdominal aorta can be showed clearly with BSP TI=500ms.
Conclusion:SLEEK is a reliability method and can be as an alternative choice of CTA for assessing the stenotic degree of abdominal aorta.
Part 3 The Decisive Factors Influencing Blood Suppression Inversion Time (BSP TI) for hypertension subjects in Non-Contrast-Enhanced Spatial Labeling with Multiple Inversion Pulses (SLEEK) Renal MR Angiography (MRA):An Initial Experience
PURPOSE:To reveal the decisive factors influencing blood suppression inversion time (BSP TI) and to investigate whether a suitable BSP TI can help to improve renal arterial visibility for hypertension subjects in a new non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (NCE-MRA) using a spatial labeling with multiple inversion pulses (SLEEK).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study protocol was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. A total of 95 subjects underwent SLEEK for showing renal artery at 1.5T MRI system including 10 volunteers and 85 consecutive hypertension patients. Firstly, various BSP TIs would be carried out in SLEEK to determine BSP TI values for displaying clearly renal arterial in 10 volunteers. Secondly, the same BSP TIs value as above would be undergone in those hypertension patients. Then, renal artery was evaluated and a suitable BSP TI to increase arterial visibility was determined for each patient by two experienced radiologist in their consensus. All information including respiratory rate (RR), cardiac rate (CR), BSP TI, the suitable BSP TI, the finding of renal artery, age, sex and weight would be recorded and the relationships between BSP TI and other elements were determined via a retrospective study.
Results:BSP TIs of visualizing distinctly renal artery were 800ms,1100ms or 1400ms for 10 volunteers. For hypertension subjects, a suitable BSP TI in SLEEK may increase the renal arterial visibility and the BSP TI was impacted by RR and CR. The negative correlation between BSP TI and RR, CR was found and the related coefficient respectively was 0.50727 (P<0.0001) and 0.35275(P=0.0013). BSP TI has no noticeable correlation with Sex (P=0.1373), age (P= 0.2301), weight (p=0.2455) and the renal artery findings (P=0.0535). The suitable BSP TI was 800ms in SLEEK for more clearly displaying renal artery when RR was 17-19bpm (95% CI) and CR was74-82bpm (95% CI); the suitable BSP TI was 1100ms when RR was 14-15bpm (95% CI) and CR was71-77bpm (95% CI); he suitable BSP TI was 1400ms when RR was 13-16bpm (95% CI) and CR was62-69bpm (95% CI).
Conclusion:The negative correlation between BSP TI and RR, CR was found and a suitable BSP TI can improve the visibility of renal artery in SLEEK scan. It is helpful to evaluate renal artery and to raise working efficiency.
Part 4 Evaluation of Renal Artery for Hypertension Subjects by Non-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography:a SLEEK Sequence Comparison with CTA
Purpose:The purposes of this study were to determine the performance of a new non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (NC-MRA) sequence (spatial labeling with multiple inversion pulses, SLEEK) in its ability to present the renal arteries and to show renal artery disease in patients with secondary hypertension.
Materials and Methods:NC-MRA using SLEEK was carried out on a 1.5 T MR system for assessing renal arteries in 50 patients with hypertension. Then all patients underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) within1-7days. The ability to present the renal arteries and diplay renal artery disease with SLEEK were evaluated by two experienced radiologists, and were compared with CTA results using a joint reading performed in consensus.
Results:46 patients were undergone successfully SLEEK. A total of 119 renal arteries were assessed including 86 normal,26 stenoses,7 Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) on CTA in these 46 hypertension patients. The excellent correlation between SLEEK and CTA was found in presenting the renal artery stenosis (RAS) degree (Rs=0.851, p<0.05). SLEEK was superior to CTA in demonstrating the third and fourth order segmental branches in the renal parenchyma (P<0.05). SLEEK has the advantage of avoiding certain interferences from vertebra, atherosclerotic plaques and early venous system enhancement.
Conclusions:NC-MRA using SLEEK represents a non-renal complication, relatively inexpensive, and reliable diagnostic method for evaluating renal artery disease and displaying segmental branches in the renal parenchyma. It can be as an alternative choice of CTA for screening renal artery diseases, especially in those hypertension subjects with renal insufficiency.
目的：探讨SLEEK序列中参数血液抑制翻转时间(Blood Suppression Inversion Time, BSP TI)与血液流速(V)之间的关系,提高SLEEK显示血管的能力。
材料与方法：取一圆形塑料容器(直径15cm),将一导管(内径2mm)固定其中央并用猪油包埋。导管为模拟人体内血管,其与高压注射器相连,高压注射分别以0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0ml/s的流速向导管内注入生理盐水(模拟流动血液)。在每种流速下分别采用BSP TI为100、500、800、1100ms的SLEEK序列进行扫描,其它扫描参数一致。由两名放射科医生对上述各种模拟血流速度采用不同BSP TI的SLEEK图像进行评估并测量其信号噪声比(Signal-noise rate, SNR),分析BSP TI与V是否存在相关性及其对图像质量的影响。
结果：当BSP TI=100ms, V=3.0ml/s开始显示模拟血管,V=4.0ml/s显示模拟血管的SNR最高(SNR=0.927)；当BSP TI=500ms,V=2.0ml/s开始显示模拟血管,V=3.0ml/s显示模拟血管的SNR最高(SNR=1.732)；当BSP TI=800ms, V=0.5ml/s开始显示模拟血管,V=1.0ml/s显示模拟血管的SNR最高(SNR=2.256)；当BSP TI=1100ms,V=0.2ml/s开始显示模拟血管,V=1.0ml/s显示模拟血管的SNR最高(SNR=1.875)。
结论：在SLEEK中,BSP TI与V之间为负相关；不同的V采用适当的BSP TI有助于提高SLEEK序列显示血管的SNR。
第二部分SLEEK和CTA对兔腹主动脉缩窄模型评估的实验对比研究
目的：以CTA为参考标准,评估SLEEK序列显示兔腹主动脉缩窄的可信性。
材料和方法：将7只新西兰兔随机分为4组。第1组(对照组,n=1)：仅实施开腹手术；第2组(Ⅰ级,n=2)：将腹主动脉人工缩窄20-50%；第3组(Ⅱ级,n=2)：将腹主动脉人工缩窄51-75%；第4组(Ⅲ级,n=2)：将腹主动脉人工缩窄76-99%。术后行SLEEK检查,并随后行CTA检查。
结果：7只建立腹主动脉缩窄兔模型成功接受SLEEK和CTA检查,无死亡发生。除1只SLEEK夸大腹主动脉缩窄的程度(SLEEK显示中断,CTA显示Ⅲ级狭窄),其余SLEEK与CTA表现一致。在大多数情况下,BSP TI=500ms显示腹主动脉最好。
结论：SLEEK评估兔腹主动脉缩窄是可靠的,可以作为评估血管狭窄的检查方法。
第三部分：高血压患者肾动脉SLEEK成像中影响BSP TI因素的探讨
目的：探讨SLEEK序列肾动脉成像中参数BSP TI (blood suppression inversion time)的影响因素及一个合适的BSP TI是否能提高肾动脉的图像质量。
材料和方法：总共95人在1.5T MRI上接受了SLEEK检查(包括10名志愿者和85名高血压患者)。首先,对10名志愿者采用数个间隔300ms的BSP TI多次行SLEEK扫描来决定显示肾动脉的BSP TI的范围。然后采用上述BSP TI范围对85名高血压病人进行SLEEK扫描。最后由两名经验丰富的放射科医生评估每位高血压患者的SLEEK图像并决定清楚显示肾动脉及分支的合适BSP TI。记录所有高血压患者的年龄,性别,体重,呼吸频率(RR),心率(CR),所用的BSP TI,合适的BSP TI及肾动脉的评估结果。然后回顾性分析上述各种因素与BSP TI的关系。
结果：在10名志愿者中,SLEEK清楚显示肾动脉的BSP TI为800ms,1100ms和1400ms。对于高血压患者,SLEEK采用一个合适的BSP TI有助于提高显示肾动脉的能力,且BSP TI受RR和CR的影响并呈负相关,相关系数分别为0.50727(P<0.0001)和0.35275(P=0.0013)；BSP TI与性别(P=0.1373)、年龄(P=0.2301)、体重(p=0.2455)及肾动脉的评估结果(P=0.0535)无相关性。当RR为17-19bpm(95%CI)和CR为74-82bpm(95%CI)采用BSP TI=800ms时SLEEK图像质量较好；当RR为14-15bpm(95%CI)和CR为71-77bpm(95%CI)采用BSP TI=1100ms时SLEEK图像质量较好；当RR为13-16bpm(95%CI)和CR为62-69bpm(95%CI)采用BSP TI=1400ms时SLEEK图像质量较好。
结论：SLEEK序列中BSP TI与RR和CR之间呈负相关,使用一个合适的BSP TI有助于SLEEK显示肾动脉和对肾动脉病变的评估,有助于提高工作效率。
第四部分非对比剂MRI血管成像对高血压患者肾动脉的评价：SLEEK序列与CTA对照
目的：评估非对比剂磁共振血管成像SLEEK序列(spatial labeling with multiple inversion pulses)显示肾动脉及肾动脉病变的能力。
材料与方法：在1.5T HD MR (GE healthcare)对50名高血压患者采用SLEEK序列扫描并进行前瞻性研究。所有患者在SLEEK检查后1-7天内接受CTA检查。由两名放射科专家对SLEEK显示肾血管及肾血管病变进行评估。并与CTA的结果进行对照。
结果：在50名高血压患者,46名患者成功执行了SLEEK检查。3名患者因为呼吸运动不规则而检查失败,1名患者因为大量腹水而无法清楚显示肾动脉。46名患者中CTA总共发现119根肾动脉,其中86根肾动脉为正常,26根为肾动脉狭窄(RAS),7根为肌纤维发育不良(FMD)。在肾动脉狭窄程度的评估方面,SLEEK序列与CTA具有很好的相关性(Rs=0.851,p<0.05)；在显示肾实质内肾动脉分支方面,SLEEK明显优于CTA(P<0.05)。SLEEK能有效避免脊柱骨,钙化斑块,静脉系统的干扰。
结论：SLEEK是一种相对经济、对肾功能无影响、能准确评估肾动脉疾病,它可以替代CTA做为筛查肾动脉病变的一种检查方法,尤其对于肾功能不良的高血压患者更为适用。
Part 1 Relationship between BSP TI and the blood flow velocity in an invitro study using a SLEEK sequence
Purpose:To investigate the relation between blood suppression inversion time (BSP TI) and the blood flow velocity (V) in an invitro study and to improve the vessel visibility of using a suitable BSP TI in SLEEK sequence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:A round plastic container was taked (diameter: 15cm), in which a catheter (interior diameter:2mm) simulated as vessel was imbedded by pork fat. The catheter was connected to a high pressure injector which injected saline (simulated as blood flow) with the velocity=O.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0ml/s respectively. For every rate, four SLEEK scans were carried out using various BSP TI with 100、500、800、1100ms. All other scan parameters were identical. All images with SLEEK were evaluated and the SNR of simulated vessel were measured by two experienced radiologists using a joint reading performed in consensus. Lastly, the relation between BSP TI and V in invitro experiment was analyzed.
Results:All SLEEKs were successfully undergone. For the SLEEK images with BSP TI=100ms, the saline rate with 3.0ml/s was presented primarily as high intensity in the catheter and with 4.0ml/s was showed the most high SNR(0.927) in it. For images with BSP TI=500ms, the rate with 2.0ml/s was presented firstly as high intensity and with 3.0ml/s was showed the most high SNR (1.732). For images with BSP TI=800ms, the rate with 0.5ml/s was presented firstly as high intensity and with 1.0ml/s was showed the most high SNR (2.256). For images with BSP TI=1100ms, the rate with 0.2ml/s was displayed firstly as high intensity and with 1.Oml/s was described the most high SNR(1.875).
Conclusion:A negative relation was found between BSP TI and V in our study. A suitable BSP TI helps to improve the ability of delineating vessel with SLEEK for various blood flow rate.
Part 2 Evaluation of abdominal aorta coarctation made in rabbit in experiment study:Comparison SLEEK with CTA
Purpose:To evaluate the reliability of SLEEK in displaying the coarctation of abdominal aorta with comparison to CTA in New Zealand rabbit.
Material and Method:7 rabbits were splited into 4 groups in randomly. The first group(control group, n=1):only operation; The second group (Ⅰgrade, n=2):The degree of abdominal aorta stenosis was 20-50% by surgery; The third group (Ⅱgrade, n=2):The degree of stenosis was 51-75% by operation; The fourth group (Ⅲgrade, n=2):The stenotic degree of abdominal aorta was 75-99% by surgery; all surgical rabbits were underwent SLEEK and CTA in an hour respectively.
Results:7 surgical rabbits with abdominal aorta coarctation were successfully SLEEK and CTA. Exception for one stenotic degree was overestimated by SLEEK with comparison to CTA, all rabbits were identical with SLEEK and CTA in presenting the degree of abdominal aorta coarctation. In most circumstances, the abdominal aorta can be showed clearly with BSP TI=500ms.
Conclusion:SLEEK is a reliability method and can be as an alternative choice of CTA for assessing the stenotic degree of abdominal aorta.
Part 3 The Decisive Factors Influencing Blood Suppression Inversion Time (BSP TI) for hypertension subjects in Non-Contrast-Enhanced Spatial Labeling with Multiple Inversion Pulses (SLEEK) Renal MR Angiography (MRA):An Initial Experience
PURPOSE:To reveal the decisive factors influencing blood suppression inversion time (BSP TI) and to investigate whether a suitable BSP TI can help to improve renal arterial visibility for hypertension subjects in a new non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (NCE-MRA) using a spatial labeling with multiple inversion pulses (SLEEK).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study protocol was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. A total of 95 subjects underwent SLEEK for showing renal artery at 1.5T MRI system including 10 volunteers and 85 consecutive hypertension patients. Firstly, various BSP TIs would be carried out in SLEEK to determine BSP TI values for displaying clearly renal arterial in 10 volunteers. Secondly, the same BSP TIs value as above would be undergone in those hypertension patients. Then, renal artery was evaluated and a suitable BSP TI to increase arterial visibility was determined for each patient by two experienced radiologist in their consensus. All information including respiratory rate (RR), cardiac rate (CR), BSP TI, the suitable BSP TI, the finding of renal artery, age, sex and weight would be recorded and the relationships between BSP TI and other elements were determined via a retrospective study.
Results:BSP TIs of visualizing distinctly renal artery were 800ms,1100ms or 1400ms for 10 volunteers. For hypertension subjects, a suitable BSP TI in SLEEK may increase the renal arterial visibility and the BSP TI was impacted by RR and CR. The negative correlation between BSP TI and RR, CR was found and the related coefficient respectively was 0.50727 (P<0.0001) and 0.35275(P=0.0013). BSP TI has no noticeable correlation with Sex (P=0.1373), age (P= 0.2301), weight (p=0.2455) and the renal artery findings (P=0.0535). The suitable BSP TI was 800ms in SLEEK for more clearly displaying renal artery when RR was 17-19bpm (95% CI) and CR was74-82bpm (95% CI); the suitable BSP TI was 1100ms when RR was 14-15bpm (95% CI) and CR was71-77bpm (95% CI); he suitable BSP TI was 1400ms when RR was 13-16bpm (95% CI) and CR was62-69bpm (95% CI).
Conclusion:The negative correlation between BSP TI and RR, CR was found and a suitable BSP TI can improve the visibility of renal artery in SLEEK scan. It is helpful to evaluate renal artery and to raise working efficiency.
Part 4 Evaluation of Renal Artery for Hypertension Subjects by Non-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography:a SLEEK Sequence Comparison with CTA
Purpose:The purposes of this study were to determine the performance of a new non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (NC-MRA) sequence (spatial labeling with multiple inversion pulses, SLEEK) in its ability to present the renal arteries and to show renal artery disease in patients with secondary hypertension.
Materials and Methods:NC-MRA using SLEEK was carried out on a 1.5 T MR system for assessing renal arteries in 50 patients with hypertension. Then all patients underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) within1-7days. The ability to present the renal arteries and diplay renal artery disease with SLEEK were evaluated by two experienced radiologists, and were compared with CTA results using a joint reading performed in consensus.
Results:46 patients were undergone successfully SLEEK. A total of 119 renal arteries were assessed including 86 normal,26 stenoses,7 Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) on CTA in these 46 hypertension patients. The excellent correlation between SLEEK and CTA was found in presenting the renal artery stenosis (RAS) degree (Rs=0.851, p<0.05). SLEEK was superior to CTA in demonstrating the third and fourth order segmental branches in the renal parenchyma (P<0.05). SLEEK has the advantage of avoiding certain interferences from vertebra, atherosclerotic plaques and early venous system enhancement.
Conclusions:NC-MRA using SLEEK represents a non-renal complication, relatively inexpensive, and reliable diagnostic method for evaluating renal artery disease and displaying segmental branches in the renal parenchyma. It can be as an alternative choice of CTA for screening renal artery diseases, especially in those hypertension subjects with renal insufficiency.
引文
[1]Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006,17(7):2034-2047.
[2]Go A S, Chertow G M, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization[J]. N Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1296-1305.
[3]Nesbit G M, Demarco J K.2D time-of-flight MR angiography using concatenated saturation bands for determining direction of flow in the intracranial vessels.[J]. Neuroradiology,1997,39(7):461-468.
[4]Yamada N, Hayashi K, Murao K, et al. Time-of-flight MR angiography targeted to coiled intracranial aneurysms is more sensitive to residual flow than is digital subtraction angiography.[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2004,25(7):1154-1157.
[5]Maki J H, Wilson G J, Eubank W B, et al. Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007,188(6):W540-W546.
[6]Chang Z, Xiang Q S, Shen H, et al. Accelerating non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography with inflow inversion recovery imaging by skipped phase encoding and edge deghosting (SPEED)[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010,31(3):757-765.
[7]Lanzman R S, Voiculescu A, Walther C, et al. ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries:comparison with DSA[J].Radiology,2009,252(3):914-921.
[8]Shimada K, Isoda H, Okada T, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(2):474-479.
[9]Shimada K, Isoda H, Okada T, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse: optimization of the technique and preliminary results[J]. Eur J Radiol,2009,70(l):111-117.
[10]Satogami N, Okada T, Koyama T, et al. Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches:non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,30(3):678-683.
[11]Shonai T, Takahashi T, Ikeguchi H, et al. Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA).[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(6):1471-1477.
[12]Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, et al. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis[J]. Circ J,2008,72(10):1627-1630.
[1]Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006,17(7):2034-2047.
[2]Go A S, Chertow G M, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization[J]. N Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1296-1305.
[3]Nesbit G M, Demarco J K.2D time-of-flight MR angiography using concatenated saturation bands for determining direction of flow in the intracranial vessels.[J]. Neuroradiology,1997,39(7):461-468.
[4]Squillaci E, Cecconi L, Tipaldi L, et al. [Magnetic resonance angiography of the vessels of the neck. Study technique and normal anatomy][J]. Radiol Med,1990,80(5):594-597.
[5]Yamada N, Hayashi K, Murao K, et al. Time-of-flight MR angiography targeted to coiled intracranial aneurysms is more sensitive to residual flow than is digital subtraction angiography.[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2004,25(7):1154-1157.
[6]Shonai T, Takahashi T, Ikeguchi H, et al. Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA)[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(6):1471-1477.
[7]Lanzman R S, Voiculescu A, Walther C, et al. ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries: comparison with DSA[J]. Radiology,2009,252(3):914-921.
[8]Fan Z, Sheehan J, Bi X, et al.3D noncontrast MR angiography of the distal lower extremities using flow-sensitive dephasing (FSD)-prepared balanced SSFP[J]. Magn Reson Med,2009,62(6):1523-1532.
[9]闫丽辉,何昆仑,蔡毅,等.新西兰兔腹主动脉缩窄术后心肌收缩和舒张功能的变化[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2007,9(6)：404-406.
[10]顾莉红,李凤华,李萍,等.实时灰阶超声造影评价肝移植术前门脉系统栓子的价值[J].中国医学影像技术,2008,24(4)：557-559.
[11]王健,康春松,李嵘娟,等.实时灰阶超声造影评价肾动脉狭窄血流灌注的实验研究[J].中国医学影像技术,2007,23(10)：1449-1452.
[12]Shimada K, Isoda H, Okada T, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(2):474-479.
[13]Shimada K, Isoda H, Okada T, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse: optimization of the technique and preliminary results[J]. Eur J Radiol,2009,70(1):111-117.
[14]Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, et al. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis[J]. Circ J,2008,72(10):1627-1630.
[15]陈宇,孙宇,宋海军,等.不同处理迷走神经对家兔呼吸、心率的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2008,47(1)：80-81.
[16]Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, et al. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis[J]. Circ J,2008,72(10):1627-1630.
[17]Xu J L, Shi D P, Li Y L, et al. Non-enhanced MR angiography of renal artery using inflow-sensitive inversion recovery pulse sequence:A prospective comparison with enhanced CT angiography[J]. Eur J Radiol,2010.
[18]Glockner J F, Takahashi N, Kawashima A, et al. Non-contrast renal artery MRA using an inflow inversion recovery steady state free precession technique (Inhance): comparison with 3D contrast-enhanced MRA[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010,31(6):1411-1418.
[19]Coenegrachts K L, Hoogeveen R M, Vaninbroukx J A, et al. High-spatial-resolution 3D balanced turbo field-echo technique for MR angiography of the renal arteries: initial experience.[J]. Radiology,2004,231(1):237-242.
[1]. Tonelli, M., et al., Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006.17(7):p.2034-2047.
[2]. Go, A.S., et al., Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med,2004.351(13):p.1296-1305.
[3]. Utsunomiya, D., et al., Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Circ J,2008.72(10):p.1627-1630.
[4]. Maki, J.H., et al., Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007.188(6):p. W540-546.
[5]. Chang, Z., et al., Accelerating non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography with inflow inversion recovery imaging by skipped phase encoding and edge deghosting (SPEED). J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(3):p.757-765.
[6]. Shonai, T., et al., Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA). J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(6):p. 1471-1477.
[7]. Lanzman, R.S., et al., ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries:comparison with DSA. Radiology, 2009.252(3):p.914-921.
[8]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(2):p.474-479.
[9]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse:optimization of the technique and preliminary results. Eur J Radiol,2009.70(1):p.111-117.
[10]. Satogami, N., et al., Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches: non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(3):p. 678-683.
[11]. Shonai, T., et al., Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA). J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(6):p. 1471-1477.
[12]. Utsunomiya, D., et al., Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Circ J,2008.72(10):p.1627-1630.
[13]. van Osch, M.J., et al., Non-invasive visualization of collateral blood flow patterns of the circle of Willis by dynamic MR angiography. Med Image Anal,2006.10(1):p. 59-70.
[14]. Hori, M., et al., Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material in the brain:Initial investigation. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(1):p.214-218.
[15]. Maki, J.H., et al., Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007.188(6):p. W540-546.
[16]. Sigirci, A., et al., Renal interlobar artery parameters with duplex Doppler sonography and correlations with age, plasma renin, and aldosterone levels in healthy children. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2006.186(3):p.828-832.
[17]. Momen, A., et al., Influence of sex and active muscle mass on renal vascular responses during static exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2006.291(1):p. H121-126.
[1]Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006,17(7):2034-2047.
[2]Go A S, Chertow G M, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization[J]. N Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1296-1305.
[3]Nesbit G M, Demarco J K.2D time-of-flight MR angiography using concatenated saturation bands for determining direction of flow in the intracranial vessels.[J]. Neuroradiology,1997,39(7):461-468.
[4]Squillaci E, Cecconi L, Tipaldi L, et al. [Magnetic resonance angiography of the vessels of the neck. Study technique and normal anatomy] [J]. Radiol Med,1990,80(5):594-597.
[5]Yamada N, Hayashi K, Murao K, et al. Time-of-flight MR angiography targeted to coiled intracranial aneurysms is more sensitive to residual flow than is digital subtraction angiography.[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2004,25(7):1154-1157.
[6]Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, et al. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. [J]. Circ J,2008,72(10):1627-1630.
[7]Maki J H, Wilson G J, Eubank W B, et al. Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis.[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007,188(6):W540-W546.
[8]Chang Z, Xiang Q S, Shen H, et al. Accelerating non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography with inflow inversion recovery imaging by skipped phase encoding and edge deghosting (SPEED).[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010,31(3):757-765.
[9]Shonai T, Takahashi T, Ikeguchi H, et al. Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA).[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(6):1471-1477.
[10]Lanzman R S, Voiculescu A, Walther C, et al. ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries: comparison with DSA.[J]. Radiology,2009,252(3):914-921.
[11]Stafford R B, Sabati M, Haakstad M J, et al. Unenhanced MR angiography of the renal arteries with balanced steady-state free precession dixon method[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2008,191(1):243-246.
[12]Lanzman R S, Kropil P, Schmitt P, et al. Nonenhanced free-breathing ECG-gated steady-state free precession 3D MR angiography of the renal arteries:comparison between 1.5 T and 3 T[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2010,194(3):794-798.
[13]Mohrs O K, Petersen S E, Schulze T, et al. High-resolution 3D unenhanced ECG-gated respiratory-navigated MR angiography of the renal arteries:comparison with contrast-enhanced MR angiography.[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2010,195(6):1423-1428.
[14]Coenegrachts K L, Hoogeveen R M, Vaninbroukx J A, et al. High-spatial-resolution 3D balanced turbo field-echo technique for MR angiography of the renal arteries:initial experience.[J]. Radiology,2004,231(1):237-242.
[15]Guarino N, Tadini B, Camardi P, et al. The incidence of associated urological abnormalities in children with renal ectopia.[J]. J Urol,2004,172(4 Pt 2):1757-1759,1759.
[16]Davies M G, Saad W E, Bismuth J X, et al. Endovascular revascularization of renal artery stenosis in the solitary functioning kidney.[J]. J Vasc Surg,2009,49(4):953-960.
[17]Bude R O, Forauer A R, Caoili E M, et al. Is it necessary to study accessory arteries when screening the renal arteries for renovascular hypertension?[J]. Radiology,2003,226(2): 411-416.
[1]. Tonelli, M., et al., Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006.17(7):p.2034-47.
[2]. Go, A.S., et al., Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med,2004.351(13):p.1296-305.
[3]. Mohajer, K., et al., Superficial femoral artery occlusive disease severity correlates with MR cine phase-contrast flow measurements. J Magn Reson Imaging,2006.23(3):p. 355-60.
[4]. Sanz, J., et al., Pulmonary arterial hypertension:noninvasive detection with phase-contrast MR imaging. Radiology,2007.243(1):p.70-9.
[5]. Lim, R.P., et al.,3D nongadolinium-enhanced ECG-gated MRA of the distal lower extremities:preliminary clinical experience. J Magn Reson Imaging,2008.28(1):p.181-9.
[6]. Nakato, K., Y. Hiai and S. Tomiguchi, [A fundamental study of non-contrast enhanced MR angiography using ECG gated-3D fast spin echo at 3.0 T]. Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi,2010.66(8):p.863-9.
[7]. Lim, R.P., et al., Three-dimensional electrocardiographically gated variable flip angle FSE imaging for MR angiography of the hands at 3.0 T:initial experience. Radiology,2009. 252(3):p.874-81.
[8]. Nakamura, K., et al., Noncontrast-enhanced peripheral MRA:technical optimization of flow-spoiled fresh blood imaging for screening peripheral arterial diseases. Magn Reson Med,2011.65(2):p.595-602.
[9]. Hoey, E.T., et al., Fresh blood imaging of the peripheral vasculature:an emerging unenhanced MR technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2010.195(6):p.1444-8.
[10]. Ono, A., et al., Deep venous thrombosis:diagnostic value of non-contrast-enhanced MR venography using electrocardiography-triggered three-dimensional half-Fourier FSE. Magn Reson Med,2010.64(1):p.88-97.
[11].Storey, P., et al., Tailoring the flow sensitivity of fast spin-echo sequences for noncontrast peripheral MR angiography. Magn Reson Med,2010.64(4):p.1098-108.
[12]. Kogure, T., et al., Effective use of flow-spoiled FBI and time-SLIP methods in the diagnostic study of an aberrant vessel of the head and neck:"left jugular venous steal by the right jugular vein". J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.32(2):p.429-33.
[13]. Lanzman, R.S., et al., Non-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the lower extremity using ECG-gated TSE imaging with non-selective refocusing pulses--initial experience. Rofo,2010.182(10):p.861-7.
[14]. Radlbauer, R., et al., Triggered non-contrast enhanced MR angiography of peripheral arteries:Optimization of systolic and diastolic time delays for electrocardiographic triggering. Eur J Radiol,2010.
[15]. Fan, Z., et al.,3D noncontrast MR angiography of the distal lower extremities using flow-sensitive dephasing (FSD)-prepared balanced SSFP. Magn Reson Med,2009.62(6):p. 1523-32.
[16]. Sheehan, J.J., et al., Nonenhanced MR Angiography of the Hand with Flow-Sensitive Dephasing-prepared Balanced SSFP Sequence:Initial Experience with Systemic Sclerosis. Radiology,2011.
[17]. Krishnam, M.S., et al., Image quality and diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced SSFP MR angiography compared with conventional contrast-enhanced MR angiography for the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases. Eur Radiol,2010.20(6):p.1311-20.
[18]. Miyazaki, M. and V.S. Lee, Nonenhanced MR angiography. Radiology,2008.248(1): p.20-43.
[19]. Fuchs, F., G. Laub and K. Othomo, TrueFISP--technical considerations and cardiovascular applications. Eur J Radiol,2003.46(1):p.28-32.
[20]. Scheffler, K. and S. Lehnhardt, Principles and applications of balanced SSFP techniques. Eur Radiol,2003.13(11):p.2409-18.
[21]. Roditi, G., et al., Renovascular imaging in the NSF Era. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009. 30(6):p.1323-34.
[22]. Maki, J.H., et al., Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007.188(6):p. W540-6.
[23]. Yamamura, J., et al., Magnetic resonance angiography of fetal vessels:feasibility study in the sheep fetus. Jpn J Radiol,2010.28(10):p.720-6.
[24]. Enden, T., et al., Visualization of deep veins and detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with balanced turbo field echo (b-TFE) and contrast-enhanced T1 fast field echo (CE-FFE) using a blood pool agent (BPA). J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(2):p.416-24.
[25]. Korpraphong, P., P. Tovanabutra and K. Muangsomboon, Renal artery stenosis: diagnostic performance of balanced fast field gradient echo MRA. J Med Assoc Thai,2009. 92(8):p.1077-83.
[26]. Aydin, H., et al., Evaluation of jugular foramen nerves by using b-FFE, T2-weighted DRIVE, T2-weighted FSE and post-contrast T1-weighted MRI sequences. Diagn Interv Radiol,2011.17(1):p.3-9.
[27]. Yan, L., et al., Unenhanced dynamic MR angiography:high spatial and temporal resolution by using true FISP-based spin tagging with alternating radiofrequency. Radiology,2010.256(1):p.270-9.
[28]. Iozzelli, A., et al., The value of true-FISP sequence added to conventional gadolinium-enhanced MRA of abdominal aorta and its major branches. Eur J Radiol,2009. 72(3):p.489-93.
[29]. Gleeson, T.G., et al., Steady-state free-precession (SSFP) cine MRI in distinguishing normal and bicuspid aortic valves. J Magn Reson Imaging,2008.28(4):p.873-8.
[30].Xie, J., et al.,3D flow-independent peripheral vessel wall imaging using T(2)-prepared phase-sensitive inversion-recovery steady-state free precession. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2010.32(2):p.399-408.
[31]. Potthast, S., et al., Measuring aortic diameter with different MR techniques: comparison of three-dimensional (3D) navigated steady-state free-precession (SSFP),3D contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA),2D T2 black blood, and 2D cine SSFP. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(1):p.177-84.
[32]. Wyttenbach, R., et al., Renal artery assessment with nonenhanced steady-state free precession versus contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology,2007.245(1):p.186-95.
[33]. Shea, S.M., et al., Three-dimensional true-FISP imaging of the coronary arteries: improved contrast with T2-preparation. J Magn Reson Imaging,2002.15(5):p.597-602.
[34]. Spuentrup, E., et al., Renal arteries:navigator-gated balanced fast field-echo projection MR angiography with aortic spin labeling:initial experience. Radiology,2002. 225(2):p.589-96.
[35]. Hori, M., et al., Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material in the brain:Initial investigation. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(1):p.214-8.
[36]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced MR portography with time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:comparison of imaging with three-dimensional half-fourier fast spin-echo and true steady-state free-precession sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(5):p. 1140-6.
[37].Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2009.29(2):p.474-9.
[38].Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse:optimization of the technique and preliminary results. Eur J Radiol,2009.70(1):p.111-7.
[39].Satogami, N., et al., Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches: non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(3):p. 678-83.
[40]. Utsunomiya, D., et al., Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Circ J,2008.72(10):p.1627-30.
[41]. Shonai, T., et al., Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA). J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(6):p.1471-7.
[42]. Xu, J.L., et al., Non-enhanced MR angiography of renal artery using inflow-sensitive inversion recovery pulse sequence:A prospective comparison with enhanced CT angiography. Eur J Radiol,2010.
[43]. Glockner, J.F., et al., Non-contrast renal artery MRA using an inflow inversion recovery steady state free precession technique (Inhance):comparison with 3D contrast-enhanced MRA. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(6):p.1411-8.
[44]. Chang, Z., et al., Accelerating non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography with inflow inversion recovery imaging by skipped phase encoding and edge deghosting (SPEED). J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(3):p.757-65.
[45]. Brumm, K.P., et al., An arterial spin labeling investigation of cerebral blood flow deficits in chronic stroke survivors. Neuroimage,2010.51(3):p.995-1005.
[46]. Schwenzer, N.F., et al., MR measurement of blood flow in the parotid gland without contrast medium:a functional study before and after gustatory stimulation. NMR Biomed, 2008.21(6):p.598-605.
[47]. Artz, N.S., et al., Arterial spin labeling MRI for assessment of perfusion in native and transplanted kidneys. Magn Reson Imaging,2011.29(1):p.74-82.
[48]. Cho, J.H., et al., Feasibility of FAIR imaging for evaluating tumor perfusion. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.32(3):p.738-44.
[49]. Lanzman, R.S., et al., ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries:comparison with DSA. Radiology, 2009.252(3):p.914-21.
[50]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(2):p.474-9.
[51]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse:optimization of the technique and preliminary results. Eur J Radiol,2009.70(1):p.111-7.
[52]. Satogami, N., et al., Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches: non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(3):p. 678-83.
[53]. van Osch, M.J., et al., Non-invasive visualization of collateral blood flow patterns of the circle of Willis by dynamic MR angiography. Med Image Anal,2006.10(1):p.59-70.
[54]. Hori, M., et al., Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material in the brain:Initial investigation. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(1):p.214-8.
[55]. Yuan, C., et al., Carotid atherosclerotic plaque:noninvasive MR characterization and identification of vulnerable lesions. Radiology,2001.221(2):p.285-99.
[56]. Fayad, Z.A., et al., Noninvasive in vivo human coronary artery lumen and wall imaging using black-blood magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation,2000.102(5):p. 506-10.
[57]. Michaely, H.J., et al., Renal T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo imaging with BLADE at 3.0 Tesla:initial experience. J Magn Reson Imaging,2008.27(1):p.148-53.
[58]. Mihai, G., et al., Initial feasibility of a multi-station high resolution three-dimensional dark blood angiography protocol for the assessment of peripheral arterial disease. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(4):p.785-93.
[59]. Fan, Z., et al., Carotid arterial wall MRI at 3T using 3D variable-flip-angle turbo spin-echo (TSE) with flow-sensitive dephasing (FSD). J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(3): p.645-54.
[60]. Koktzoglou, I., et al., Dark-blood MRI of the thoracic aorta with 3D diffusion-prepared steady-state free precession:initial clinical evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007.189(4):p.966-72.
[2]Go A S, Chertow G M, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization[J]. N Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1296-1305.
[3]Nesbit G M, Demarco J K.2D time-of-flight MR angiography using concatenated saturation bands for determining direction of flow in the intracranial vessels.[J]. Neuroradiology,1997,39(7):461-468.
[4]Yamada N, Hayashi K, Murao K, et al. Time-of-flight MR angiography targeted to coiled intracranial aneurysms is more sensitive to residual flow than is digital subtraction angiography.[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2004,25(7):1154-1157.
[5]Maki J H, Wilson G J, Eubank W B, et al. Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007,188(6):W540-W546.
[6]Chang Z, Xiang Q S, Shen H, et al. Accelerating non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography with inflow inversion recovery imaging by skipped phase encoding and edge deghosting (SPEED)[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010,31(3):757-765.
[7]Lanzman R S, Voiculescu A, Walther C, et al. ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries:comparison with DSA[J].Radiology,2009,252(3):914-921.
[8]Shimada K, Isoda H, Okada T, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(2):474-479.
[9]Shimada K, Isoda H, Okada T, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse: optimization of the technique and preliminary results[J]. Eur J Radiol,2009,70(l):111-117.
[10]Satogami N, Okada T, Koyama T, et al. Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches:non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,30(3):678-683.
[11]Shonai T, Takahashi T, Ikeguchi H, et al. Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA).[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(6):1471-1477.
[12]Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, et al. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis[J]. Circ J,2008,72(10):1627-1630.
[1]Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006,17(7):2034-2047.
[2]Go A S, Chertow G M, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization[J]. N Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1296-1305.
[3]Nesbit G M, Demarco J K.2D time-of-flight MR angiography using concatenated saturation bands for determining direction of flow in the intracranial vessels.[J]. Neuroradiology,1997,39(7):461-468.
[4]Squillaci E, Cecconi L, Tipaldi L, et al. [Magnetic resonance angiography of the vessels of the neck. Study technique and normal anatomy][J]. Radiol Med,1990,80(5):594-597.
[5]Yamada N, Hayashi K, Murao K, et al. Time-of-flight MR angiography targeted to coiled intracranial aneurysms is more sensitive to residual flow than is digital subtraction angiography.[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2004,25(7):1154-1157.
[6]Shonai T, Takahashi T, Ikeguchi H, et al. Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA)[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(6):1471-1477.
[7]Lanzman R S, Voiculescu A, Walther C, et al. ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries: comparison with DSA[J]. Radiology,2009,252(3):914-921.
[8]Fan Z, Sheehan J, Bi X, et al.3D noncontrast MR angiography of the distal lower extremities using flow-sensitive dephasing (FSD)-prepared balanced SSFP[J]. Magn Reson Med,2009,62(6):1523-1532.
[9]闫丽辉,何昆仑,蔡毅,等.新西兰兔腹主动脉缩窄术后心肌收缩和舒张功能的变化[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2007,9(6)：404-406.
[10]顾莉红,李凤华,李萍,等.实时灰阶超声造影评价肝移植术前门脉系统栓子的价值[J].中国医学影像技术,2008,24(4)：557-559.
[11]王健,康春松,李嵘娟,等.实时灰阶超声造影评价肾动脉狭窄血流灌注的实验研究[J].中国医学影像技术,2007,23(10)：1449-1452.
[12]Shimada K, Isoda H, Okada T, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(2):474-479.
[13]Shimada K, Isoda H, Okada T, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse: optimization of the technique and preliminary results[J]. Eur J Radiol,2009,70(1):111-117.
[14]Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, et al. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis[J]. Circ J,2008,72(10):1627-1630.
[15]陈宇,孙宇,宋海军,等.不同处理迷走神经对家兔呼吸、心率的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2008,47(1)：80-81.
[16]Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, et al. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis[J]. Circ J,2008,72(10):1627-1630.
[17]Xu J L, Shi D P, Li Y L, et al. Non-enhanced MR angiography of renal artery using inflow-sensitive inversion recovery pulse sequence:A prospective comparison with enhanced CT angiography[J]. Eur J Radiol,2010.
[18]Glockner J F, Takahashi N, Kawashima A, et al. Non-contrast renal artery MRA using an inflow inversion recovery steady state free precession technique (Inhance): comparison with 3D contrast-enhanced MRA[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010,31(6):1411-1418.
[19]Coenegrachts K L, Hoogeveen R M, Vaninbroukx J A, et al. High-spatial-resolution 3D balanced turbo field-echo technique for MR angiography of the renal arteries: initial experience.[J]. Radiology,2004,231(1):237-242.
[1]. Tonelli, M., et al., Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006.17(7):p.2034-2047.
[2]. Go, A.S., et al., Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med,2004.351(13):p.1296-1305.
[3]. Utsunomiya, D., et al., Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Circ J,2008.72(10):p.1627-1630.
[4]. Maki, J.H., et al., Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007.188(6):p. W540-546.
[5]. Chang, Z., et al., Accelerating non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography with inflow inversion recovery imaging by skipped phase encoding and edge deghosting (SPEED). J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(3):p.757-765.
[6]. Shonai, T., et al., Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA). J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(6):p. 1471-1477.
[7]. Lanzman, R.S., et al., ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries:comparison with DSA. Radiology, 2009.252(3):p.914-921.
[8]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(2):p.474-479.
[9]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse:optimization of the technique and preliminary results. Eur J Radiol,2009.70(1):p.111-117.
[10]. Satogami, N., et al., Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches: non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(3):p. 678-683.
[11]. Shonai, T., et al., Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA). J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(6):p. 1471-1477.
[12]. Utsunomiya, D., et al., Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Circ J,2008.72(10):p.1627-1630.
[13]. van Osch, M.J., et al., Non-invasive visualization of collateral blood flow patterns of the circle of Willis by dynamic MR angiography. Med Image Anal,2006.10(1):p. 59-70.
[14]. Hori, M., et al., Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material in the brain:Initial investigation. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(1):p.214-218.
[15]. Maki, J.H., et al., Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007.188(6):p. W540-546.
[16]. Sigirci, A., et al., Renal interlobar artery parameters with duplex Doppler sonography and correlations with age, plasma renin, and aldosterone levels in healthy children. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2006.186(3):p.828-832.
[17]. Momen, A., et al., Influence of sex and active muscle mass on renal vascular responses during static exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2006.291(1):p. H121-126.
[1]Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006,17(7):2034-2047.
[2]Go A S, Chertow G M, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization[J]. N Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1296-1305.
[3]Nesbit G M, Demarco J K.2D time-of-flight MR angiography using concatenated saturation bands for determining direction of flow in the intracranial vessels.[J]. Neuroradiology,1997,39(7):461-468.
[4]Squillaci E, Cecconi L, Tipaldi L, et al. [Magnetic resonance angiography of the vessels of the neck. Study technique and normal anatomy] [J]. Radiol Med,1990,80(5):594-597.
[5]Yamada N, Hayashi K, Murao K, et al. Time-of-flight MR angiography targeted to coiled intracranial aneurysms is more sensitive to residual flow than is digital subtraction angiography.[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2004,25(7):1154-1157.
[6]Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, et al. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. [J]. Circ J,2008,72(10):1627-1630.
[7]Maki J H, Wilson G J, Eubank W B, et al. Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis.[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007,188(6):W540-W546.
[8]Chang Z, Xiang Q S, Shen H, et al. Accelerating non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography with inflow inversion recovery imaging by skipped phase encoding and edge deghosting (SPEED).[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010,31(3):757-765.
[9]Shonai T, Takahashi T, Ikeguchi H, et al. Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA).[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(6):1471-1477.
[10]Lanzman R S, Voiculescu A, Walther C, et al. ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries: comparison with DSA.[J]. Radiology,2009,252(3):914-921.
[11]Stafford R B, Sabati M, Haakstad M J, et al. Unenhanced MR angiography of the renal arteries with balanced steady-state free precession dixon method[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2008,191(1):243-246.
[12]Lanzman R S, Kropil P, Schmitt P, et al. Nonenhanced free-breathing ECG-gated steady-state free precession 3D MR angiography of the renal arteries:comparison between 1.5 T and 3 T[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2010,194(3):794-798.
[13]Mohrs O K, Petersen S E, Schulze T, et al. High-resolution 3D unenhanced ECG-gated respiratory-navigated MR angiography of the renal arteries:comparison with contrast-enhanced MR angiography.[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2010,195(6):1423-1428.
[14]Coenegrachts K L, Hoogeveen R M, Vaninbroukx J A, et al. High-spatial-resolution 3D balanced turbo field-echo technique for MR angiography of the renal arteries:initial experience.[J]. Radiology,2004,231(1):237-242.
[15]Guarino N, Tadini B, Camardi P, et al. The incidence of associated urological abnormalities in children with renal ectopia.[J]. J Urol,2004,172(4 Pt 2):1757-1759,1759.
[16]Davies M G, Saad W E, Bismuth J X, et al. Endovascular revascularization of renal artery stenosis in the solitary functioning kidney.[J]. J Vasc Surg,2009,49(4):953-960.
[17]Bude R O, Forauer A R, Caoili E M, et al. Is it necessary to study accessory arteries when screening the renal arteries for renovascular hypertension?[J]. Radiology,2003,226(2): 411-416.
[1]. Tonelli, M., et al., Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk:a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol,2006.17(7):p.2034-47.
[2]. Go, A.S., et al., Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med,2004.351(13):p.1296-305.
[3]. Mohajer, K., et al., Superficial femoral artery occlusive disease severity correlates with MR cine phase-contrast flow measurements. J Magn Reson Imaging,2006.23(3):p. 355-60.
[4]. Sanz, J., et al., Pulmonary arterial hypertension:noninvasive detection with phase-contrast MR imaging. Radiology,2007.243(1):p.70-9.
[5]. Lim, R.P., et al.,3D nongadolinium-enhanced ECG-gated MRA of the distal lower extremities:preliminary clinical experience. J Magn Reson Imaging,2008.28(1):p.181-9.
[6]. Nakato, K., Y. Hiai and S. Tomiguchi, [A fundamental study of non-contrast enhanced MR angiography using ECG gated-3D fast spin echo at 3.0 T]. Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi,2010.66(8):p.863-9.
[7]. Lim, R.P., et al., Three-dimensional electrocardiographically gated variable flip angle FSE imaging for MR angiography of the hands at 3.0 T:initial experience. Radiology,2009. 252(3):p.874-81.
[8]. Nakamura, K., et al., Noncontrast-enhanced peripheral MRA:technical optimization of flow-spoiled fresh blood imaging for screening peripheral arterial diseases. Magn Reson Med,2011.65(2):p.595-602.
[9]. Hoey, E.T., et al., Fresh blood imaging of the peripheral vasculature:an emerging unenhanced MR technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2010.195(6):p.1444-8.
[10]. Ono, A., et al., Deep venous thrombosis:diagnostic value of non-contrast-enhanced MR venography using electrocardiography-triggered three-dimensional half-Fourier FSE. Magn Reson Med,2010.64(1):p.88-97.
[11].Storey, P., et al., Tailoring the flow sensitivity of fast spin-echo sequences for noncontrast peripheral MR angiography. Magn Reson Med,2010.64(4):p.1098-108.
[12]. Kogure, T., et al., Effective use of flow-spoiled FBI and time-SLIP methods in the diagnostic study of an aberrant vessel of the head and neck:"left jugular venous steal by the right jugular vein". J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.32(2):p.429-33.
[13]. Lanzman, R.S., et al., Non-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the lower extremity using ECG-gated TSE imaging with non-selective refocusing pulses--initial experience. Rofo,2010.182(10):p.861-7.
[14]. Radlbauer, R., et al., Triggered non-contrast enhanced MR angiography of peripheral arteries:Optimization of systolic and diastolic time delays for electrocardiographic triggering. Eur J Radiol,2010.
[15]. Fan, Z., et al.,3D noncontrast MR angiography of the distal lower extremities using flow-sensitive dephasing (FSD)-prepared balanced SSFP. Magn Reson Med,2009.62(6):p. 1523-32.
[16]. Sheehan, J.J., et al., Nonenhanced MR Angiography of the Hand with Flow-Sensitive Dephasing-prepared Balanced SSFP Sequence:Initial Experience with Systemic Sclerosis. Radiology,2011.
[17]. Krishnam, M.S., et al., Image quality and diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced SSFP MR angiography compared with conventional contrast-enhanced MR angiography for the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases. Eur Radiol,2010.20(6):p.1311-20.
[18]. Miyazaki, M. and V.S. Lee, Nonenhanced MR angiography. Radiology,2008.248(1): p.20-43.
[19]. Fuchs, F., G. Laub and K. Othomo, TrueFISP--technical considerations and cardiovascular applications. Eur J Radiol,2003.46(1):p.28-32.
[20]. Scheffler, K. and S. Lehnhardt, Principles and applications of balanced SSFP techniques. Eur Radiol,2003.13(11):p.2409-18.
[21]. Roditi, G., et al., Renovascular imaging in the NSF Era. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009. 30(6):p.1323-34.
[22]. Maki, J.H., et al., Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries:a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007.188(6):p. W540-6.
[23]. Yamamura, J., et al., Magnetic resonance angiography of fetal vessels:feasibility study in the sheep fetus. Jpn J Radiol,2010.28(10):p.720-6.
[24]. Enden, T., et al., Visualization of deep veins and detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with balanced turbo field echo (b-TFE) and contrast-enhanced T1 fast field echo (CE-FFE) using a blood pool agent (BPA). J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(2):p.416-24.
[25]. Korpraphong, P., P. Tovanabutra and K. Muangsomboon, Renal artery stenosis: diagnostic performance of balanced fast field gradient echo MRA. J Med Assoc Thai,2009. 92(8):p.1077-83.
[26]. Aydin, H., et al., Evaluation of jugular foramen nerves by using b-FFE, T2-weighted DRIVE, T2-weighted FSE and post-contrast T1-weighted MRI sequences. Diagn Interv Radiol,2011.17(1):p.3-9.
[27]. Yan, L., et al., Unenhanced dynamic MR angiography:high spatial and temporal resolution by using true FISP-based spin tagging with alternating radiofrequency. Radiology,2010.256(1):p.270-9.
[28]. Iozzelli, A., et al., The value of true-FISP sequence added to conventional gadolinium-enhanced MRA of abdominal aorta and its major branches. Eur J Radiol,2009. 72(3):p.489-93.
[29]. Gleeson, T.G., et al., Steady-state free-precession (SSFP) cine MRI in distinguishing normal and bicuspid aortic valves. J Magn Reson Imaging,2008.28(4):p.873-8.
[30].Xie, J., et al.,3D flow-independent peripheral vessel wall imaging using T(2)-prepared phase-sensitive inversion-recovery steady-state free precession. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2010.32(2):p.399-408.
[31]. Potthast, S., et al., Measuring aortic diameter with different MR techniques: comparison of three-dimensional (3D) navigated steady-state free-precession (SSFP),3D contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA),2D T2 black blood, and 2D cine SSFP. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(1):p.177-84.
[32]. Wyttenbach, R., et al., Renal artery assessment with nonenhanced steady-state free precession versus contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology,2007.245(1):p.186-95.
[33]. Shea, S.M., et al., Three-dimensional true-FISP imaging of the coronary arteries: improved contrast with T2-preparation. J Magn Reson Imaging,2002.15(5):p.597-602.
[34]. Spuentrup, E., et al., Renal arteries:navigator-gated balanced fast field-echo projection MR angiography with aortic spin labeling:initial experience. Radiology,2002. 225(2):p.589-96.
[35]. Hori, M., et al., Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material in the brain:Initial investigation. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(1):p.214-8.
[36]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced MR portography with time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:comparison of imaging with three-dimensional half-fourier fast spin-echo and true steady-state free-precession sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(5):p. 1140-6.
[37].Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2009.29(2):p.474-9.
[38].Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse:optimization of the technique and preliminary results. Eur J Radiol,2009.70(1):p.111-7.
[39].Satogami, N., et al., Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches: non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(3):p. 678-83.
[40]. Utsunomiya, D., et al., Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Circ J,2008.72(10):p.1627-30.
[41]. Shonai, T., et al., Improved arterial visibility using short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression in non-contrast-enhanced time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) renal MR angiography (MRA). J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(6):p.1471-7.
[42]. Xu, J.L., et al., Non-enhanced MR angiography of renal artery using inflow-sensitive inversion recovery pulse sequence:A prospective comparison with enhanced CT angiography. Eur J Radiol,2010.
[43]. Glockner, J.F., et al., Non-contrast renal artery MRA using an inflow inversion recovery steady state free precession technique (Inhance):comparison with 3D contrast-enhanced MRA. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(6):p.1411-8.
[44]. Chang, Z., et al., Accelerating non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography with inflow inversion recovery imaging by skipped phase encoding and edge deghosting (SPEED). J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(3):p.757-65.
[45]. Brumm, K.P., et al., An arterial spin labeling investigation of cerebral blood flow deficits in chronic stroke survivors. Neuroimage,2010.51(3):p.995-1005.
[46]. Schwenzer, N.F., et al., MR measurement of blood flow in the parotid gland without contrast medium:a functional study before and after gustatory stimulation. NMR Biomed, 2008.21(6):p.598-605.
[47]. Artz, N.S., et al., Arterial spin labeling MRI for assessment of perfusion in native and transplanted kidneys. Magn Reson Imaging,2011.29(1):p.74-82.
[48]. Cho, J.H., et al., Feasibility of FAIR imaging for evaluating tumor perfusion. J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.32(3):p.738-44.
[49]. Lanzman, R.S., et al., ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries:comparison with DSA. Radiology, 2009.252(3):p.914-21.
[50]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography for selective visualization of the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava with true steady-state free-precession sequence and time-spatial labeling inversion pulses:preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.29(2):p.474-9.
[51]. Shimada, K., et al., Non-contrast-enhanced hepatic MR angiography with true steady-state free-precession and time spatial labeling inversion pulse:optimization of the technique and preliminary results. Eur J Radiol,2009.70(1):p.111-7.
[52]. Satogami, N., et al., Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches: non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(3):p. 678-83.
[53]. van Osch, M.J., et al., Non-invasive visualization of collateral blood flow patterns of the circle of Willis by dynamic MR angiography. Med Image Anal,2006.10(1):p.59-70.
[54]. Hori, M., et al., Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material in the brain:Initial investigation. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(1):p.214-8.
[55]. Yuan, C., et al., Carotid atherosclerotic plaque:noninvasive MR characterization and identification of vulnerable lesions. Radiology,2001.221(2):p.285-99.
[56]. Fayad, Z.A., et al., Noninvasive in vivo human coronary artery lumen and wall imaging using black-blood magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation,2000.102(5):p. 506-10.
[57]. Michaely, H.J., et al., Renal T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo imaging with BLADE at 3.0 Tesla:initial experience. J Magn Reson Imaging,2008.27(1):p.148-53.
[58]. Mihai, G., et al., Initial feasibility of a multi-station high resolution three-dimensional dark blood angiography protocol for the assessment of peripheral arterial disease. J Magn Reson Imaging,2009.30(4):p.785-93.
[59]. Fan, Z., et al., Carotid arterial wall MRI at 3T using 3D variable-flip-angle turbo spin-echo (TSE) with flow-sensitive dephasing (FSD). J Magn Reson Imaging,2010.31(3): p.645-54.
[60]. Koktzoglou, I., et al., Dark-blood MRI of the thoracic aorta with 3D diffusion-prepared steady-state free precession:initial clinical evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007.189(4):p.966-72.