城市绿地可达性评价研究
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摘要
城市绿地作为“自然的服务系统”,居民能否方便地获取享受这种自然的服务是衡量一个城市现代化发展水平、城市环境可持续性发展、和谐的人地关系的一个重要指标。20世纪80年代以来,我国一直以城市人均(公共、公园)绿地面积、绿地率、绿化覆盖率等面积比率指标作为核心指标来指导城市绿地建设,这些指标虽然能从量上说明一些问题,但却难以在空间上描述绿地景观的空间布局,从而真正反映绿地对居民服务的有效性。可达性是一个量化的评价指标,能够综合多种因素对这种服务能力做出评价,揭示了人们对城市绿地的利用程度。
本文根据城市绿地的可达性理论,选取三个主要影响指标:交通成本、服务人口密度和绿地景观吸引力来对城市绿地的可达性进行评价。然后基于势能模型,构建一套城市绿地可达性评价模型,并且分别赋予交通成本、服务人口密度和绿地景观吸引力50%、40%、10%的权重。总结出了一个基于网格划分的城市公共绿地景观可达性计算方法。最后基于模型,利用ArcGIS9.2软件的制图及强大的空间分析功能,对哈尔滨原动力区公园绿地进行可达性评价,计算出其可达性值,并对计算结果进行分析,评价各个指标对城市绿地可达性的影响。
城市绿地的可达性指标对评价城市环境质量,衡量自然生态系统的服务功能有着重要的潜在价值,它是对目前普遍采用的一些城市绿化环境质量评价指标的补充,强调了绿地空间格局的重要性。同时,也为合理地调整和设计城市绿地系统提供了科学的依据,从而使体现城市建设以人为本的理念得以落到实处,有较强的现实意义。
Urban green space is an important urban green infrastructure,regarded as the important spatial basis for urban sustainable development, and can provide ecological, recreational and social-cultural functions. Since 1980s, the urban planners and policy-makers widely took the urban green space area per capital, public green space area per capital, urban park area per capital, the ratio of urban green space, and green space cover ratio, etc. as the key indexes to guide planning and management in China. Although these indicators can show the problems from the quantity, it is difficult to describe the space distribution of green space landscape, so to truly reflect the effectiveness of Green space services to residents. Accessibility is a quantitative evaluation which can integrate a variety of factors to evaluate the service capabilities, and reveals about the extent of the use of urban green space.
In this paper, according to the accessibility of urban green space theory, I select three main impact indicators: transport costs, population density and the attractiveness of green landscape to evaluate the accessibility of urban green space. Then based on the potential energy model, constructs a model of accessibility of urban green space evaluation, and given 50%, 40%, 10% weights to transport costs, population density and the attractiveness of green landscape. Give a mesh-based calculation method to calculate the accessibility of urban green space. Finally, based on the model, use mapping function and powerful spatial analysis function of software ArcGIS9.2, evaluate parks of Harbin former Dongli District. Calculate the value of the accessibility, analysis the results, evaluate various indicators have the impact of accessibility of urban green space.
Indicators of accessibility of urban green space have an important potential value for evaluating the quality of urban environment and measuring the natural ecosystem service functions. It is a supplement for the evaluation indexes of environmental quality of urban green, and stresses the importance of spatial distribution pattern of green. At the same time, it is also provides a scientific basis for reasonable adjustment and design the urban green space system. So let the reflection of the urban construction of the concept of people-oriented become a reality. There is strong practical significance.
本文根据城市绿地的可达性理论,选取三个主要影响指标:交通成本、服务人口密度和绿地景观吸引力来对城市绿地的可达性进行评价。然后基于势能模型,构建一套城市绿地可达性评价模型,并且分别赋予交通成本、服务人口密度和绿地景观吸引力50%、40%、10%的权重。总结出了一个基于网格划分的城市公共绿地景观可达性计算方法。最后基于模型,利用ArcGIS9.2软件的制图及强大的空间分析功能,对哈尔滨原动力区公园绿地进行可达性评价,计算出其可达性值,并对计算结果进行分析,评价各个指标对城市绿地可达性的影响。
城市绿地的可达性指标对评价城市环境质量,衡量自然生态系统的服务功能有着重要的潜在价值,它是对目前普遍采用的一些城市绿化环境质量评价指标的补充,强调了绿地空间格局的重要性。同时,也为合理地调整和设计城市绿地系统提供了科学的依据,从而使体现城市建设以人为本的理念得以落到实处,有较强的现实意义。
Urban green space is an important urban green infrastructure,regarded as the important spatial basis for urban sustainable development, and can provide ecological, recreational and social-cultural functions. Since 1980s, the urban planners and policy-makers widely took the urban green space area per capital, public green space area per capital, urban park area per capital, the ratio of urban green space, and green space cover ratio, etc. as the key indexes to guide planning and management in China. Although these indicators can show the problems from the quantity, it is difficult to describe the space distribution of green space landscape, so to truly reflect the effectiveness of Green space services to residents. Accessibility is a quantitative evaluation which can integrate a variety of factors to evaluate the service capabilities, and reveals about the extent of the use of urban green space.
In this paper, according to the accessibility of urban green space theory, I select three main impact indicators: transport costs, population density and the attractiveness of green landscape to evaluate the accessibility of urban green space. Then based on the potential energy model, constructs a model of accessibility of urban green space evaluation, and given 50%, 40%, 10% weights to transport costs, population density and the attractiveness of green landscape. Give a mesh-based calculation method to calculate the accessibility of urban green space. Finally, based on the model, use mapping function and powerful spatial analysis function of software ArcGIS9.2, evaluate parks of Harbin former Dongli District. Calculate the value of the accessibility, analysis the results, evaluate various indicators have the impact of accessibility of urban green space.
Indicators of accessibility of urban green space have an important potential value for evaluating the quality of urban environment and measuring the natural ecosystem service functions. It is a supplement for the evaluation indexes of environmental quality of urban green, and stresses the importance of spatial distribution pattern of green. At the same time, it is also provides a scientific basis for reasonable adjustment and design the urban green space system. So let the reflection of the urban construction of the concept of people-oriented become a reality. There is strong practical significance.
引文
1王庆日.城市绿地的价值及其评估研究.浙江大学博士论文.2003:15~16
2尹海伟,孔繁花,宗跃光.城市绿地可达性与公平性评价.生态学报.2008,28(7):3376~3377
3李博,宋云,俞孔坚.城市公园绿地规划中的可达性指标评价方法.北京大学学报(自然科学版).2008,44(4)
4 Karen E, Jared N, John H. Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Play Ground in Edmonton, Canada. The Canadian Geographer. 2004, 48(3):287~302
5 Shen G. Location of Manufactured Housing and Its Accessibility to Community Services: a GIS-Assisted Spatial Analysis[J]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2005, 39:25~41
6 Hansen, W.G. How Accessibility Shapes Land-Use[J]. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 1959, 25:73~76
7王兰.山地城市公园可达性研究-以重庆市主城区山地城市公园为例.西南大学硕士论文.2008:19~20
8李平华等.可达性研究的回顾与展望[J].地理科学进展.2005,24(3):70~77
9 Hagerstrand, T. What about People in Regional Science? Papers of the Regional Science Association. 1970, 24:7~21
10 Kwan, M.P, Murry, A.T., Recent Advances in Accessibility Research: Representation, Methodology and Applications. Geographical System. 2003, 5:129~138
11 Shen, Q. Spatial Technologies, Accessibility, and the social construction of Urban Space. Computers, Environment and Urban. 1998, 22(5): 447~464
12 Weibull, J.W. An Axiomatic Approach to the Measurement of Accessibility. Regional Science and Urban Economics. 1976, 6:357~379
13 Black J, Conroy M. Accessibility Measures and the Social Evaluation of Urban Structure [J]. Environment and Planning A. 1977, 9(9): 1013 ~ 1031
14 Sasaki, K. The Establishment of a Sub Center and Urban Spatial Structure. Environment and Planning A. 1990, 2
15 ESRI, Environmental Systems Research Institute, INC. Cell-based Modeling with GRID, 1991
16宋小冬,钮心毅.再论居民出行的计算机辅助评价.城市规划汇刊[J].2000,3:18~22
17李平华,陆玉麒.城市可达性研究的理论与方法评述.城市问题. 2005,1:69~72
18刘贤腾.空间可达性研究综述.城市交通.2007,5(6):36~42
19陈洁,陆峰,陈吕秀.可达性度量方法及应用研究进展评述[J].地理科学进展.2007,26(5):l00~110
20杨涛,过秀成.城市交通可达性新概念及其应用研究.中国公路学报[J]. 1995,8(2): 25
21俞孔坚,段铁武等.景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例.城市规划.1999,23(8):8~11
22赵元正.时间可达性计算的最小种子算法.计算机工程与设计.2006,27(22):4171~4175
23杨育军,宋小冬.基于GIS的可达性评价方法比较.长安大学学报. 2004,21(4)
24马林兵,曹小曙.基于GIS的城市公共绿地景观可达性评价方法.中山大学学报. 2006,6(45):114~115
25肖宇、颜慧.城市滨水地段的可达性.南方建筑.2006,4
26朱明、于兰军、李建龙.基于MapInfo的城市房地产绿地可达性查询系统开发-以上海市浦东区(内环线)为例.测绘信息与工程.2005,30(1)
27金勇,丁良川.可达性·愉悦性·可持续性-论城市道路交通环境设计的社会学价值.规划师.2005,21(1).
28刘钊等.基于GIS的两步移动搜寻法在北京市就医空间可达性评价中的应用.测绘科学.2007,32(1)
29吕毅.城市小学校可达性评价.武汉大学硕士论文.2005:20~48
30周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观空间结构研究-以宁波市为例.生态学报.2003,23(5)
31胡志斌,何兴元,陆庆轩.基于GIS的绿地景观可达性研究-以沈阳市为例.沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版) .2005,21(6)
32尹海伟,孔繁花.济南市城市绿地可达性分析.植物生态学报.2006,30 (1):17~24
33吴人韦.城市绿地的分类.中国园林.1999,15(6): 59~61
34徐波,赵锋.关于城市绿地及其分类的若干思考.中国园林.2000(5):29~33
35金远.对城市绿地指标的分析.中国园林.2006,5: 56~57
36 Pirie, G. H. Measuring Accessibility: A Review and Proposal [J]. Environment and Planning A.1979, 11(3): 299~312
37 Allen, W.B, Liu D and Singer S. Accessibility Measures of U.S. Metropolitan Areas [J]. Transportation Research B. 1993, 27(6): 439~449
38 Mackiewicz, A, Ratajczak, W. Towards a New Definition of Topological Accessibility [J]. Transportation Research B. 1996, 30(1): 47~79
39 Morris J.M., Dumble P.L. and Wigan M R. AccessibilityIndicators for Transport Planning [J]. Transportation Research Part A, 1979, 13(2): 91~109
40 Shen, Q. Location Characteristics of Inner-City Neighborhoods and Employment Accessibility of Low-Wage Workers[J]. Environment and Planning B. 1998, 25(3): 345~365
41肖华斌,袁奇峰,徐会军.基于可达性和服务面积的公园绿地空间分布研究.规划广角.2009,2(25)
42 Harris B. Accessibility: Concepts and Applications[J]. Journal of Transportation and Statistics. 2001, 4(23):15~30
43邓岗.城市公园可达性设计研究.四川大学工程硕士学位论文.2006:17~18
44李师炜,董琳,林永善,邹俊毅.厦门岛城市绿地可达性研究.中国城市林业.2008,6 (6)
45贺晓辉,安慧君.城市绿地景观可达性分析研究进展.现代农业科技报.2008,1:39~41
46 Mullick A. Accessibility Issues in Park Design: The National Parks. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1993, 26(4): 25~33
47周亮,王挺,马娜,王新生.基于GIS的城市公共绿地空间可达性研究-以武汉市汉口地区为例.云南地理环境研究.2008,20(4)
48王建梅.基于GIS的洋山港可达性评价.上海师范大学硕士学位论文.2007,4:25~38
49 Weibull, J.W. On the Numerical Measurement of Accessibility[J].Environment and planning A. 1976, 12:53~67
50 Yu, K.J. Ecological Security Patterns in Landscape and GIS Application. Geographic Information Sciences. 1996, 1(2): 88~102
51张晓来.基于GIS的城市公园绿地服务半径研究.华中农业大学硕士学位论文.2007:31~33
52 LUO W, WANG, F.H. Measures of spatial Accessibility to Health Care in a GIS Environment: Synthesis and Case Study in the Chicago Region[J]. Environment and Planning. 2003, 30: 865~884
53唐名华.基于地理信息系统(GIS)的多种出行目的的城市交通可达性分析评价方法与技术.重庆大学硕士学位论文.2005:40~45
54王挺,田颖.GIS在布局城市广场、公园中的运用-以武汉市中心城区为例.云南地理环境研究.2007,19(5): 140~144
55周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观引力场研究-以宁波市为例.生态学报.2004,24(6):1157~1163
56李晓军.GIS空间分析方法研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2007:21~58
57李小马,刘常富.基于网络分析的沈阳城市公园可达性和服务.生态学报.2009,29(3)
58陈一菱.哈尔滨市原动力区公园绿地布局研究.东北林业大学硕士学位论文.2003:5~14
59张妤.哈尔滨市城市公园使用状况评价初步研究.东北林业大学硕士学位论文.2006:25~55
2尹海伟,孔繁花,宗跃光.城市绿地可达性与公平性评价.生态学报.2008,28(7):3376~3377
3李博,宋云,俞孔坚.城市公园绿地规划中的可达性指标评价方法.北京大学学报(自然科学版).2008,44(4)
4 Karen E, Jared N, John H. Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Play Ground in Edmonton, Canada. The Canadian Geographer. 2004, 48(3):287~302
5 Shen G. Location of Manufactured Housing and Its Accessibility to Community Services: a GIS-Assisted Spatial Analysis[J]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2005, 39:25~41
6 Hansen, W.G. How Accessibility Shapes Land-Use[J]. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 1959, 25:73~76
7王兰.山地城市公园可达性研究-以重庆市主城区山地城市公园为例.西南大学硕士论文.2008:19~20
8李平华等.可达性研究的回顾与展望[J].地理科学进展.2005,24(3):70~77
9 Hagerstrand, T. What about People in Regional Science? Papers of the Regional Science Association. 1970, 24:7~21
10 Kwan, M.P, Murry, A.T., Recent Advances in Accessibility Research: Representation, Methodology and Applications. Geographical System. 2003, 5:129~138
11 Shen, Q. Spatial Technologies, Accessibility, and the social construction of Urban Space. Computers, Environment and Urban. 1998, 22(5): 447~464
12 Weibull, J.W. An Axiomatic Approach to the Measurement of Accessibility. Regional Science and Urban Economics. 1976, 6:357~379
13 Black J, Conroy M. Accessibility Measures and the Social Evaluation of Urban Structure [J]. Environment and Planning A. 1977, 9(9): 1013 ~ 1031
14 Sasaki, K. The Establishment of a Sub Center and Urban Spatial Structure. Environment and Planning A. 1990, 2
15 ESRI, Environmental Systems Research Institute, INC. Cell-based Modeling with GRID, 1991
16宋小冬,钮心毅.再论居民出行的计算机辅助评价.城市规划汇刊[J].2000,3:18~22
17李平华,陆玉麒.城市可达性研究的理论与方法评述.城市问题. 2005,1:69~72
18刘贤腾.空间可达性研究综述.城市交通.2007,5(6):36~42
19陈洁,陆峰,陈吕秀.可达性度量方法及应用研究进展评述[J].地理科学进展.2007,26(5):l00~110
20杨涛,过秀成.城市交通可达性新概念及其应用研究.中国公路学报[J]. 1995,8(2): 25
21俞孔坚,段铁武等.景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例.城市规划.1999,23(8):8~11
22赵元正.时间可达性计算的最小种子算法.计算机工程与设计.2006,27(22):4171~4175
23杨育军,宋小冬.基于GIS的可达性评价方法比较.长安大学学报. 2004,21(4)
24马林兵,曹小曙.基于GIS的城市公共绿地景观可达性评价方法.中山大学学报. 2006,6(45):114~115
25肖宇、颜慧.城市滨水地段的可达性.南方建筑.2006,4
26朱明、于兰军、李建龙.基于MapInfo的城市房地产绿地可达性查询系统开发-以上海市浦东区(内环线)为例.测绘信息与工程.2005,30(1)
27金勇,丁良川.可达性·愉悦性·可持续性-论城市道路交通环境设计的社会学价值.规划师.2005,21(1).
28刘钊等.基于GIS的两步移动搜寻法在北京市就医空间可达性评价中的应用.测绘科学.2007,32(1)
29吕毅.城市小学校可达性评价.武汉大学硕士论文.2005:20~48
30周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观空间结构研究-以宁波市为例.生态学报.2003,23(5)
31胡志斌,何兴元,陆庆轩.基于GIS的绿地景观可达性研究-以沈阳市为例.沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版) .2005,21(6)
32尹海伟,孔繁花.济南市城市绿地可达性分析.植物生态学报.2006,30 (1):17~24
33吴人韦.城市绿地的分类.中国园林.1999,15(6): 59~61
34徐波,赵锋.关于城市绿地及其分类的若干思考.中国园林.2000(5):29~33
35金远.对城市绿地指标的分析.中国园林.2006,5: 56~57
36 Pirie, G. H. Measuring Accessibility: A Review and Proposal [J]. Environment and Planning A.1979, 11(3): 299~312
37 Allen, W.B, Liu D and Singer S. Accessibility Measures of U.S. Metropolitan Areas [J]. Transportation Research B. 1993, 27(6): 439~449
38 Mackiewicz, A, Ratajczak, W. Towards a New Definition of Topological Accessibility [J]. Transportation Research B. 1996, 30(1): 47~79
39 Morris J.M., Dumble P.L. and Wigan M R. AccessibilityIndicators for Transport Planning [J]. Transportation Research Part A, 1979, 13(2): 91~109
40 Shen, Q. Location Characteristics of Inner-City Neighborhoods and Employment Accessibility of Low-Wage Workers[J]. Environment and Planning B. 1998, 25(3): 345~365
41肖华斌,袁奇峰,徐会军.基于可达性和服务面积的公园绿地空间分布研究.规划广角.2009,2(25)
42 Harris B. Accessibility: Concepts and Applications[J]. Journal of Transportation and Statistics. 2001, 4(23):15~30
43邓岗.城市公园可达性设计研究.四川大学工程硕士学位论文.2006:17~18
44李师炜,董琳,林永善,邹俊毅.厦门岛城市绿地可达性研究.中国城市林业.2008,6 (6)
45贺晓辉,安慧君.城市绿地景观可达性分析研究进展.现代农业科技报.2008,1:39~41
46 Mullick A. Accessibility Issues in Park Design: The National Parks. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1993, 26(4): 25~33
47周亮,王挺,马娜,王新生.基于GIS的城市公共绿地空间可达性研究-以武汉市汉口地区为例.云南地理环境研究.2008,20(4)
48王建梅.基于GIS的洋山港可达性评价.上海师范大学硕士学位论文.2007,4:25~38
49 Weibull, J.W. On the Numerical Measurement of Accessibility[J].Environment and planning A. 1976, 12:53~67
50 Yu, K.J. Ecological Security Patterns in Landscape and GIS Application. Geographic Information Sciences. 1996, 1(2): 88~102
51张晓来.基于GIS的城市公园绿地服务半径研究.华中农业大学硕士学位论文.2007:31~33
52 LUO W, WANG, F.H. Measures of spatial Accessibility to Health Care in a GIS Environment: Synthesis and Case Study in the Chicago Region[J]. Environment and Planning. 2003, 30: 865~884
53唐名华.基于地理信息系统(GIS)的多种出行目的的城市交通可达性分析评价方法与技术.重庆大学硕士学位论文.2005:40~45
54王挺,田颖.GIS在布局城市广场、公园中的运用-以武汉市中心城区为例.云南地理环境研究.2007,19(5): 140~144
55周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观引力场研究-以宁波市为例.生态学报.2004,24(6):1157~1163
56李晓军.GIS空间分析方法研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2007:21~58
57李小马,刘常富.基于网络分析的沈阳城市公园可达性和服务.生态学报.2009,29(3)
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