车辆及机械设备测控关键技术的研究与应用
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摘要
汽车的噪声和振动是影响汽车舒适性的主要因素，降噪减振是汽车设计和制造中重要的课题。利用计算机辅助测试系统检测噪声振动信号是分析查找噪声和振动源头的主要手段之一。Windows操作系统因其界面友好、使用简单得到了广泛的使用。以前的计算机辅助测试系统在Windows操作系统环境下已不能满足要求。在新环境下仍然有许多难点和疑点急待搞清和解决。
首先分析了普通应用程序在Windows 98操作系统中使用查询采样掉点以及Windows 2000不能访问硬件的原因和机理。深入的学习了使用DDK编写WDM的Windows驱动程序。通过驱动程序实现了查询采样和中断采样，对两种采样方式作了详细的阐述。
扭矩和转速的测量可以采用计时法和数字计数法。计时法通过直接使用系统自身的计数器8254和外部时钟对扭矩传感器产生的方波信号进行计时，得到扭矩和转速值。数字计数法根据计算扭矩并不需要具体的时间值而是两个时间比值的原理，采用数字脉冲计数求得扭矩值。并对两种方法的优缺点进行了比较，同时对数字计数法的精度和误差进行了分析。
使用PC机控制步进电机，在开环控制系统中比较常见。该文对在Windows下控制步进电机作了研究。在分析了步进电机频矩特性的基础上，编写了使用AD卡中的8255控制步进电机的软件。软件根据步进电机的特性和具体的负载计算出步进电机加、减速步进频率和最高运行频率，然后通过驱动程序发出控制步进电机的脉冲信号完成开环控制。
The noise and vibration of automobile are the major factor that influences the comfort of automobile. Reducing noise and vibration is one of the important subjects in design and manufacture. The method that measuring systems aided by computer is used to check out the signals of noise and vibration is one of major methods to locate the source of noise and vibration. Windows operating system have gotten the extensive use because of his close friendly interface and use. The old measuring system aided by computers can't be applied to the Windows operation system. There are many difficulties in new environment to be solved.
Firstly, Reason and mechanism of losing data in sampling under Windows98 operating system was inquired as well as hardware can not be visited under Windows2000 in the ordinary application. The study of compiling the Windows's WDM drive through DDK has been gone deep into. Query sampling and interrupt sampling have been realized by way of the drive procedure. And the two kinds of sampling methods are expounded detailed.
The measurement torsion and rotating speed can adopt time reckoning and the numeral count law. The counter 8254 of the system and the outside clock are used directly in the time reckoning method to reckon the time of square wave given rise by the torque sensor. The torsion and the rotating speed value can be gotten. The numeral count law get the value of torsion through numeric pulses according to the principle that the torsion value obtained does not need concrete tune span but the ratio of two time spans. Then the merit and shortcoming of two kinds of methods have been compared, and the precision and error of the numeral count law have been analyzed.
It is fairly common in the open-loop control system that PC is used to control stepping motor. The research for controlling stepping motor under Windows has been done. The software for controlling stepping motor has been compiled in the chip 8255 on AD board after analyzing the relationship of stepping motor between torsion and frequency. The software figure out the frequency in the processes of acceleration, deceleration and at the highest speed according the property of stepping motor and the concrete load, then the pulse signals are sent to control the stepping motor and complete the open loop control.
首先分析了普通应用程序在Windows 98操作系统中使用查询采样掉点以及Windows 2000不能访问硬件的原因和机理。深入的学习了使用DDK编写WDM的Windows驱动程序。通过驱动程序实现了查询采样和中断采样，对两种采样方式作了详细的阐述。
扭矩和转速的测量可以采用计时法和数字计数法。计时法通过直接使用系统自身的计数器8254和外部时钟对扭矩传感器产生的方波信号进行计时，得到扭矩和转速值。数字计数法根据计算扭矩并不需要具体的时间值而是两个时间比值的原理，采用数字脉冲计数求得扭矩值。并对两种方法的优缺点进行了比较，同时对数字计数法的精度和误差进行了分析。
使用PC机控制步进电机，在开环控制系统中比较常见。该文对在Windows下控制步进电机作了研究。在分析了步进电机频矩特性的基础上，编写了使用AD卡中的8255控制步进电机的软件。软件根据步进电机的特性和具体的负载计算出步进电机加、减速步进频率和最高运行频率，然后通过驱动程序发出控制步进电机的脉冲信号完成开环控制。
The noise and vibration of automobile are the major factor that influences the comfort of automobile. Reducing noise and vibration is one of the important subjects in design and manufacture. The method that measuring systems aided by computer is used to check out the signals of noise and vibration is one of major methods to locate the source of noise and vibration. Windows operating system have gotten the extensive use because of his close friendly interface and use. The old measuring system aided by computers can't be applied to the Windows operation system. There are many difficulties in new environment to be solved.
Firstly, Reason and mechanism of losing data in sampling under Windows98 operating system was inquired as well as hardware can not be visited under Windows2000 in the ordinary application. The study of compiling the Windows's WDM drive through DDK has been gone deep into. Query sampling and interrupt sampling have been realized by way of the drive procedure. And the two kinds of sampling methods are expounded detailed.
The measurement torsion and rotating speed can adopt time reckoning and the numeral count law. The counter 8254 of the system and the outside clock are used directly in the time reckoning method to reckon the time of square wave given rise by the torque sensor. The torsion and the rotating speed value can be gotten. The numeral count law get the value of torsion through numeric pulses according to the principle that the torsion value obtained does not need concrete tune span but the ratio of two time spans. Then the merit and shortcoming of two kinds of methods have been compared, and the precision and error of the numeral count law have been analyzed.
It is fairly common in the open-loop control system that PC is used to control stepping motor. The research for controlling stepping motor under Windows has been done. The software for controlling stepping motor has been compiled in the chip 8255 on AD board after analyzing the relationship of stepping motor between torsion and frequency. The software figure out the frequency in the processes of acceleration, deceleration and at the highest speed according the property of stepping motor and the concrete load, then the pulse signals are sent to control the stepping motor and complete the open loop control.
引文
[1] Windows 2000 DDK Documentation. Microsoft Corp. 1999
[2] Chris Cant 著．W'mdows WDM设备驱动程序开发指南．机械工业出版社．2000．1
[3] Peter G．Viscarola，W．Anthony Mason 著．Windows NT与Windows 2000设备驱动及开发．电子工业出版社．2000．6
[4] 郭建新，左言言，宫镇，曾发林著．厢式汽车车内噪声的实验研究．江苏理工大学学报(自然科学版)．1999．7
[5] 葛隆祺著．汽车行驶中的振动及乘坐舒适性．工科物理．1993．3
[6] 张永瑞，刘振起，杨林耀，顾玉昆著．电子测量技术基础．西安电子科技大学出版社．1994．12
[7] 周明德．微型计算机原理及应用(修订版)．清华出版社．1997．6
[8] Baker，A．著．Windows NT设备驱动程序设计指南．机械工业出版社．1997．2
[9] 李永健，丁康，谢明著．汽车变速器寿命实验与换档实验多台运行状态微机监控系统．汽车工程．1996．4
[10] 赵玲著．计算机辅助测试系统研制与改进．重庆大学硕士学位论文．1999
[11] 李永健，丁康，谢明，王延春等著．汽车变速器寿命实验的微机监控系统．汽车工程．1995．2
[12] 江利旗著．离散频谱分析技术及动态信号分析系统．重庆大学硕士学位论文．2000
[13] 张尧学，史美林著．计算机操作系统教程．清华大学出版社．1993．9
[14] 李永健，丁康，谢明，王延春等著．微机测量转矩和转速的方法与应用．重庆大学学报．1994．6
[15] 朱小勇著．齿轮箱故障诊断研究与实验台的设计．重庆大学硕士学位论文．2001
[16] David A. Solomon. Windows NT Inside. Tsinghua university press. 1999
[17] Wang, Zongpei; Zhao, Shutao. Development of the hybrid stepping motor's static torque calculation model-distributional nonlinear magnetic-net model. Zhongguo Dianji Gongcheng Xuebao/Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering 19 5 May 1999
[18] 陈阵．吴月珠等著．Win9x通用数据采集设备驱动开发．计算机应用研究．2000．6
[19] 李磊源著．Windows 2000下PnP硬件驱动程序的设计．计算机应用研究．2001．3
[20] 李训铭等著．Win9x下高速数据采集技术及应用．工业控制计算机．2000．6
[21] 汪红著．用MS98DDK开发WDM设备驱动程序．Applications of the Computer Systems．2001．2
[22] 周京生著．WINDBG在NT设备驱动程序调试中的应用．计算机应用研究．2000．5
[23] 阳代平，陈幼平等著．基于Windows／NT环境下的数控系统驱动程序的研究与开发．机械与电子．1999．5
[24] 姚志峰，周洁敏等著．基于Windows 95的高速数据采集．测控技术．1999．4
[25] Xu, Du; Jiang, Yongping; Zhou, Shaoyong; Lin, Ming. Method and implementation of fully digital continuous micro-step for step motor. Zhongguo Dianji Gongcheng Xuebao. 1998
[26] 俞卞章等著．数字信号处理．西北工业大学出版社．2000．1
[27] Michael J．Young著．Visual C++4从入门到精通．电子工业出版社．1998
[28] 方培生著．传感器原理与应用．电子工业出版社．1991．3
[29] Xu, Xing; Zou, Suling; Xu, Debing; High-speed high-accuracy with DSP parallel data acquisition module: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Test and Measurement Jun 2-Jun 4 1999
[30] Tolat, Viral. V: Software architecture for realtime data acquisition, instrument control and command processing: International Telemetering Conference (Proceedings) v 28 Oct 1992
[31] 刘宝廷，程树康等著．步进电动机及其驱动控制系统．1997．11
[32] 汤子瀛，哲凤屏，汤小丹著．计算机操作系统．西安电子科技大学出版社．1996．12
[33] 焦振学．微机数控技术．北京理工大学出版社．2000．11
[34] Deichert. Ronald L; Burris Daniel P; Luckemeyer, James A; Development of a high speed data acquisition system based on LabVIEW and VXI; AUTOTESTCON (Proceedings) Sep 1997
[35] 王鸿钰著．步进电机控制技术入门．同济大学出版社．1990．9
[36] 李庆亮，司徒忠，郑莹娜，李扬著．基于LabVIEW和通用I／O卡的数据采集系统的实现．机械开发．1998．4
[37] 王健强著．步进电机升降频的软件实现．机电工程．1999．2
[38] 刘贤兴．混合式直线步进电机微机控制系统．江苏理工大学学报．1994．6
[39] 王彦增著．步进电机速度控制的软件设计方法．机械与电子．1994．2
[40] MSDN Library Visual Studio 6.0. Microsoft Corp. 1997
[41] 杨建武，郑刚著．采用WIN32多线程方法编写数据采集程序的难点和对策．微计算机信息．1999．5
[42] 罗维著．计算机辅助测试系统中一些关键技术的研究．重庆大学硕士论文．1998
[43] Zhang, Xiaohong: Yue, Yongjian; Liu, Enhai; Zhang, Huaining Source. Speed control of stepping motor based on the grating signal. Guangdian Gongcheng/Opto-Electronic Engineering 27 1 Feb 2000
[44] 陈荣著．动力机械的转矩转速测试及能量回收．测控技术．1998．5
[45] 张令弥著．动态测试技术的系列讲座．振动与冲击．1998．1
[46] 彭树生．用PC机控制步进电机的两种方法．电子技术．1996．12
[47] Kate Gregory．Visual C++6开发使用手册．机械工业出版社
[2] Chris Cant 著．W'mdows WDM设备驱动程序开发指南．机械工业出版社．2000．1
[3] Peter G．Viscarola，W．Anthony Mason 著．Windows NT与Windows 2000设备驱动及开发．电子工业出版社．2000．6
[4] 郭建新，左言言，宫镇，曾发林著．厢式汽车车内噪声的实验研究．江苏理工大学学报(自然科学版)．1999．7
[5] 葛隆祺著．汽车行驶中的振动及乘坐舒适性．工科物理．1993．3
[6] 张永瑞，刘振起，杨林耀，顾玉昆著．电子测量技术基础．西安电子科技大学出版社．1994．12
[7] 周明德．微型计算机原理及应用(修订版)．清华出版社．1997．6
[8] Baker，A．著．Windows NT设备驱动程序设计指南．机械工业出版社．1997．2
[9] 李永健，丁康，谢明著．汽车变速器寿命实验与换档实验多台运行状态微机监控系统．汽车工程．1996．4
[10] 赵玲著．计算机辅助测试系统研制与改进．重庆大学硕士学位论文．1999
[11] 李永健，丁康，谢明，王延春等著．汽车变速器寿命实验的微机监控系统．汽车工程．1995．2
[12] 江利旗著．离散频谱分析技术及动态信号分析系统．重庆大学硕士学位论文．2000
[13] 张尧学，史美林著．计算机操作系统教程．清华大学出版社．1993．9
[14] 李永健，丁康，谢明，王延春等著．微机测量转矩和转速的方法与应用．重庆大学学报．1994．6
[15] 朱小勇著．齿轮箱故障诊断研究与实验台的设计．重庆大学硕士学位论文．2001
[16] David A. Solomon. Windows NT Inside. Tsinghua university press. 1999
[17] Wang, Zongpei; Zhao, Shutao. Development of the hybrid stepping motor's static torque calculation model-distributional nonlinear magnetic-net model. Zhongguo Dianji Gongcheng Xuebao/Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering 19 5 May 1999
[18] 陈阵．吴月珠等著．Win9x通用数据采集设备驱动开发．计算机应用研究．2000．6
[19] 李磊源著．Windows 2000下PnP硬件驱动程序的设计．计算机应用研究．2001．3
[20] 李训铭等著．Win9x下高速数据采集技术及应用．工业控制计算机．2000．6
[21] 汪红著．用MS98DDK开发WDM设备驱动程序．Applications of the Computer Systems．2001．2
[22] 周京生著．WINDBG在NT设备驱动程序调试中的应用．计算机应用研究．2000．5
[23] 阳代平，陈幼平等著．基于Windows／NT环境下的数控系统驱动程序的研究与开发．机械与电子．1999．5
[24] 姚志峰，周洁敏等著．基于Windows 95的高速数据采集．测控技术．1999．4
[25] Xu, Du; Jiang, Yongping; Zhou, Shaoyong; Lin, Ming. Method and implementation of fully digital continuous micro-step for step motor. Zhongguo Dianji Gongcheng Xuebao. 1998
[26] 俞卞章等著．数字信号处理．西北工业大学出版社．2000．1
[27] Michael J．Young著．Visual C++4从入门到精通．电子工业出版社．1998
[28] 方培生著．传感器原理与应用．电子工业出版社．1991．3
[29] Xu, Xing; Zou, Suling; Xu, Debing; High-speed high-accuracy with DSP parallel data acquisition module: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Test and Measurement Jun 2-Jun 4 1999
[30] Tolat, Viral. V: Software architecture for realtime data acquisition, instrument control and command processing: International Telemetering Conference (Proceedings) v 28 Oct 1992
[31] 刘宝廷，程树康等著．步进电动机及其驱动控制系统．1997．11
[32] 汤子瀛，哲凤屏，汤小丹著．计算机操作系统．西安电子科技大学出版社．1996．12
[33] 焦振学．微机数控技术．北京理工大学出版社．2000．11
[34] Deichert. Ronald L; Burris Daniel P; Luckemeyer, James A; Development of a high speed data acquisition system based on LabVIEW and VXI; AUTOTESTCON (Proceedings) Sep 1997
[35] 王鸿钰著．步进电机控制技术入门．同济大学出版社．1990．9
[36] 李庆亮，司徒忠，郑莹娜，李扬著．基于LabVIEW和通用I／O卡的数据采集系统的实现．机械开发．1998．4
[37] 王健强著．步进电机升降频的软件实现．机电工程．1999．2
[38] 刘贤兴．混合式直线步进电机微机控制系统．江苏理工大学学报．1994．6
[39] 王彦增著．步进电机速度控制的软件设计方法．机械与电子．1994．2
[40] MSDN Library Visual Studio 6.0. Microsoft Corp. 1997
[41] 杨建武，郑刚著．采用WIN32多线程方法编写数据采集程序的难点和对策．微计算机信息．1999．5
[42] 罗维著．计算机辅助测试系统中一些关键技术的研究．重庆大学硕士论文．1998
[43] Zhang, Xiaohong: Yue, Yongjian; Liu, Enhai; Zhang, Huaining Source. Speed control of stepping motor based on the grating signal. Guangdian Gongcheng/Opto-Electronic Engineering 27 1 Feb 2000
[44] 陈荣著．动力机械的转矩转速测试及能量回收．测控技术．1998．5
[45] 张令弥著．动态测试技术的系列讲座．振动与冲击．1998．1
[46] 彭树生．用PC机控制步进电机的两种方法．电子技术．1996．12
[47] Kate Gregory．Visual C++6开发使用手册．机械工业出版社