硅橡胶中电树枝的生长机理与抑制方法研究
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摘要
硅橡胶凭借其良好的热、机械和绝缘性能，广泛应用于高压电力电缆附件的应力锥和绝缘主体。电缆附件结构复杂，因此不可避免的存在电应力集中现象，且预制式附件在生产、安装过程中会产生或引入缺陷，使得硅橡胶绝缘长期处于较严峻的运行环境。这些因素都会加速硅橡胶绝缘的老化，引发电树枝，最终导致绝缘故障。
本文以硅橡胶中电树枝现象为研究对象，分别制备了不同质量分数的纳米SiO_2/硅橡胶试样，采用典型的针-板电极结构得到了环境温度、施加电压频率以及SiO_2纳米颗粒等因素对硅橡胶中电树枝特性的影响规律，并结合硅橡胶的分子结构和物理特性探讨了各种因素的作用机理。主要研究工作和结论如下：
1.本文采用针-板电极结构研究了温度对室温硫化硅橡胶中电树枝特性的影响规律。发现硅橡胶中电树枝都是白色的树枝状通道。典型的电树枝结构有四种，分别为：树枝状、丛林状、松枝状和丛林-松枝混合状，不同结构的电树出现概率受温度影响较大，其中丛林状电树所占比重随着温度的升高逐渐增大。硅橡胶中电树枝起始时间随着环境温度的上升而增加。其累积击穿概率却随着环境温度的升高而呈下降趋势。
2.本文采用变频电源研究了施加电压频率对硅橡胶中电树特性的影响。结果表明在高频下（≥2kHz）出现了藤枝状电树，其生长速度明显大于工频电压下的电树。一定电压下，硅橡胶中电树枝起始时间随着施加电压频率的升高而减少。其主要电树结构的平均分形维数随着施加电压频率的增加而呈线性增加趋势，范围在1.2~1.8之间。硅橡胶中电树枝累积击穿概率随施加电压频率的升高而增加。
3.本文自行制备不同质量分数的纳米硅橡胶试样，研究了SiO_2纳米颗粒对硅橡胶中电树枝的抑制作用。随着纳米颗粒含量的增加，相同时间内电树枝的累积起始概率明显呈下降趋势，树枝通道宽度随着纳米颗粒含量的上升而明显呈减小趋势。在纳米颗粒含量在0~3%范围内，树枝通道的数目随着纳米颗粒含量的增加而增加；电树枝的分形维数平均值随着纳米颗粒含量的增加而明显呈上升趋势；其累积击穿概率在该范围内呈下降趋势。
Silicone rubber has been widely used in high-voltage cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE) power cables as stress cone and main insulation of prefabricated attachmentsfor its excellent thermal, mechanical and insulation properties. The existence of stressconcentration is inevitable in the cable attachments due to its complicated structure,and defects will be produced or introduced during the process of production andinstallation. All these factors mentioned above will accelerate the deterioration ofsilicone rubber in long-term running, and causing the appearance of electrical tree,which eventually leads to insulation failure. Therefore, the research on thephenomenon of electrical tree in silicone rubber has a very important theoretical andpractical value.
The phenomenon of electrical tree in silicon rubber is investigated by using thetypical needle-plate electrode, both pure and nano-structured silicone rubberspecimens were prepared to study the effect of ambient temperature, power frequency,and SiO_2nano particles on the treeing characteristics. Combined with the molecularstructure and physical properties of silicone rubber, the action mechanism of eachfactor is explained. Main conclusions are as follows:
The influence of ambient temperature on the treeing characteristics in roomtemperature vulcanizing silicone rubber was studied. It is found that all the electricaltrees in silicon rubber are white dendritic channel. There are four typical electricaltree structures, namely branch-like, bush-like, pine-like and bush-pine mixed. Theappearance probability of different structures is obviously affected by the ambienttemperature, in which the proportion of bush-like tree increases with ambienttemperature gradually. The initiation time of the electrical tree increases with theambient temperature, while the cumulative probability of treeing breakdowndecreases with it.
A variable frequency power supply was employed to study the influence ofpower frequency on the characteristics of electrical tree in silicone rubber. Obtainedresults show that a new structure bine-like tree appears at high frequencies (≥2kHz),its growth rate is greater than other types. The initiation time decreases with theincrease of power frequency, and the average fractal dimension of dominant structure at each frequency, which varies in the range of1.2~1.8, shows a linear increasingtrend with the increase of frequency. The cumulative breakdown probability increaseswith frequency, which is related to the increase of frequency of bothelectro-mechanical stress nearby the tip and the discharge in tree channel.
In order to investigate the inhibition mechanism of SiO_2nanoparticles onelectrical tree in silicon rubber, specimens with different quality of SiO_2particles isprepared. With the increase content of nanoparticles, the cumulative initiationprobability within the same applying time decrease obviously, and the width of branchchannel also reduce with it. In the range of0to3%, the number of branch channels,the average fractal dimension both increase with the nanoparticle content, accordingly,the cumulative breakdown probability decrease with it. Nano-SiO_2particles canimprove the trap depth of silicone rubber, thus inhibiting the injection of the electronsfrom the needle electrode, the interaction with the Si-O bond will increase theelasticity modulus of silicone rubber, moreover, the resistance performance todischarge of nanoparticles also plays an important role in obstructing the developmentof electrical trees, all the above reasons have relation to the inhibitory effect on theelectrical tree in nano-structured silicon rubber.
本文以硅橡胶中电树枝现象为研究对象，分别制备了不同质量分数的纳米SiO_2/硅橡胶试样，采用典型的针-板电极结构得到了环境温度、施加电压频率以及SiO_2纳米颗粒等因素对硅橡胶中电树枝特性的影响规律，并结合硅橡胶的分子结构和物理特性探讨了各种因素的作用机理。主要研究工作和结论如下：
1.本文采用针-板电极结构研究了温度对室温硫化硅橡胶中电树枝特性的影响规律。发现硅橡胶中电树枝都是白色的树枝状通道。典型的电树枝结构有四种，分别为：树枝状、丛林状、松枝状和丛林-松枝混合状，不同结构的电树出现概率受温度影响较大，其中丛林状电树所占比重随着温度的升高逐渐增大。硅橡胶中电树枝起始时间随着环境温度的上升而增加。其累积击穿概率却随着环境温度的升高而呈下降趋势。
2.本文采用变频电源研究了施加电压频率对硅橡胶中电树特性的影响。结果表明在高频下（≥2kHz）出现了藤枝状电树，其生长速度明显大于工频电压下的电树。一定电压下，硅橡胶中电树枝起始时间随着施加电压频率的升高而减少。其主要电树结构的平均分形维数随着施加电压频率的增加而呈线性增加趋势，范围在1.2~1.8之间。硅橡胶中电树枝累积击穿概率随施加电压频率的升高而增加。
3.本文自行制备不同质量分数的纳米硅橡胶试样，研究了SiO_2纳米颗粒对硅橡胶中电树枝的抑制作用。随着纳米颗粒含量的增加，相同时间内电树枝的累积起始概率明显呈下降趋势，树枝通道宽度随着纳米颗粒含量的上升而明显呈减小趋势。在纳米颗粒含量在0~3%范围内，树枝通道的数目随着纳米颗粒含量的增加而增加；电树枝的分形维数平均值随着纳米颗粒含量的增加而明显呈上升趋势；其累积击穿概率在该范围内呈下降趋势。
Silicone rubber has been widely used in high-voltage cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE) power cables as stress cone and main insulation of prefabricated attachmentsfor its excellent thermal, mechanical and insulation properties. The existence of stressconcentration is inevitable in the cable attachments due to its complicated structure,and defects will be produced or introduced during the process of production andinstallation. All these factors mentioned above will accelerate the deterioration ofsilicone rubber in long-term running, and causing the appearance of electrical tree,which eventually leads to insulation failure. Therefore, the research on thephenomenon of electrical tree in silicone rubber has a very important theoretical andpractical value.
The phenomenon of electrical tree in silicon rubber is investigated by using thetypical needle-plate electrode, both pure and nano-structured silicone rubberspecimens were prepared to study the effect of ambient temperature, power frequency,and SiO_2nano particles on the treeing characteristics. Combined with the molecularstructure and physical properties of silicone rubber, the action mechanism of eachfactor is explained. Main conclusions are as follows:
The influence of ambient temperature on the treeing characteristics in roomtemperature vulcanizing silicone rubber was studied. It is found that all the electricaltrees in silicon rubber are white dendritic channel. There are four typical electricaltree structures, namely branch-like, bush-like, pine-like and bush-pine mixed. Theappearance probability of different structures is obviously affected by the ambienttemperature, in which the proportion of bush-like tree increases with ambienttemperature gradually. The initiation time of the electrical tree increases with theambient temperature, while the cumulative probability of treeing breakdowndecreases with it.
A variable frequency power supply was employed to study the influence ofpower frequency on the characteristics of electrical tree in silicone rubber. Obtainedresults show that a new structure bine-like tree appears at high frequencies (≥2kHz),its growth rate is greater than other types. The initiation time decreases with theincrease of power frequency, and the average fractal dimension of dominant structure at each frequency, which varies in the range of1.2~1.8, shows a linear increasingtrend with the increase of frequency. The cumulative breakdown probability increaseswith frequency, which is related to the increase of frequency of bothelectro-mechanical stress nearby the tip and the discharge in tree channel.
In order to investigate the inhibition mechanism of SiO_2nanoparticles onelectrical tree in silicon rubber, specimens with different quality of SiO_2particles isprepared. With the increase content of nanoparticles, the cumulative initiationprobability within the same applying time decrease obviously, and the width of branchchannel also reduce with it. In the range of0to3%, the number of branch channels,the average fractal dimension both increase with the nanoparticle content, accordingly,the cumulative breakdown probability decrease with it. Nano-SiO_2particles canimprove the trap depth of silicone rubber, thus inhibiting the injection of the electronsfrom the needle electrode, the interaction with the Si-O bond will increase theelasticity modulus of silicone rubber, moreover, the resistance performance todischarge of nanoparticles also plays an important role in obstructing the developmentof electrical trees, all the above reasons have relation to the inhibitory effect on theelectrical tree in nano-structured silicon rubber.
引文
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