农业保险巨灾风险分散机制研究
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摘要
我国是一个自然灾害频发的国家,其中农业灾害尤甚。作为一个农业大国,农业既是我国国民经济的基础,又是被公认的高危弱质产业。随着2004年以农业为主题的中央一号令的颁布,发展政策性农业保险,积极服务于“三农”也随之被提上议程。依托于连续七年的中央一号令加之“十二五”规划的政策利好,各地区积极探索和完善政策性农业保险制度,我国农业保险在短短几年的发展当中取得了举世瞩目的成绩,一跃成为世界第二大农业保险市场。然而,随着农业保险规模的不断发展,承保的农业风险日益扩大,中央和地方持续倡导“建立、健全农业再保险体系并逐步形成农业巨灾风险转移分担机制”,我国农业保险风险分散仍未形成长效机制,再保险、保险证券化等风险分散手段仍未得到有效利用,保险公司的农险业务仍存在着较大的经营风险,政府因承担巨额农业风险损失补偿而面临的严重的财政负担仍未得到有效改善。因此,完善我国农业保险制度,保证农业保险可持续发展的当务之急就是立足于我国现有制度条件、市场条件和技术条件,结合国际先进经验,建立和完善农业保险巨灾风险分散机制。
本文正是以此为出发点,通过明确地界定农业保险巨灾风险的相关定义及特性,结合对国外先进农业保险经验以及我国政策性农业保险的发展现状的分析,设计符合我国现阶段农业保险发展情况的农业保险巨灾风险分散机制。
本论文分为6章,具体内容如下：
第1章,绪论。本章是对论文的整体规划,在确立论文研究主题的基础上,通过对国内外研究现状的综述,整理出本文的思路及创新点。目前国内外对农业保险的研究集中于农业保险的性质、发展困境成因、农业保险发展模式以及农业巨灾风险管理的研究,少有对农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的探讨。然而,作为农业保险体系的重要组成部分,建立和完善农业保险巨灾风险分散机制有利于理清农业保险各利益相关者的权利和义务,形成长效风险分散机制,保证农业保险的可持续发展。同时,农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的建立是发展农业巨灾风险分散机制的前提和基础,如果仅是针对相对较低的超额赔付率都无法有效分散的话,当农业巨灾风险发生时,农业保险体系将瞬间瓦解。
第2章,农业保险、政策性农业保险及农业保险巨灾风险。本章是全文的理论基础,旨在明确本文研究的对象及范围。通过介绍与农业保险巨灾风险相关的概念——农业保险、政策性农业保险、农业巨灾风险的定义及特性,进而引申出发展政策性农业保险的必要性。其次,通过界定本文的核心概念农业保险巨灾风险,并通过农业巨灾风险的对比,引出本文的写作目的以及选题的现实意义。
第3章,农业保险巨灾风险分散手段。本章着重分析了农业保险巨灾风险分散的三种手段,即：财政补贴、再保险、巨灾风险证券化。风险分散手段是农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的重要组成部分。财政补贴在风险分散方面的作用主要可分为：保费补贴,通过对农民参保的补贴降低信息不对称风险以缓解经营保险公司农险业务的超赔风险；经营管理费用补贴及税收优惠,通过对农业保险的经营机构进行政策支持,发挥激励作用,降低经营风险；建立巨灾基金,分散农业保险巨灾风险的有效途径。再保险,保险公司分散超赔风险的重要手段,同时也是农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的核心组成部分。巨灾风险证券化,包括：巨灾债券、巨灾期权、巨灾互换以及或有资本。在本文的第六部分,结合我们的市场制度因素分析了巨灾风险证券化的可行性。
第4章,国外农业保险巨灾风险分散机制经验借鉴及启示。本章选取了世界最大的农业保险市场——美国、公私合作模式的成功典范——西班牙、发展中国家的农业保险成功案例——墨西哥,三个被全世界公认的农业保险的典型范例,通过对农业保险模式以及农业保险巨灾风险机制两方面的分析,总结出三个国家的农业保险特点,并为下文我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的建立提供可借鉴的成熟经验。
第5章,我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制发展历程概述及分析。本章由三部分组成,即政策性农业保险的发展历史及现状、政策性农业保险主要模式分析、各模式巨灾风险分散机制比较。目前我国农业保险政策试点的主要模式有：商业自办、专业经营、联办共保、共保+互助会、相互制保险公司等模式。经过了几年的发展,各阶段已积累了很多成功经验,通过比较和分析各模式,有利于利用现有成功经验,总结出适合全国推广的农业保险制度以及基于此建立的农业保险巨灾风险分散制度。
第6章,我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制设计及政策建议。本章由五部分组成：(1)我国建立农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的必要性。以分析我国目前主要试点模式下农业保险巨灾风险分散机制存在的问题为基础说明风险分散机制的缺失已成为制约我国农业发展的重要原因。(2)我国农业保险巨灾风险分散手段的适用性。通过对我国农业发展态势分析、制度条件及技术条件现状分析,引出各风险分散手段在我国的适用性,为下文农业保险风险分散机制的运行模式设计奠定基础。(3)我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的原则、内容。机制的原则主要是：可持续性原则、政府支持原则、公平性原则、效率性原则；内容主要包括：对建立多主体、多元化、多层次的农业保险巨灾风险分散机制丰富内涵的解释。(4)我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制设计。主要从参与主体、运行模式、分摊比例等方面构建出符合我国现实情况的农业保险巨灾风险分散机制。(5)我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制建立的相关配套政策建议。
本文的创新在于：首先,本文对农业保险巨灾风险进行了明确的界定,进而引出建立农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的重要性。其次,本文对国际农业保险巨灾风险分散机制进行了较详细的分析与比较,具有较强的针对性和创新性。最后,本文通过结合我国现阶段的制度条件、市场条件、技术条件以及我国各地区农业保险试点现状,从参与主体、运行模式和分摊比例等方面设计出多主体、多元化、多层次的农业保险巨灾风险分散机制。
The agriculture of China has been suffered a lots of natural disasters. As a agriculture giant, agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and also a weak industry with higher risk but lower income. Since 2004,The Central Committee has continuously emphasized the importance of agricultural insurance for 7 years and the "12th five years plan", and required localities to create an efficient policy-oriented program in running and expanding agricultural insurance for the development of "Three-dimensional Rural Issues". The next few years witnessed the rapid development of agriculture insurance in China, and became the second largest agriculture insurance market in the world. However, with the extension area and more risks covered by the agriculture insurance, a long term catastrophic risk transfer mechanism for agriculture insurance hasn't been built yet, and the agriculture insurance companies still have to face up to a lot of operational risk. For the sustainable development of agriculture insurance, it is necessary to build up a catastrophic risk transfer mechanism for agriculture insurance, which should suit our county's conditions.
This article is on the basis of a clear definition of the relevant concept with agricultural insurance catastrophic risk, combined with the introduction of advanced agricultural insurance in the foreign countries, and the analysis of current development of our countries, in order to develop the catastrophic risk mechanism of agriculture insurance.
Chapter 1:Introduction. This chapter is the overall planning. Based on the research topic, a lot of papers either home and aboard have been read and summarized. It's found that most of the research focused on the nature of agricultural insurance, the causes of development difficulties, the mode of development of agricultural insurance and the risk management of agricultural catastrophic risk. However, few of the papers are about the catastrophic risk diversification mechanism of agricultural insurance. We all know that as an important part of the agricultural insurance system, it is important to establish and improve the risk diversification mechanism to sort out the rights and obligations of various stakeholders in agricultural insurance scheme. The long-term risk spreading mechanism ensures the sustainable agricultural insurance development.
Chapter 2:Agricultural insurance, policy-oriented agricultural insurance, and catastrophic risk of agriculture insurance. This chapter is the theoretical basis of the article, in order to clear the object and scope of the study. First, it introduces the definition and characteristics of agricultural insurance, and then, come up with the necessity of development policy-oriented agricultural insurance. Second, by defining the core concept of the article—catastrophic risk of agricultural insurance by comparing agriculture catastrophic risk, leads to the purpose of writing this article.
Chapter 3:The means of diversification the catastrophic risk of agricultural insurance. This chapter analyzes four means that can be used for diversifying the catastrophe risk of agricultural insurance, namely:financial subsidies, reinsurance, catastrophe risk securitization. Means of risk diversification of agricultural insurance catastrophe risk is an important part of the mechanism. Financial subsidies for risk diversification can be divided into 3 parts:premium subsidies, insurance subsidies to farmers by reducing the risk of asymmetric information in order to ease the excess of loss risk of agriculture insurance company; operation and management cost of subsidies and tax incentives, Through the operation of agricultural insurance policies to support institutions, as an incentive to reduce business risks; establishing catastrophe funds, decentralized agricultural insurance catastrophe risk effective way. Reinsurance, insurance companies spread the risk of an important means of excess of loss, but also the core of agricultural insurance catastrophe risk component. Catastrophe risk securitization, including:catastrophe bonds, catastrophe options, catastrophe swaps and contingent capital. Part 6 of this article, combined with our market system factors analyzes the feasibility of catastrophe risk securitization.
Chapter 4:Experience and enlightenment of foreign agricultural insurance catastrophe risk spreading mechanism. This chapter selected the world's largest agricultural insurance market-the United States, a successful example of public-private partnership model-Spain, success stories of agricultural insurance in developing countries-Mexico, three are recognized worldwide as a typical example of the agricultural insurance, through the Agricultural Insurance Agricultural Insurance and the mechanism of catastrophic risk analysis of two aspects, summed up the characteristics of the three countries, agricultural insurance and agricultural insurance for the following catastrophe of the establishment of mechanisms to provide risk. diversification can learn from the mature experience.
Chapter 5:China's agricultural insurance catastrophe risk diversification mechanism outlined in the course of development and analysis. This chapter consists of three parts, namely, the development of agricultural insurance policy history and present situation, the main mode of policy analysis of agricultural insurance, catastrophe risk diversification mechanism of the model comparison. China's agricultural insurance policies currently the main mode of the pilot: commercial self-management, professional management, the Liaison Office co-insurance, co-insurance+unions, mutual insurance companies and other models. After years of development, each phase has accumulated many successful experiences, by comparing and analyzing the model, is conducive to successful use of existing experience, summed up for the country to promote the agricultural insurance system and the agricultural insurance based on this catastrophic risk decentralized system.
Chapter 6:China's catastrophe risk diversification mechanism of agricultural insurance design and policy suggestion. This chapter consists of five parts:(1) The necessity of establishing catastrophic risk mechanism for agricultural insurance. It's on the basis of the analysis of the current pilot mode, the main agricultural insurance catastrophe risk diversification mechanism in the problem-based mechanisms explain the lack of risk diversification has become a major constraint for the development of the agricultural insurance. (2) the applicability of the diversification means for agricultural insurance catastrophic risk. Through the development trend of China's agricultural, institutional conditions and status of technical conditions, leads to the risk diversification means the applicability of our country, to spread the risks of agricultural insurance mechanism below the operating mode of the design basis. (3) catastrophic risk diversification of agricultural insurance system principles, content. Mechanism principles are:the sustainability principle; the government supports principle and fairness principle, efficiency principle; contents include:the establishment of multi-agent, diversified, multi-level agricultural insurance catastrophe risk spreading mechanism to explain the rich connotation. (4) The design of catastrophic risk diversification mechanism of agricultural insurance. It consists of participants, running mode and diversification ratio (5) Some suggestion for the establishment of catastrophe risk diversification mechanism of agriculture insurance.
本文正是以此为出发点,通过明确地界定农业保险巨灾风险的相关定义及特性,结合对国外先进农业保险经验以及我国政策性农业保险的发展现状的分析,设计符合我国现阶段农业保险发展情况的农业保险巨灾风险分散机制。
本论文分为6章,具体内容如下：
第1章,绪论。本章是对论文的整体规划,在确立论文研究主题的基础上,通过对国内外研究现状的综述,整理出本文的思路及创新点。目前国内外对农业保险的研究集中于农业保险的性质、发展困境成因、农业保险发展模式以及农业巨灾风险管理的研究,少有对农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的探讨。然而,作为农业保险体系的重要组成部分,建立和完善农业保险巨灾风险分散机制有利于理清农业保险各利益相关者的权利和义务,形成长效风险分散机制,保证农业保险的可持续发展。同时,农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的建立是发展农业巨灾风险分散机制的前提和基础,如果仅是针对相对较低的超额赔付率都无法有效分散的话,当农业巨灾风险发生时,农业保险体系将瞬间瓦解。
第2章,农业保险、政策性农业保险及农业保险巨灾风险。本章是全文的理论基础,旨在明确本文研究的对象及范围。通过介绍与农业保险巨灾风险相关的概念——农业保险、政策性农业保险、农业巨灾风险的定义及特性,进而引申出发展政策性农业保险的必要性。其次,通过界定本文的核心概念农业保险巨灾风险,并通过农业巨灾风险的对比,引出本文的写作目的以及选题的现实意义。
第3章,农业保险巨灾风险分散手段。本章着重分析了农业保险巨灾风险分散的三种手段,即：财政补贴、再保险、巨灾风险证券化。风险分散手段是农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的重要组成部分。财政补贴在风险分散方面的作用主要可分为：保费补贴,通过对农民参保的补贴降低信息不对称风险以缓解经营保险公司农险业务的超赔风险；经营管理费用补贴及税收优惠,通过对农业保险的经营机构进行政策支持,发挥激励作用,降低经营风险；建立巨灾基金,分散农业保险巨灾风险的有效途径。再保险,保险公司分散超赔风险的重要手段,同时也是农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的核心组成部分。巨灾风险证券化,包括：巨灾债券、巨灾期权、巨灾互换以及或有资本。在本文的第六部分,结合我们的市场制度因素分析了巨灾风险证券化的可行性。
第4章,国外农业保险巨灾风险分散机制经验借鉴及启示。本章选取了世界最大的农业保险市场——美国、公私合作模式的成功典范——西班牙、发展中国家的农业保险成功案例——墨西哥,三个被全世界公认的农业保险的典型范例,通过对农业保险模式以及农业保险巨灾风险机制两方面的分析,总结出三个国家的农业保险特点,并为下文我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的建立提供可借鉴的成熟经验。
第5章,我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制发展历程概述及分析。本章由三部分组成,即政策性农业保险的发展历史及现状、政策性农业保险主要模式分析、各模式巨灾风险分散机制比较。目前我国农业保险政策试点的主要模式有：商业自办、专业经营、联办共保、共保+互助会、相互制保险公司等模式。经过了几年的发展,各阶段已积累了很多成功经验,通过比较和分析各模式,有利于利用现有成功经验,总结出适合全国推广的农业保险制度以及基于此建立的农业保险巨灾风险分散制度。
第6章,我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制设计及政策建议。本章由五部分组成：(1)我国建立农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的必要性。以分析我国目前主要试点模式下农业保险巨灾风险分散机制存在的问题为基础说明风险分散机制的缺失已成为制约我国农业发展的重要原因。(2)我国农业保险巨灾风险分散手段的适用性。通过对我国农业发展态势分析、制度条件及技术条件现状分析,引出各风险分散手段在我国的适用性,为下文农业保险风险分散机制的运行模式设计奠定基础。(3)我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的原则、内容。机制的原则主要是：可持续性原则、政府支持原则、公平性原则、效率性原则；内容主要包括：对建立多主体、多元化、多层次的农业保险巨灾风险分散机制丰富内涵的解释。(4)我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制设计。主要从参与主体、运行模式、分摊比例等方面构建出符合我国现实情况的农业保险巨灾风险分散机制。(5)我国农业保险巨灾风险分散机制建立的相关配套政策建议。
本文的创新在于：首先,本文对农业保险巨灾风险进行了明确的界定,进而引出建立农业保险巨灾风险分散机制的重要性。其次,本文对国际农业保险巨灾风险分散机制进行了较详细的分析与比较,具有较强的针对性和创新性。最后,本文通过结合我国现阶段的制度条件、市场条件、技术条件以及我国各地区农业保险试点现状,从参与主体、运行模式和分摊比例等方面设计出多主体、多元化、多层次的农业保险巨灾风险分散机制。
The agriculture of China has been suffered a lots of natural disasters. As a agriculture giant, agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and also a weak industry with higher risk but lower income. Since 2004,The Central Committee has continuously emphasized the importance of agricultural insurance for 7 years and the "12th five years plan", and required localities to create an efficient policy-oriented program in running and expanding agricultural insurance for the development of "Three-dimensional Rural Issues". The next few years witnessed the rapid development of agriculture insurance in China, and became the second largest agriculture insurance market in the world. However, with the extension area and more risks covered by the agriculture insurance, a long term catastrophic risk transfer mechanism for agriculture insurance hasn't been built yet, and the agriculture insurance companies still have to face up to a lot of operational risk. For the sustainable development of agriculture insurance, it is necessary to build up a catastrophic risk transfer mechanism for agriculture insurance, which should suit our county's conditions.
This article is on the basis of a clear definition of the relevant concept with agricultural insurance catastrophic risk, combined with the introduction of advanced agricultural insurance in the foreign countries, and the analysis of current development of our countries, in order to develop the catastrophic risk mechanism of agriculture insurance.
Chapter 1:Introduction. This chapter is the overall planning. Based on the research topic, a lot of papers either home and aboard have been read and summarized. It's found that most of the research focused on the nature of agricultural insurance, the causes of development difficulties, the mode of development of agricultural insurance and the risk management of agricultural catastrophic risk. However, few of the papers are about the catastrophic risk diversification mechanism of agricultural insurance. We all know that as an important part of the agricultural insurance system, it is important to establish and improve the risk diversification mechanism to sort out the rights and obligations of various stakeholders in agricultural insurance scheme. The long-term risk spreading mechanism ensures the sustainable agricultural insurance development.
Chapter 2:Agricultural insurance, policy-oriented agricultural insurance, and catastrophic risk of agriculture insurance. This chapter is the theoretical basis of the article, in order to clear the object and scope of the study. First, it introduces the definition and characteristics of agricultural insurance, and then, come up with the necessity of development policy-oriented agricultural insurance. Second, by defining the core concept of the article—catastrophic risk of agricultural insurance by comparing agriculture catastrophic risk, leads to the purpose of writing this article.
Chapter 3:The means of diversification the catastrophic risk of agricultural insurance. This chapter analyzes four means that can be used for diversifying the catastrophe risk of agricultural insurance, namely:financial subsidies, reinsurance, catastrophe risk securitization. Means of risk diversification of agricultural insurance catastrophe risk is an important part of the mechanism. Financial subsidies for risk diversification can be divided into 3 parts:premium subsidies, insurance subsidies to farmers by reducing the risk of asymmetric information in order to ease the excess of loss risk of agriculture insurance company; operation and management cost of subsidies and tax incentives, Through the operation of agricultural insurance policies to support institutions, as an incentive to reduce business risks; establishing catastrophe funds, decentralized agricultural insurance catastrophe risk effective way. Reinsurance, insurance companies spread the risk of an important means of excess of loss, but also the core of agricultural insurance catastrophe risk component. Catastrophe risk securitization, including:catastrophe bonds, catastrophe options, catastrophe swaps and contingent capital. Part 6 of this article, combined with our market system factors analyzes the feasibility of catastrophe risk securitization.
Chapter 4:Experience and enlightenment of foreign agricultural insurance catastrophe risk spreading mechanism. This chapter selected the world's largest agricultural insurance market-the United States, a successful example of public-private partnership model-Spain, success stories of agricultural insurance in developing countries-Mexico, three are recognized worldwide as a typical example of the agricultural insurance, through the Agricultural Insurance Agricultural Insurance and the mechanism of catastrophic risk analysis of two aspects, summed up the characteristics of the three countries, agricultural insurance and agricultural insurance for the following catastrophe of the establishment of mechanisms to provide risk. diversification can learn from the mature experience.
Chapter 5:China's agricultural insurance catastrophe risk diversification mechanism outlined in the course of development and analysis. This chapter consists of three parts, namely, the development of agricultural insurance policy history and present situation, the main mode of policy analysis of agricultural insurance, catastrophe risk diversification mechanism of the model comparison. China's agricultural insurance policies currently the main mode of the pilot: commercial self-management, professional management, the Liaison Office co-insurance, co-insurance+unions, mutual insurance companies and other models. After years of development, each phase has accumulated many successful experiences, by comparing and analyzing the model, is conducive to successful use of existing experience, summed up for the country to promote the agricultural insurance system and the agricultural insurance based on this catastrophic risk decentralized system.
Chapter 6:China's catastrophe risk diversification mechanism of agricultural insurance design and policy suggestion. This chapter consists of five parts:(1) The necessity of establishing catastrophic risk mechanism for agricultural insurance. It's on the basis of the analysis of the current pilot mode, the main agricultural insurance catastrophe risk diversification mechanism in the problem-based mechanisms explain the lack of risk diversification has become a major constraint for the development of the agricultural insurance. (2) the applicability of the diversification means for agricultural insurance catastrophic risk. Through the development trend of China's agricultural, institutional conditions and status of technical conditions, leads to the risk diversification means the applicability of our country, to spread the risks of agricultural insurance mechanism below the operating mode of the design basis. (3) catastrophic risk diversification of agricultural insurance system principles, content. Mechanism principles are:the sustainability principle; the government supports principle and fairness principle, efficiency principle; contents include:the establishment of multi-agent, diversified, multi-level agricultural insurance catastrophe risk spreading mechanism to explain the rich connotation. (4) The design of catastrophic risk diversification mechanism of agricultural insurance. It consists of participants, running mode and diversification ratio (5) Some suggestion for the establishment of catastrophe risk diversification mechanism of agriculture insurance.
引文
①中国保险监督管理委员会办公厅主办,2010年中国保险年鉴[Z]北京：中国保险监督管理委员会,2010年9月,第22页
②温家宝,第十一届全国人民代表大会第四次会议政府工作报告,2011年
③ David J. Spielman, Klaus von Grebmer (2004)农业研究中的公私合作模式[R]国际粮食政策研究所,ETPD讨论报告第113号
④吕晓英,李德先,政策性农业再保险动作方式的动态模拟[J]保险研究,2010年07期
⑤过建富等,渔业互保：期待更多政策支持[J]经贸实践,2008年12期
⑥随着农业保险在我国的发展,该狭义的概念也在不断扩展,目前福建、浙江等省分将农房、农机、渔船和渔民人身等扩展到政策性农业保险的范围之中,统称为涉农保险。
⑦庹国柱等.政策性农业保险巨灾风险管理究——以北京市为例[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,第12页
⑧冯文丽,林保清.我国农业保险短缺的经济分析[J]福建论坛(经济社会版),2003年06期
⑨庹国柱等.政策性农业保险巨灾风险管理究——以北京市为例[M]北京：中国财政经济出版社,2010.第18页
⑩邓国取.中国农业巨灾保险制度研究[D]西北农林科技大学,2006.第34页
11施红,美国农业保险财政补贴机制研究回顾—兼对中国政策性农业保险补贴的评析[J]保险研究,2008年04期
12 Olivier Mahul, Charles J. Stutley, Government Support to Agricultural Insurance:hallenges and Options For developing countries, [M]The Word Bank.,2008
13胡炳志,陈之楚主编,再保险(第二版)[M].北京：中国金融出版社,2006年,第83页
14龙文军,万开亮,李向敏,我国农业再保险体系建设研究[J]农业经济问题,2007年06期
15张洪涛,巨灾风险管理—中国发展巨灾债券的构想[J]保险研究,2006年02期
16闫石,农业巨灾风险证券化——发展我国农业保险的新路径[J]济南金融,2005年06期
17丁波,巴曙松,我国地震巨灾期权定价机制研究[J]当代财经,2011年11期
18谢世清,论巨灾互换及其发展[J]财经论丛,2010第02期
20 Dennis A. Shields, Renegotiation of the Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA) for Federal Crop Insurance, [R] Congressional Research Service, August 12,2010
21 Scott Fancher, FCIC's Standard Reinsurance Agreement[R],A National AgLaw Center Research Article. March,2002
22 Dennis A. Shields, Renegotiation of the Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA) for Federal Crop Insurance, [R] Congressional Research Service, August 12,2010
23资料来源：美国农业部,风险管理机构
24丁学东,西班牙农业保险政策及对我们的启示.农业经济问题[J]2005年08期
25 Swiss Re, Setting up sustainable agricultural insurance:the example of China,[R],Sigma,2008.12
27一些文献将其称作Self Insurance Funds简称SIFs。
28瑞士再保险经济研究及咨询部
29 Ramiro Iturrioz. Agriculture insurance[R],Primer series on insurance published by Word Bank, November 2009(12)
30 Swiss Re, Insurance in emerging market:sound development,greenfield for agricultural insurance,[J],Sigma,2007.1
31 David J. Spielman, Klaus von Grebmer,农业研究中的公私合作模式[R]国际粮食政策研究所,ETPD讨论报告第113号(2004)
32国务院发展研究中心金融所《中国农业保险：现状、问题与政策》课题组,中国农业保险：现状、问题与政策[R],2010年7月
33数据来源：中国保险监督管理委员会网站
34数据来源：中国保险监督管理委员会网站
35资料来源：《中国统计年鉴》
37朱俊生,庹国柱,我国发达地区政策性农业保险试验的比较制度分析[J]保险研究,2007年07期
38黄昆等,探析全国首家相互制保险公司“阳光农业保险”的成长[J]中国科技博览,2009年26期
39高庆华,中国的自然灾害与减灾系统工程[J]河北地质学院学报,1991年3期
40国务院发展研究中心金融所《中国农业保险：现状、问题与政策》课题组,中国农业保险：现状、问题与政策,[R],2010年7月
41王韧,我国政策性农业保险制度优化路径探析[J]经济经纬,2009年05期
42 Olivier Mahul, Charles J. Stutley, Government Support to Agricultural Insurance:Challenges and Options For developing countries, [M]The Word Bank.,2008
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②温家宝,第十一届全国人民代表大会第四次会议政府工作报告,2011年
③ David J. Spielman, Klaus von Grebmer (2004)农业研究中的公私合作模式[R]国际粮食政策研究所,ETPD讨论报告第113号
④吕晓英,李德先,政策性农业再保险动作方式的动态模拟[J]保险研究,2010年07期
⑤过建富等,渔业互保：期待更多政策支持[J]经贸实践,2008年12期
⑥随着农业保险在我国的发展,该狭义的概念也在不断扩展,目前福建、浙江等省分将农房、农机、渔船和渔民人身等扩展到政策性农业保险的范围之中,统称为涉农保险。
⑦庹国柱等.政策性农业保险巨灾风险管理究——以北京市为例[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,第12页
⑧冯文丽,林保清.我国农业保险短缺的经济分析[J]福建论坛(经济社会版),2003年06期
⑨庹国柱等.政策性农业保险巨灾风险管理究——以北京市为例[M]北京：中国财政经济出版社,2010.第18页
⑩邓国取.中国农业巨灾保险制度研究[D]西北农林科技大学,2006.第34页
11施红,美国农业保险财政补贴机制研究回顾—兼对中国政策性农业保险补贴的评析[J]保险研究,2008年04期
12 Olivier Mahul, Charles J. Stutley, Government Support to Agricultural Insurance:hallenges and Options For developing countries, [M]The Word Bank.,2008
13胡炳志,陈之楚主编,再保险(第二版)[M].北京：中国金融出版社,2006年,第83页
14龙文军,万开亮,李向敏,我国农业再保险体系建设研究[J]农业经济问题,2007年06期
15张洪涛,巨灾风险管理—中国发展巨灾债券的构想[J]保险研究,2006年02期
16闫石,农业巨灾风险证券化——发展我国农业保险的新路径[J]济南金融,2005年06期
17丁波,巴曙松,我国地震巨灾期权定价机制研究[J]当代财经,2011年11期
18谢世清,论巨灾互换及其发展[J]财经论丛,2010第02期
20 Dennis A. Shields, Renegotiation of the Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA) for Federal Crop Insurance, [R] Congressional Research Service, August 12,2010
21 Scott Fancher, FCIC's Standard Reinsurance Agreement[R],A National AgLaw Center Research Article. March,2002
22 Dennis A. Shields, Renegotiation of the Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA) for Federal Crop Insurance, [R] Congressional Research Service, August 12,2010
23资料来源：美国农业部,风险管理机构
24丁学东,西班牙农业保险政策及对我们的启示.农业经济问题[J]2005年08期
25 Swiss Re, Setting up sustainable agricultural insurance:the example of China,[R],Sigma,2008.12
27一些文献将其称作Self Insurance Funds简称SIFs。
28瑞士再保险经济研究及咨询部
29 Ramiro Iturrioz. Agriculture insurance[R],Primer series on insurance published by Word Bank, November 2009(12)
30 Swiss Re, Insurance in emerging market:sound development,greenfield for agricultural insurance,[J],Sigma,2007.1
31 David J. Spielman, Klaus von Grebmer,农业研究中的公私合作模式[R]国际粮食政策研究所,ETPD讨论报告第113号(2004)
32国务院发展研究中心金融所《中国农业保险：现状、问题与政策》课题组,中国农业保险：现状、问题与政策[R],2010年7月
33数据来源：中国保险监督管理委员会网站
34数据来源：中国保险监督管理委员会网站
35资料来源：《中国统计年鉴》
37朱俊生,庹国柱,我国发达地区政策性农业保险试验的比较制度分析[J]保险研究,2007年07期
38黄昆等,探析全国首家相互制保险公司“阳光农业保险”的成长[J]中国科技博览,2009年26期
39高庆华,中国的自然灾害与减灾系统工程[J]河北地质学院学报,1991年3期
40国务院发展研究中心金融所《中国农业保险：现状、问题与政策》课题组,中国农业保险：现状、问题与政策,[R],2010年7月
41王韧,我国政策性农业保险制度优化路径探析[J]经济经纬,2009年05期
42 Olivier Mahul, Charles J. Stutley, Government Support to Agricultural Insurance:Challenges and Options For developing countries, [M]The Word Bank.,2008
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[2]Linda Calvin and John Quiggin. "Adverse Selection in Crop Insurance: Actuarial and Asymmetric Information Incentives",[J]American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.81, No.4 (Nov.,1999)
[3]Epstein.R.A.Catastrophic responses to catastrophic risks.Journal of Risk and Uncertainty.1996,
[4]Olivier Mahul, Charles J. Stutley, Government Support to Agricultural Insurance:Challenges and Options For developing countries, [M]The Word Bank., 2008
[5]Scott Fancher, FCIC's Standard Reinsurance Agreement, [R]A National AgLaw Center Research Article, March.2002
[6]Swiss Re, Insurance in emerging market:sound development,greenfield for agricultural insurance, [J]Sigma,2007.1
[7]Swiss Re, Setting up sustainable agricultural insurance:the example of China, [J]Sigma 2008.12
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