湿地旅游可持续发展研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
当前,被称为“朝阳产业”的旅游业已经受到人们的广泛的关注。湿地是世界上生产力最高的生态体系,它不仅具有丰富的水资源、土地资源、生物多样性资源和矿产资源,还具有巨大的生态效益和经济效益。湿地以其独具特色的自然和文化景观为湿地旅游提供了有利条件。本文在可持续发展、可持续旅游、生态旅游的基础上提出了湿地旅游这一概念,分析了湿地旅游发展和环境保护之间的关系;针对湿地生物多样性、景观多样性、文化多样性等特点对湿地的旅游价值做了进一步的探讨,提出了湿地旅游可持续发展的几点对策。
     湿地旅游是以湿地为资源基础的旅游活动,具有强烈湿地生态保护意识的一种旅游开发模式。湿地旅游可持续发展的核心思想是建立在经济效益、社会效益、和生态效益的基础上的,它所追求的目标是:既要使人们的旅游需求得到满足,个人得到充分发展,又要对湿地资源和环境进行保护,使后人有同等的旅游发展机会和权力。湿地旅游特别关注的是生态的合理性,强调对旅游资源和旅游地环境的保护。
     湿地的旅游特色和旅游价值体现在湿地的文化多样性、景观多样性、生物多样性等方面。湿地文化具有多样性、独特性、科考性等特征,湿地的历史文化、民俗文化、饮食文化、商品文化等是湿地文化旅游赖以生存的源泉;湿地景观是具有丰富文化内涵、娱乐和美学价值的旅游资源,类型多样的滨海、河流、沼泽、瀑布、河口以及人工湿地等景观资源为湿地景观旅游开发提供了新机遇;湿地是众多野生动植物栖息、繁衍的基地,同时湿地生物多样性的特点吸引了学者和旅游者观光考察,并成为集野生动物观赏、植物观赏、鸟类观赏等项目于一体的理想场所,
     湿地旅游的开发为人类带来了巨大的经济效益,但是也产生了很多环境问题。这就要求我们正确处理湿地旅游发展和环境保护的关系,确定湿地旅游的门槛人口,预测湿地旅游环境容量,在开发和保护并重的基础上,不对湿地环境构成危害。
     因此,湿地旅游可持续发展的对策应该是:以景观生态学的原理,编制
    
     d 飞 砸士学位论文
     @NI\SThR’S TffeslS
     合理的湿地旅游规划;完善湿地旅游的法律法规;建立湿地旅游信息管理体
     系和服务体系;实时监测湿地环境的各项指标;同时,湿地的管理必须要走
     政府决策与社区参与相结合的路子。只有这样,湿地旅游才能缓解湿地旅游
     和环境保护的矛盾,从而维持和恢复湿地的生态功能,达到湿地旅游可持续
     发展的要求,逐步走向可持续发展之路。
Nowadays, the so-called 'Rising Sun Industry' tourism has aroused extensive attention. Wetland is the highest ecosystem on productivity in the world, for it not only has abundant water resources, land resources, biodiversity resources and mineral resources, but also has tremendous ecological and economic benefits. With the peculiar natural and cultural landscapes, wetlands provide many advantages on Wetland Tourism(WT). On the basis of Sustainable Development (SD), Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism, this paper brings forward the concept of WT and analyses the co-relation between the development of WT and the protection of wetlands environment. In addition, in allusion to the biodiversity, landscape diversity and culture diversity of wetlands, it also makes a forward discussion on the value of WT and proposes some countermeasures to the Sustainable Wetland Tourism(SWT).
    WT is a tourism activity which is based on wetland resources, and is a pattern of tourism exploitation which has strong ecological protection consciousness on wetland. The core idea of SWT is built on the basis of economic, social and ecological benefit. The arm it pursues is: WT not only need to meet people's tourism necessities and make everyone gain adequately benefit, but it must protect wetland resources and environment and make our offspring have equal opportunities and powers on tourism. WT specially concentrates on ecological rationality and emphasizes on environmental protection for tourism resources and tourist destination.
    The features and evaluations of WT embody on many kinds of terms in culture diversity, landscape diversity, biodiversity and so on. Firstly, the wetland cultures have many characteristics in diversity, peculiarity, science etc. The history culture, folk-custom culture, delicatessen culture and merchandise culture in wetland are headspring which are survival base for wetland culture tourism. Secondly, the wetland landscapes are tourism resources which have abundant
    
    
    culture connotation, amusement and aesthetic value, and many varieties of wetland landscape resources, such as coasts, rivers, waterfalls, estuaries and constructed wetlands, provide new opportunities for wetland landscape tourisms. Thirdly, wetlands are bases in which numerous wildlife inhabit and propagate, and the specialty of wetland biodiversity attracts scholars and tourists to sightsee and explore, so wetlands become an ideal tourist destination where they can get wildlife appreciation, ornamental and birds appreciation together.
    WT exploitations bring enormous economic benefits, meanwhile arise a large number of environment problems. It needs us to deal with the relationship of the WT and environment protection correctly, to define the threshold population of WT, to forecast environmental capacity of WT. For the sake of protection, the exploitations would do no harm to wetland environment.
    As a result, the SWT should follow these countermeasures below. The reasonable WT planning should be worked out according to the theory of Landscape Ecology. The law and regulation of WT should be consummated. The information management and service system of WT should be built. The every target of wetland environment should be inspected continuously. At the same time wetland management should follow the principle that government decision and community participation combine together. Only by this can WT reduce the contradiction of WT and environment protection and the ecological function of wetland be maintained and restored. Eventually WT will attain the demands of SWT, and attain SD target gradually.
引文
[1]国家林业局等.中国湿地保护行动计划[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000:1~2,10.
    [2]牛文元.持续发展导论[M).北京:科学出版社,1997:1~2.
    [3][美]莱切尔·卡逊著.寂静的春天[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1997.
    [4][美]芭芭拉,沃德,勒内·杜博斯著.《国外公害丛书》编委会译校.只有一个地球[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1997.
    [5][美]丹尼斯·米都斯等著.增长的极限[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1997.
    [6]世界环境发展委员会著.王之佳,柯金良等译。我们共同的未来[M].长春:吉林人民出版社1997:52,53-56.
    [7]陈耀邦.可持续发展战略读本[M].北京:中国计划出版社1996.
    [8]张建萍.生态旅游理论与实践[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2001:67~69,75~78.
    [9]李江敏,李志飞.文化旅游开发[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
    [10]傅伯杰等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:5~6.
    [11]肖笃宁,胡远满等.环渤海三角洲湿地的景观生态学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,36~37.
    [12]俞孔坚.景观:文化、生态与感知[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:247.
    [13]王富玉.国际热带滨海旅游城市发展道路探析[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2000:26.
    [14]国家林业局野生动植物保护司.湿地管理与研究方法[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001:28;30.
    [14]国家林业局野生动植物保护司.自然保护区现代管理概论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001:28~30.
    [15]湿地国际——中国办事处编译.社区参与湿地管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001.
    116]湿地国际——中国办事处.湿地与水禽保护[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001.
    [17]肖笃宁.景观生态学理论、方法及应用[M].中国林业出版社 1991.
    [18]傅伯杰等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:5~6.
    [19]赵林余,赵勤.旅游政策与法规[M].上海:上海三联书店,1999:12~15.
    [20]湿地国际——中国项目办事处.湿地经济评价[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
    [21]国家林业局湿地公约履行办公室编译.湿地公约履行指南[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001.
    [22]王军.可持续发展[M].北京:中国发展出版社,1997.
    [23]吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2001.
    [24]刘振礼,王兵.中国旅游地理[M].天津:南开大学出版社,1996:406~407.
    [25]保继刚.旅游开发研究——原理、方法、实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
    [26]张合平.环境生态学[M].北京:中国林业出版社[M].2002.
    [27]刘培哲.可持续发展理论与中国21世纪议程[M].北京:气象出版社,2001.
    [28]汪华斌.生态旅游开发[M].北京:科学出版社.,2000.
    
    
    [29]保继刚、楚义芳.旅游地理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.9.
    [30]陶伟.中国“世界遗产”的可持续旅游发展研究[M].北京:中国旅游出版社2001.
    [31]国家旅游局人事劳动教育司.经济、环境与旅游业发展[M].北京:旅游教育出版社,2000.
    [32]马勇、舒伯阳.区域旅游规划[M].天津:南开大学出版社,1999.
    [33]邹统钎.旅游开发与规划[M].广州:广东旅游出版社,1999.
    [34]中国旅游业可持续发展研究组.中国旅游业可持续发展研究[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,1999.
    [35]William F. Theobald 主编,张广瑞等译.全球旅游新论[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2001.
    [36]龚胜生.两湖平原湿地历史变迁与湿地保护对策[A].见:中国民主促进会—政调研部.长江中游湿地保护与可持续利用[M].北京:开明出版社,2002.
    [37]王春峰,刘宝琨校.可持续旅游发展宪章.见:丁季华主编.旅游资源学[M].上海:上海三联书店,1999.
    [38]赵红艳.开展湿地生态旅游的探讨[A].见:陆健健.中国湿地研究与保护[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1998:354~357.
    [39]赵魁义.中国湿地生物多样性研究与持续利用[A].见:陈宜瑜.中国湿地研究[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1995.48~54.
    [40]邹树梅,杜江.天津古海岸与湿地国家自然保护区生态旅游[J].环渤海经济瞭望,1998(2).
    [41]陈君.江苏淤泥质海岸湿地生态旅游开发[J].土地资源,2000(9).
    [42]陶奎元.盐城湿地与生态旅游[J].火山地质与矿产,2001(2).
    [43]牛亚菲.可持续旅游概念与理论研究[J].国外城市规划,2000(3):17~22.
    [44]牛亚菲.可持续旅游.生态旅游及实施方案[J].地理研究,1999(2).
    [45]李永文,史本林.区域旅游可持续发展初探[J].地域研究与开发,2000(3):69~72.
    [46]王兴中.中国旅游资源开发模式与旅游区域可持续发展理念[J].地理科学,1997(3):218~223.
    [47]李秋杰,金卫斌等.风景区景观结构与旅游价值的相互关系[J].湖北农学院学报,2000(3).
    [48]马克美.广东海洋生态旅游及其持续发展之我见[J].生态科学,1999(3).
    [49]李平,盛红.海洋旅游研究初探[J].海岸工程,2001(1):58~63.
    [50]金元欢,王建宇.海滨沼泽的旅游资源及其开发[J].旅游学刊,1997(6).
    [51]B. A. 拉科维奇,H. H. 班巴洛夫,张则有等.沼泽的自然功能与社会功能[J].东北师范大学学报(自然科学版),1997(2):78~82.
    [52]王丽荣,赵焕庭.中国河口湿地的一般特点.海洋通报,2000(5):47~51.
    [53]穆从如,杨林生等.黄河三角洲湿地生态系统的形成及其保护[J].应用生态学报,2000(1).
    [54]陈国宏,李碧春.论动物多样性及其保护[J].天津畜牧兽医,1997(3):12~15.
    
    
    [55]隆振雄.湖南省珍稀植物观赏价值及应用前景探讨[J].武汉植物学研究,1996(4):341~348
    [56]崔风军.论旅游环境承载力——持续发展旅游的判据之一[J].经济地理,1995(1):105-109.
    [57]沙丽清,谢万金,付昀.浅析西双版纳的生态旅游资源开发[J].资源开发与市场,1998,14(1):37~38.
    [58]邹树梅,杜江.天津古海岸与湿地国家自然保护区生态旅游[J].环渤海经济瞭望,1998(2).
    [59]田勇.旅游环境容量调控系统的探讨[J].旅游科学,2000(2):19~22.
    [60]俞穆清,田卫,李文呈等.区域环境影响评价是旅游业可持续发展的有效工具[J].中国环境科学,1999(2).
    [61]崔保山,刘兴土.湿地恢复研究综述[J].地球科学进展,1999(4).
    [62]黄时达,王庆安,钱骏等.从成都市活水公园看人工湿地系统处理工艺[J].四川环境,2000(2):8~12
    [63]刘家明,杨新军.生态旅游地可持续旅游发展规划初探[J].自然资源学报,1999(1).
    [64]韩丽,段致辉.乡村旅游开发初探[J].地域研究与开发,2000(4).
    [65]李占海,柯贤坤,周旅复.海滩旅游资源质量评比体系[J].自然资源学报,2000(3).
    [66]张延毅.生态旅游可持续发展对策[J].经济地理,1997,15(6):24~27.
    [67]李江风,杨昌明,祝港平.赤壁市生态旅游资源特色与开发[J].资源开发与市场,2000(1):52~54.
    [68]肖笃宁.试论景观与文化[J].大自然探索,1997(2):68~71.
    [69]Shaw, S.P and C.G.Fredine. Wetlands of the United States, their extent, and their value for waterfowl and other wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, fish and wildlife service, circular 39,Washington, D.C. 1956,67.
    [70]Mitsch W J et al. Wetland of the old and new world: ecology and management, in: Mitsch W J(ed).Global wetlands: old world and new. Elsevier, Netherlands, 1994.
    [71]Wilen B O et al.Wetlands of the U.S..in: Whigham(ed):Wetlands of the world I.Kluver Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1993.
    [72]Erlet Cater. Environmental Contradictions in Sustainable Tourism[J]. The Geographical Journal, 1995, 161(1): 21~28.
    [73]Lu Xianguo,Wang Rongfen. Study on wetland biodiversity in Chinas[J]. Geographical Sciences, 1996,6(1): 15~23.
    [74]Ralf Buckley. A Framework for Ecotourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1994, 21(3):661~664.
    [75]Lee D N B, Snepenger D J. An Ecotourism Assessment of Tortuero[J]. Costa Rica, 1992, 19(2):367~370.
    [76]大堡礁之旅.http://szjg. 71net. com/da. html.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700