新风量对室内空气品质影响的不确定性方法分析研究
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摘要
由于不良通风和大量化学合成剂在建筑材料中的使用，使得室内空气污染物的浓度常常高于室外。这样，室内空气品质要求新风量越大越好，然而空调系统中，新风量越少，就越节能。如何确定合适的新风量始终是空调技术人员面临的难题。
不确定性方法是用来解决信息不完全、不确定的问题的方法， 室内新风量是一个复杂的问题，存在很多不确定性的条件，因此本文尝试用不确定性方法来研究室内新风量与室内空气品质。
根据灰色系统理论的建模思想，利用灰色系统理论和原有的确定性物理模型建立新风量对室内空气品质影响的灰色非本征模型，并对灰色非本征模型中的各个灰参数进行分析，在此基础上，将建立的模型对不同新风量条件下室内CO_2浓度随时间的变化过程进行模拟计算分析。
利用模糊学理论处理人们对室内新风量的主观反应的所有信息，得出在不同新风量下的烦恼概率，并以此加权平均，得出室内无人吸烟环境的新风量烦恼度阈值。同时通过统计分析得出在有人吸烟时，来访者不满意率明显高于室内人员，在无人吸烟时，来访者不满意率略低于室内人员；女性不满意率略高于男性；平时不吸烟者不满意率明显高于平时吸烟者。
为了科学的评价室内空气品质，本文重点分析了室内空气品质综合评价中的评价指标、评价标准和权重系数，使室内空气品质的综合评价具有较高的灵敏度。
Because bad ventilation and a large amount of synthetic material used in the construction material, the concentration of air contaminations indoors are often higher than the outdoors. In order to keep indoor air quality comfortably people require more fresh air ; but the less fresh air amount is, the more energy-conservation is. How to confirm that the suitable new trend amount is the difficult problem that the technical staff of air conditioner faces all the time.
The uncertain method is a way to be used for solving the problem that the information is not complete uncertain. The fresh air in the room is a complicated problem, which is a lot of uncertain conditions. So this paper try to study fresh air and indoor air quality problem with uncertain method.
This paper firstly utilizes grey systematic theory and already existing definite physical model to develop the non-intrinsic grey model of the effect of outdoor air on indoor air and analyse every grey parameter in the non-intrinsic grey model. On the basis of above mentioned, the change of carbon dioxide concentration indoor with the change of time is evaluated.
Dealing with all the information of subjective responses to fresh air indoor by fuzzy theory. The annoying probability is found under the different amount of fresh air, the annoying threshold of fresh air under the environment of no smoking indoor is gained though weighted average. At the same time , through statistical analysis, visitor unsatisfied rate higher than indoor personnel obviously someone when someone smoke indoor ; visitor unsatisfied rate lower than indoor personnel slightly when not any one smoke indoor . Women unsatisfied rate higher than man slightly; Non-smoker unsatisfied rate higher than smoker.
In order to evaluate indoor air quality of office, this paper analyze three element such as evaluation indexes, evaluation standards and weight coefficient .It revealed higher sensitivity in the comprehensive evaluation on indoor air quality in office buildings.
不确定性方法是用来解决信息不完全、不确定的问题的方法， 室内新风量是一个复杂的问题，存在很多不确定性的条件，因此本文尝试用不确定性方法来研究室内新风量与室内空气品质。
根据灰色系统理论的建模思想，利用灰色系统理论和原有的确定性物理模型建立新风量对室内空气品质影响的灰色非本征模型，并对灰色非本征模型中的各个灰参数进行分析，在此基础上，将建立的模型对不同新风量条件下室内CO_2浓度随时间的变化过程进行模拟计算分析。
利用模糊学理论处理人们对室内新风量的主观反应的所有信息，得出在不同新风量下的烦恼概率，并以此加权平均，得出室内无人吸烟环境的新风量烦恼度阈值。同时通过统计分析得出在有人吸烟时，来访者不满意率明显高于室内人员，在无人吸烟时，来访者不满意率略低于室内人员；女性不满意率略高于男性；平时不吸烟者不满意率明显高于平时吸烟者。
为了科学的评价室内空气品质，本文重点分析了室内空气品质综合评价中的评价指标、评价标准和权重系数，使室内空气品质的综合评价具有较高的灵敏度。
Because bad ventilation and a large amount of synthetic material used in the construction material, the concentration of air contaminations indoors are often higher than the outdoors. In order to keep indoor air quality comfortably people require more fresh air ; but the less fresh air amount is, the more energy-conservation is. How to confirm that the suitable new trend amount is the difficult problem that the technical staff of air conditioner faces all the time.
The uncertain method is a way to be used for solving the problem that the information is not complete uncertain. The fresh air in the room is a complicated problem, which is a lot of uncertain conditions. So this paper try to study fresh air and indoor air quality problem with uncertain method.
This paper firstly utilizes grey systematic theory and already existing definite physical model to develop the non-intrinsic grey model of the effect of outdoor air on indoor air and analyse every grey parameter in the non-intrinsic grey model. On the basis of above mentioned, the change of carbon dioxide concentration indoor with the change of time is evaluated.
Dealing with all the information of subjective responses to fresh air indoor by fuzzy theory. The annoying probability is found under the different amount of fresh air, the annoying threshold of fresh air under the environment of no smoking indoor is gained though weighted average. At the same time , through statistical analysis, visitor unsatisfied rate higher than indoor personnel obviously someone when someone smoke indoor ; visitor unsatisfied rate lower than indoor personnel slightly when not any one smoke indoor . Women unsatisfied rate higher than man slightly; Non-smoker unsatisfied rate higher than smoker.
In order to evaluate indoor air quality of office, this paper analyze three element such as evaluation indexes, evaluation standards and weight coefficient .It revealed higher sensitivity in the comprehensive evaluation on indoor air quality in office buildings.
引文
[1] 马仁民．国外非工业建筑室内空气品质研究动态．暖通空调．1999，29(2)：38-41
[2] 杨则华，白蔚君．室内空气品质对“病态建筑”的影响与对策．鄂州大学学报．2000，7(2)：62～64
[3] 沈晋明．室内空气品质的新定义与新风直接入室的试验测试．暖通空调，1995，25(6)：30～33
[4] Crandell M S. NIOSH Indoor air quality investigations: 1971 through 1987. In: Proceedings of the air pollution control association annual meeting. Dallas. 1987
[5] Mendell M J. Non-specific symptoms in office workers: a review and summary of the epidemiologic literature. Indoor Air, 1993(3): 227-236
[6] 刘思峰，郭天榜，党耀国．灰色系统理论及其应用．北京：科学出版社，1999
[7] 邓聚龙．灰色控制系统．湖北：华中理工大学出版社，1985
[8] 曾光明，杨春平，卓利．环境系统灰色理论于方法．湖南：中国科学技术出版社，1992
[9] 邓聚龙．灰色系统基本方法．湖北：华中理工大学出版社，1987
[10] Daniel E. Hadlich, David T. Grimsrud. Residential Pollutants and Ventilation Strategies: Moisture and Combustion Products. 1999, 105(2): 833-848
[11] David T. Grimsrud, Daniel E. Hadlich. Residential Pollutants and Ventilation Strategies: Volatile Organic Compounds and Radon. ASHRAE Transaction, 1999,105(2):849-863
[12] I.G.Kim, H.Homma. Distribution and Ventilation Efficiency of CO_2 Produced by Occupants in Upward and Downward Ventilated Rooms. ASHRAE Transaction , 95:242～250
[13] ASHRAE. ASHRAE Standard 62-1989R,Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality(Public review draft). ASHRAE, August, 1996
[14] Preston E. McNall. IndoorAir Quality. ASHRAE JOURNAL, 1986, (6): 39-48
[15] P.O.Fanger. The olf and decipol. ASHRAE Journal, 1988 ,(10):35-38
[16] P.O.Fanger. The new comfort equation for indoor air quality, 1989 ,(10): 33-38
[17] 苗东升．模糊学导论．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1986
[18] 杨伦标，高英仪．模糊数学原理及应用．广州：华南理工大学出版社，1992
[19] 周荫清，李春升．随机过程．北京：北京航空学院出版社，1987
[20] 王梓坤．随机过程论．北京：科学出版社，1978
[21] F. Haghighat, P. Fazio, T.E. Unny. A Predictive Stochastic Model For Indoor Air Quality. Building and Environment, 1988,22(3): 195～201
[22] 文伟．影响室内空气污染物的不确定因素的灰色系统分析研究．[硕士学位论文]．长沙：湖南大学，2002
[23] 周国栋，杨铭鼎，陈秉衡．室内空气污染数学模式的探讨．中国环境科学．1989，9(4)：261～265
[24] ASHRAE. ASHRAE Standard 62-1989,Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. ASHRAE, 1989
[25] 晋欣桥，王盛卫，夏青．满足新标准 ASHRAE Standard 62-1989R 空调系统的实时控制．暖通空调．1999，29(2)：6-10
[26] 孙一坚．工业通风．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1984
[27] 沈晋明．室内空气品质的评价及其对策．[博士学位论文]．上海：同济大学，1996
[28] 曹宇仁．室内空气污染与测定方法．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1988
[29] Philip J.Walsh , Charles S.Dudney , Emily D.Copenhaver. Indoor Air Quality. CRC Press, 1984
[30] Andrew K. Persily, Ph.d. Evaluating Building IAQ and Ventilation with Indoor Carbon Dioxide. ARHRAE Transaction, 1997 Par2: 193～204
[31] C. Y Shaw, J. S. Zhang, M. N. Said. Effect Of Air Diffuser Layout On The Ventilation Conditions Of A Workstation----Part Ⅱ: Air Change Efficiency and Ventilation Efficiency. ASHRAE Transaction , 99:133～143
[32] 吴海龙．大气环境质量协同评价体系及其评价方新探．环境科学学报．1994，114(3)：275～281
[33] 潘仲麟，黄有兴等．公园环境噪声的主观反应及烦恼度阈值．声学学报．1993，18(6)：463-467
[34] 刘向新译，陆如山校．室内空气品质质量---有机物污染．北京：人民卫生出版社，1991
[35] 朱红，黄一贞，张红．食品感官分析入门．北京：中国轻工业出版社．1993
[36] 沈晋明，毛继传等．上海办公大楼空气品质的主观评价．通风除尘．1996，15(2)：8-13
[37] 陈科，田凤调等．医用模糊综合评判中的 Ridit 分析．系统工程理论与实践．1992，(2)：58-63
[38] 钱以明．高层建筑空调与节能．上海：同济大学出版社，1990
[39] Derek J Croome.Impact of Indoor Environment on Productivity. Tsing hua-HVAC-'95, Volume 1:118-126
[40] 初春玲，曹叔维，周俊彦．室内空气品质模糊综合评价．通风除尘．1999，19(3)：9-11
[41] 冯圣洪．百货大楼内空气品质模糊评价技术研究．[湖南大学博士后研究工作报告]．长沙：湖南大学，2000年
[42] Chihui Zhu, Nianping Li, Wei Wen. Grey Assessment of Indoor Air Quality. the 4th International Conference on IAQVEC. Changsha, China, 2001: 81-85
[43] 张桂芳，汤广发，李念平等．室内空气品质的灰色综合评判．湖南大学学报．2001，28(5)：107-111
[44] 沈晋明，毛继传，孙光前．上海办公大楼空气品质客观评价．通风除尘．1995，14(4)：14-17
[45] 卢厚清，王宁生，沈发鸿．关于模糊综合评判取大取小算法问题的讨论．系统工程理论与实践．2001，21(4)：124-128
[46] 胡永宏，贺思辉．综合评价方法．北京：科学出版社．2000
[2] 杨则华，白蔚君．室内空气品质对“病态建筑”的影响与对策．鄂州大学学报．2000，7(2)：62～64
[3] 沈晋明．室内空气品质的新定义与新风直接入室的试验测试．暖通空调，1995，25(6)：30～33
[4] Crandell M S. NIOSH Indoor air quality investigations: 1971 through 1987. In: Proceedings of the air pollution control association annual meeting. Dallas. 1987
[5] Mendell M J. Non-specific symptoms in office workers: a review and summary of the epidemiologic literature. Indoor Air, 1993(3): 227-236
[6] 刘思峰，郭天榜，党耀国．灰色系统理论及其应用．北京：科学出版社，1999
[7] 邓聚龙．灰色控制系统．湖北：华中理工大学出版社，1985
[8] 曾光明，杨春平，卓利．环境系统灰色理论于方法．湖南：中国科学技术出版社，1992
[9] 邓聚龙．灰色系统基本方法．湖北：华中理工大学出版社，1987
[10] Daniel E. Hadlich, David T. Grimsrud. Residential Pollutants and Ventilation Strategies: Moisture and Combustion Products. 1999, 105(2): 833-848
[11] David T. Grimsrud, Daniel E. Hadlich. Residential Pollutants and Ventilation Strategies: Volatile Organic Compounds and Radon. ASHRAE Transaction, 1999,105(2):849-863
[12] I.G.Kim, H.Homma. Distribution and Ventilation Efficiency of CO_2 Produced by Occupants in Upward and Downward Ventilated Rooms. ASHRAE Transaction , 95:242～250
[13] ASHRAE. ASHRAE Standard 62-1989R,Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality(Public review draft). ASHRAE, August, 1996
[14] Preston E. McNall. IndoorAir Quality. ASHRAE JOURNAL, 1986, (6): 39-48
[15] P.O.Fanger. The olf and decipol. ASHRAE Journal, 1988 ,(10):35-38
[16] P.O.Fanger. The new comfort equation for indoor air quality, 1989 ,(10): 33-38
[17] 苗东升．模糊学导论．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1986
[18] 杨伦标，高英仪．模糊数学原理及应用．广州：华南理工大学出版社，1992
[19] 周荫清，李春升．随机过程．北京：北京航空学院出版社，1987
[20] 王梓坤．随机过程论．北京：科学出版社，1978
[21] F. Haghighat, P. Fazio, T.E. Unny. A Predictive Stochastic Model For Indoor Air Quality. Building and Environment, 1988,22(3): 195～201
[22] 文伟．影响室内空气污染物的不确定因素的灰色系统分析研究．[硕士学位论文]．长沙：湖南大学，2002
[23] 周国栋，杨铭鼎，陈秉衡．室内空气污染数学模式的探讨．中国环境科学．1989，9(4)：261～265
[24] ASHRAE. ASHRAE Standard 62-1989,Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. ASHRAE, 1989
[25] 晋欣桥，王盛卫，夏青．满足新标准 ASHRAE Standard 62-1989R 空调系统的实时控制．暖通空调．1999，29(2)：6-10
[26] 孙一坚．工业通风．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1984
[27] 沈晋明．室内空气品质的评价及其对策．[博士学位论文]．上海：同济大学，1996
[28] 曹宇仁．室内空气污染与测定方法．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1988
[29] Philip J.Walsh , Charles S.Dudney , Emily D.Copenhaver. Indoor Air Quality. CRC Press, 1984
[30] Andrew K. Persily, Ph.d. Evaluating Building IAQ and Ventilation with Indoor Carbon Dioxide. ARHRAE Transaction, 1997 Par2: 193～204
[31] C. Y Shaw, J. S. Zhang, M. N. Said. Effect Of Air Diffuser Layout On The Ventilation Conditions Of A Workstation----Part Ⅱ: Air Change Efficiency and Ventilation Efficiency. ASHRAE Transaction , 99:133～143
[32] 吴海龙．大气环境质量协同评价体系及其评价方新探．环境科学学报．1994，114(3)：275～281
[33] 潘仲麟，黄有兴等．公园环境噪声的主观反应及烦恼度阈值．声学学报．1993，18(6)：463-467
[34] 刘向新译，陆如山校．室内空气品质质量---有机物污染．北京：人民卫生出版社，1991
[35] 朱红，黄一贞，张红．食品感官分析入门．北京：中国轻工业出版社．1993
[36] 沈晋明，毛继传等．上海办公大楼空气品质的主观评价．通风除尘．1996，15(2)：8-13
[37] 陈科，田凤调等．医用模糊综合评判中的 Ridit 分析．系统工程理论与实践．1992，(2)：58-63
[38] 钱以明．高层建筑空调与节能．上海：同济大学出版社，1990
[39] Derek J Croome.Impact of Indoor Environment on Productivity. Tsing hua-HVAC-'95, Volume 1:118-126
[40] 初春玲，曹叔维，周俊彦．室内空气品质模糊综合评价．通风除尘．1999，19(3)：9-11
[41] 冯圣洪．百货大楼内空气品质模糊评价技术研究．[湖南大学博士后研究工作报告]．长沙：湖南大学，2000年
[42] Chihui Zhu, Nianping Li, Wei Wen. Grey Assessment of Indoor Air Quality. the 4th International Conference on IAQVEC. Changsha, China, 2001: 81-85
[43] 张桂芳，汤广发，李念平等．室内空气品质的灰色综合评判．湖南大学学报．2001，28(5)：107-111
[44] 沈晋明，毛继传，孙光前．上海办公大楼空气品质客观评价．通风除尘．1995，14(4)：14-17
[45] 卢厚清，王宁生，沈发鸿．关于模糊综合评判取大取小算法问题的讨论．系统工程理论与实践．2001，21(4)：124-128
[46] 胡永宏，贺思辉．综合评价方法．北京：科学出版社．2000