小黑麦氮利用效率基因型差异评价及其生理特性研究
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摘要
为缓解人口压力,获得作物的高产与稳产,过量施用氮肥在我国普遍存在。氮肥的过量施用不仅浪费资源,而且导致我国氮肥利用效率降低和环境污染等问题。已有的研究表明,同一作物不同品种间的氮肥利用效率存在差异。因此,从作物自身遗传潜力出发,获取作物氮高效基因型成为减少氮肥投入、提高作物氮素营养效率的有效途径。本文结合国内外研究现状,采用盆栽试验,通过评价不同氮效率小黑麦基因型氮素利用的差异,并在此基础上选择氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186和低效基因型CIxt74为试材,研究不同氮效率小黑麦基因型在不同生育期不同供氮条件下干物质生产、氮素积累、转移特征和生理特性。主要研究结果如下：
(1)通过土壤盆栽试验,对31个小黑麦品种氮利用效率基因型差异及相关性状指标进行研究,结果表明：小黑麦的氮素利用效率在低氮和正常供氮条件下都有较大的基因型差异,并在抽穗期时变异系数达到最大(低氮条件下CV为19.07%,正常供氮为19.50%)。根据小黑麦在两供氮条件下不同生育期的氮素利用效率可将小黑麦分为3个类型：氮高效利用基因型,氮低效利用基因型和中间类型,并由此确定氮高效利用基因型为：CIxt82、PI429186和PI429228,氮低效利用基因型为：CIxt74、CIxt75、CIxt76、PI428955、PI587238和PI587241。小黑麦株高与地上部生物量在两供氮条件下各生育期表现出氮高效利用基因型高于氮低效利用基因型的趋势。相关性分析表明,小黑麦株高和地上部生物量与氮素利用效率呈现较强的正相关性。因此,这两个植株性状可作为小黑麦氮高效利用基因型评价的辅助指标。
(2)通过土壤盆栽试验,以氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186和氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74为材料,设置4个氮素水平0 mg/kg(NO)、16.67 mg/kg(N1)、33.33mg/kg(N2)和66.67 mg/kg(N3),对氮高效利用小黑麦基因型各生育期干物质生产、氮素积累和分配特性进行研究。结果表明：随供氮量的增加,各生育期小黑麦的生物量增加。在同一生育期同一供氮条件下,氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186的生物量显著高于氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74。小黑麦根、茎、叶的氮素积累量及氮素阶段性积累量随供氮量的增加而增大。氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186根、茎、叶的氮素积累量和氮素阶段性积累量均高于在同一生育期同一供氮条件下的氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74。小黑麦的氮素多分布于茎、叶中。抽穗期时,叶的氮素含量逐渐向茎部运移,根部氮素含量保持相对稳定。两类小黑麦基因型在各生长器官中氮素分配差异不显著。
(3)通过土壤盆栽试验,以氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186和氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74为试材,设置4个氮素水平0 mg/kg(NO)、16.67 mg/kg(N1)、33.33 mg/kg(N2)和66.67 mg/kg(N3),对小黑麦氮高效利用基因型各生育期的根系和叶片生理特性进行研究,结果表明：在同一生育期同一供氮条件下,小黑麦氮高效利用基因型PI429186的根系a-NA氧化量、TTC还原量和根系活跃吸收面积,均大于或显著高于氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74,表现为根系活力大于氮低效利用基因型。小黑麦氮高效利用基因型PI429186的叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随生育期,表现出在同一供氮条件下强于氮低效利用基因型CIxt74的趋势,而膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于氮低效利用基因型。这表明小黑麦氮高效利用基因型具有较强的根系活力,获取土壤氮素的能力强；而叶片保护酶在各生育期通过协同作用,共同起到阻止高浓度氧积累和膜指过氧化,提高其光合能力,达到增产目的。
In order to release the stress of population, getting the higher harvest and keeping it, the excessive of nitrogen fertilizer input to farmland is the best way in China. As the excessive input of nitrogen fertilizer to field, it not only leads to increased the yield cost、decreased the nitrogen use efficiency but also urged the environment pollution. Some report showed that there were universal different of the same crop about nitrogen use efficiency in different genotypes. So we can get the high nitrogen use efficiency genotype from itself to reduce the supplies of nitrogen fertilizer, deduce the nitrogen use efficiency of the crops, and research the characteristics of high nitrogen use efficiency genotypes for getting german. Therefore, evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of triticale in genotype was studied in this research. Then, the experiment of soil culture with different N levels were carried out to research the difference in dry matter production, N accumulation, distribution, and physiological characteristics at different growth by using two triticale genotypes of high nitrogen use efficiency PI429186 and low nitrogen use efficiency CIxt74 as materials. The main results were as bellowing:
(1) The nitrogen use efficiency and the correlative indexes of 31 triticale cultivars were investigated at the tillering, jointing and heading stages under low and normal N supplies based on pot experiment. The results show that the nitrogen use efficiencies were different for the triticale genotypes under the two N levels. The variation coefficient of triticale at the heading stage was bigger than that at other stages, which was 19.07% under the low N level and 19.50% under the normal N level. The triticale cultivars can be divided into three genotypes, high nitrogen use efficiency genotype, low nitrogen use efficiency genotype and the middle genotype. The high nitrogen use efficiency genotypes of triticale were CIxt82, PI429186 and PI429228, and the low nitrogen use efficiency genotypes were CIxt74, CIxt75, CIxt76, PI428955, PI587238 and PI587241. The plant height and shoot biomass of the high nitrogen use efficiency genotypes were higher than those of the low nitrogen use efficiency genotypes. The plant height and shoot biomass were significantly correlated with the nitrogen use efficiency, which can be used as the indirect indexes to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency of triticale.
(2) To investigeat the characteristics of triticale dry matter production, N accumulation and translocation at different growth stages (tillering, jointing and heading stage), a potted experiment was carried out under four N levels comprising 0 mg/kg(N0)、16.67 mg/kg(N1)、33.33 mg/kg(N2) and 66.67 mg/kg(N3) by using two triticale genotypes of high nitrogen use efficiency PI429186 and low nitrogen use efficiency CIxt74 as materials. The results showed that at each growth stage N application increaded dry matter production. At the same N supplies under different growth stages, the high nitrogen use efficiency genotype PI429186's dry matter production was significant higher than low nitrogen use efficiency genotype CIxt74 N application increased the N accumulation and N accumulation progress of triticale genotypes in root, stem and leaf, while decreased the content of N in each organ. At the same N supplies under different growth stages, the high nitrogen use efficiency genotype PI429186's N accumulation and N accumulation progress in root, stem and leaf were higher than that of low nitrogen use efficiency genotype CIxt74. The N accumulation was higher in stem and leaf than that of root. At heading stage the N accumulation in leaf was transferred into stem, but the amount of N accumulation of root was keeping comparatively tranquilization. There was no significant different in two nitrogen use efficiency genotypes in the distribution of N accumulation.
(3) To discussion the effects of nitrogen on root physiology, protective enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in triticale leaves at different growth stages (seeding, tillering, jointing and heading stage), a potted experiment was carried out under four N levels comprising 0 mg/kg(N0)、16.67 mg/kg(N1)、33.33 mg/kg(N2) and 66.67 mg/kg(N3) by using two triticale genotypes of high nitrogen use efficiency PI429186 and low nitrogen use efficiency Clxt74 as materials. The results showed that:At the same N supply under different growth stages, the indexes of root physiology including root oxidation ability of a-NA, root reducing ability of TTC, active absorbing surface area of root in high nitrogen use efficiency genotype PI429186 were higher or significant higher than those in low nitrogen use efficiency genotype Clxt74 During the period of seeding, the activities of superxoide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in leaves of high nitrogen use efficiency were higher than those of low nitrogen use efficiency genotype at the same N supplies. Contrarily, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in high nitrogen use efficiency genotype than that in low nitrogen use efficiency genotype significantly. It could be concluded that, the root physiology was vigorous in high nitrogen use effiviency genotype, it ensures the efficient absorption and utilization of N from soli, and the protective enzyme of high nitrogen use efficiency genotype can cooperated with each other to eliminate reactive oxygen species, inhibit the membrane lipid peroxidation to increase the photosynthesis and get higher yield.
(1)通过土壤盆栽试验,对31个小黑麦品种氮利用效率基因型差异及相关性状指标进行研究,结果表明：小黑麦的氮素利用效率在低氮和正常供氮条件下都有较大的基因型差异,并在抽穗期时变异系数达到最大(低氮条件下CV为19.07%,正常供氮为19.50%)。根据小黑麦在两供氮条件下不同生育期的氮素利用效率可将小黑麦分为3个类型：氮高效利用基因型,氮低效利用基因型和中间类型,并由此确定氮高效利用基因型为：CIxt82、PI429186和PI429228,氮低效利用基因型为：CIxt74、CIxt75、CIxt76、PI428955、PI587238和PI587241。小黑麦株高与地上部生物量在两供氮条件下各生育期表现出氮高效利用基因型高于氮低效利用基因型的趋势。相关性分析表明,小黑麦株高和地上部生物量与氮素利用效率呈现较强的正相关性。因此,这两个植株性状可作为小黑麦氮高效利用基因型评价的辅助指标。
(2)通过土壤盆栽试验,以氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186和氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74为材料,设置4个氮素水平0 mg/kg(NO)、16.67 mg/kg(N1)、33.33mg/kg(N2)和66.67 mg/kg(N3),对氮高效利用小黑麦基因型各生育期干物质生产、氮素积累和分配特性进行研究。结果表明：随供氮量的增加,各生育期小黑麦的生物量增加。在同一生育期同一供氮条件下,氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186的生物量显著高于氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74。小黑麦根、茎、叶的氮素积累量及氮素阶段性积累量随供氮量的增加而增大。氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186根、茎、叶的氮素积累量和氮素阶段性积累量均高于在同一生育期同一供氮条件下的氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74。小黑麦的氮素多分布于茎、叶中。抽穗期时,叶的氮素含量逐渐向茎部运移,根部氮素含量保持相对稳定。两类小黑麦基因型在各生长器官中氮素分配差异不显著。
(3)通过土壤盆栽试验,以氮高效利用小黑麦基因型PI429186和氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74为试材,设置4个氮素水平0 mg/kg(NO)、16.67 mg/kg(N1)、33.33 mg/kg(N2)和66.67 mg/kg(N3),对小黑麦氮高效利用基因型各生育期的根系和叶片生理特性进行研究,结果表明：在同一生育期同一供氮条件下,小黑麦氮高效利用基因型PI429186的根系a-NA氧化量、TTC还原量和根系活跃吸收面积,均大于或显著高于氮低效利用小黑麦基因型CIxt74,表现为根系活力大于氮低效利用基因型。小黑麦氮高效利用基因型PI429186的叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随生育期,表现出在同一供氮条件下强于氮低效利用基因型CIxt74的趋势,而膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于氮低效利用基因型。这表明小黑麦氮高效利用基因型具有较强的根系活力,获取土壤氮素的能力强；而叶片保护酶在各生育期通过协同作用,共同起到阻止高浓度氧积累和膜指过氧化,提高其光合能力,达到增产目的。
In order to release the stress of population, getting the higher harvest and keeping it, the excessive of nitrogen fertilizer input to farmland is the best way in China. As the excessive input of nitrogen fertilizer to field, it not only leads to increased the yield cost、decreased the nitrogen use efficiency but also urged the environment pollution. Some report showed that there were universal different of the same crop about nitrogen use efficiency in different genotypes. So we can get the high nitrogen use efficiency genotype from itself to reduce the supplies of nitrogen fertilizer, deduce the nitrogen use efficiency of the crops, and research the characteristics of high nitrogen use efficiency genotypes for getting german. Therefore, evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of triticale in genotype was studied in this research. Then, the experiment of soil culture with different N levels were carried out to research the difference in dry matter production, N accumulation, distribution, and physiological characteristics at different growth by using two triticale genotypes of high nitrogen use efficiency PI429186 and low nitrogen use efficiency CIxt74 as materials. The main results were as bellowing:
(1) The nitrogen use efficiency and the correlative indexes of 31 triticale cultivars were investigated at the tillering, jointing and heading stages under low and normal N supplies based on pot experiment. The results show that the nitrogen use efficiencies were different for the triticale genotypes under the two N levels. The variation coefficient of triticale at the heading stage was bigger than that at other stages, which was 19.07% under the low N level and 19.50% under the normal N level. The triticale cultivars can be divided into three genotypes, high nitrogen use efficiency genotype, low nitrogen use efficiency genotype and the middle genotype. The high nitrogen use efficiency genotypes of triticale were CIxt82, PI429186 and PI429228, and the low nitrogen use efficiency genotypes were CIxt74, CIxt75, CIxt76, PI428955, PI587238 and PI587241. The plant height and shoot biomass of the high nitrogen use efficiency genotypes were higher than those of the low nitrogen use efficiency genotypes. The plant height and shoot biomass were significantly correlated with the nitrogen use efficiency, which can be used as the indirect indexes to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency of triticale.
(2) To investigeat the characteristics of triticale dry matter production, N accumulation and translocation at different growth stages (tillering, jointing and heading stage), a potted experiment was carried out under four N levels comprising 0 mg/kg(N0)、16.67 mg/kg(N1)、33.33 mg/kg(N2) and 66.67 mg/kg(N3) by using two triticale genotypes of high nitrogen use efficiency PI429186 and low nitrogen use efficiency CIxt74 as materials. The results showed that at each growth stage N application increaded dry matter production. At the same N supplies under different growth stages, the high nitrogen use efficiency genotype PI429186's dry matter production was significant higher than low nitrogen use efficiency genotype CIxt74 N application increased the N accumulation and N accumulation progress of triticale genotypes in root, stem and leaf, while decreased the content of N in each organ. At the same N supplies under different growth stages, the high nitrogen use efficiency genotype PI429186's N accumulation and N accumulation progress in root, stem and leaf were higher than that of low nitrogen use efficiency genotype CIxt74. The N accumulation was higher in stem and leaf than that of root. At heading stage the N accumulation in leaf was transferred into stem, but the amount of N accumulation of root was keeping comparatively tranquilization. There was no significant different in two nitrogen use efficiency genotypes in the distribution of N accumulation.
(3) To discussion the effects of nitrogen on root physiology, protective enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in triticale leaves at different growth stages (seeding, tillering, jointing and heading stage), a potted experiment was carried out under four N levels comprising 0 mg/kg(N0)、16.67 mg/kg(N1)、33.33 mg/kg(N2) and 66.67 mg/kg(N3) by using two triticale genotypes of high nitrogen use efficiency PI429186 and low nitrogen use efficiency Clxt74 as materials. The results showed that:At the same N supply under different growth stages, the indexes of root physiology including root oxidation ability of a-NA, root reducing ability of TTC, active absorbing surface area of root in high nitrogen use efficiency genotype PI429186 were higher or significant higher than those in low nitrogen use efficiency genotype Clxt74 During the period of seeding, the activities of superxoide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in leaves of high nitrogen use efficiency were higher than those of low nitrogen use efficiency genotype at the same N supplies. Contrarily, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in high nitrogen use efficiency genotype than that in low nitrogen use efficiency genotype significantly. It could be concluded that, the root physiology was vigorous in high nitrogen use effiviency genotype, it ensures the efficient absorption and utilization of N from soli, and the protective enzyme of high nitrogen use efficiency genotype can cooperated with each other to eliminate reactive oxygen species, inhibit the membrane lipid peroxidation to increase the photosynthesis and get higher yield.
引文
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