跨国公司内部知识共享机制研究
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摘要
知识是当今跨国公司核心竞争力的源泉，随着海外子公司逐渐转变为重要的知识创造者，跨国公司必须构建一种知识共享机制，以便在全球范围内获取和共享各组织单元中的国别性专有知识，维持知识竞争优势。
文章基于企业内部知识市场理论和组织学习理论，通过分析跨国公司内部知识共享的过程、机理以及影响因素，最终为其构建了一种立体式的知识共享综合机制。
首先，分析了跨国公司内部知识共享的过程和机理，得出跨国公司内部知识共享包括组织单元间的知识流动和组织单元内的知识吸收。前者包含知识的搜索、传递和反馈过程，其机理是知识的市场交易；后者包含知识的测度、转化和整合过程，其机理是组织单元的组织学习。
其次，立足上述理论，从知识因素(知识粘性、知识国别性和知识距离)、组织结构因素(组织惰性、吸收和反馈能力)、多元文化因素(文化差异)、技术及激励因素(激励水平和激励方式)方面分析了上述过程中存在的跨国公司内部知识共享的影响因素，确定了知识共享机制构建的出发点。
然后，基于以上分析，构建了跨国公司内部知识共享机制的总框架。并在此基础上，分别从学习型组织结构、学习型文化机制、技术平台、运作机制、激励机制以及绩效测评机制来构建了一个综合的知识共享机制。
最后，通过案例分析，在一定程度上验证了本文提出的跨国公司内部知识共享机制方案的合理性与实用价值。
文章主要的创新性研究在基于过程循环的运作机制(知识流动机制和知识吸收机制)方面，特别是“知识国别性转化”概念和模型的提出。此外，改进了一种基于过程循环和时间序列的知识共享绩效指数，作为绩效测评机制的核心方法，并构建了相应的评价指标体系。
Knowledge is the source of the current Multi-nationalCorporations(MNC)'s key competitiveness, as the overseas subsidiarieschange into the important knowledge creator gradually, MNC mustconstruct a kind of Knowledge Sharing(KS) mechanism, in order toobtain and share the country-specific knowledge in everyorganization-unit in the world to maintain the competition advantage ofknowledge.
Based on the Intra-enterprise Knowledge Market Theory andOrganizational Learning Theory, through analyzing the process,mechanism theory and influence factor of the KS inside MNC, a kind ofstereoscopic type comprehensive KS mechanism has been finallyconstructed for MNC.
First of all, the process and explaining theory of the KS in MNCwere analyzed,and that the KS in MNC includes the knowledge-Flowamong the organization-units and the knowledge-Absorption in theorganization-units was concluded. The former includes the search,delivery and feedbacks course of knowledge, its mechanism theory ismarket transaction of knowledge; The latter includes the Measurement,Conversion and Integration of knowledge, and it's mechanism theory isthe organizational learning by Organization-units.
Secondly, based on the theory described above, from the knowledgefactor (Knowledge stickness, knowledge country-specificness andknowledge distance), organizational structure factor (Organizationalinertia, absorptive and feedback capacity) multi-culture factor (culturaldifference), technology factor and stimulation factor (stimulation leveland style), the influence factors to KS inside MNC existing in the twoprocesses described above, and the starting point of the construction ofthe KS mechanism has been confirmed.
Then, base on the analysis above, the total framework of the KSmechanism inside MNC has been constructed. And on this basis, acompositive KS mechanism was constructed from learning-type organizational structure, culture mechanism, technology platform,operation mechanism, stimulation mechanism and performancemeasurement mechanism.
Finally, by analyzing the case, the correctness and the practical valueof the construction scheme for the KS mechanism inside MNC which thisarticle put forward have been proved to a certain extent.
The article has mainly innovated in the operation mechanism(knowledge-flow mechanism and knowledge-absorption mechanism)based on the process-cycle, especially the proposition of the concept andmodel of "knowledge's country-specificness conversion". In addition,the KS performance index (KSPI) based on the process-cycle and timeseries was improved to be the core method of the performancemeasurement mechanism, and the corresponding system of Estimationindex has been constructed, too.
文章基于企业内部知识市场理论和组织学习理论，通过分析跨国公司内部知识共享的过程、机理以及影响因素，最终为其构建了一种立体式的知识共享综合机制。
首先，分析了跨国公司内部知识共享的过程和机理，得出跨国公司内部知识共享包括组织单元间的知识流动和组织单元内的知识吸收。前者包含知识的搜索、传递和反馈过程，其机理是知识的市场交易；后者包含知识的测度、转化和整合过程，其机理是组织单元的组织学习。
其次，立足上述理论，从知识因素(知识粘性、知识国别性和知识距离)、组织结构因素(组织惰性、吸收和反馈能力)、多元文化因素(文化差异)、技术及激励因素(激励水平和激励方式)方面分析了上述过程中存在的跨国公司内部知识共享的影响因素，确定了知识共享机制构建的出发点。
然后，基于以上分析，构建了跨国公司内部知识共享机制的总框架。并在此基础上，分别从学习型组织结构、学习型文化机制、技术平台、运作机制、激励机制以及绩效测评机制来构建了一个综合的知识共享机制。
最后，通过案例分析，在一定程度上验证了本文提出的跨国公司内部知识共享机制方案的合理性与实用价值。
文章主要的创新性研究在基于过程循环的运作机制(知识流动机制和知识吸收机制)方面，特别是“知识国别性转化”概念和模型的提出。此外，改进了一种基于过程循环和时间序列的知识共享绩效指数，作为绩效测评机制的核心方法，并构建了相应的评价指标体系。
Knowledge is the source of the current Multi-nationalCorporations(MNC)'s key competitiveness, as the overseas subsidiarieschange into the important knowledge creator gradually, MNC mustconstruct a kind of Knowledge Sharing(KS) mechanism, in order toobtain and share the country-specific knowledge in everyorganization-unit in the world to maintain the competition advantage ofknowledge.
Based on the Intra-enterprise Knowledge Market Theory andOrganizational Learning Theory, through analyzing the process,mechanism theory and influence factor of the KS inside MNC, a kind ofstereoscopic type comprehensive KS mechanism has been finallyconstructed for MNC.
First of all, the process and explaining theory of the KS in MNCwere analyzed,and that the KS in MNC includes the knowledge-Flowamong the organization-units and the knowledge-Absorption in theorganization-units was concluded. The former includes the search,delivery and feedbacks course of knowledge, its mechanism theory ismarket transaction of knowledge; The latter includes the Measurement,Conversion and Integration of knowledge, and it's mechanism theory isthe organizational learning by Organization-units.
Secondly, based on the theory described above, from the knowledgefactor (Knowledge stickness, knowledge country-specificness andknowledge distance), organizational structure factor (Organizationalinertia, absorptive and feedback capacity) multi-culture factor (culturaldifference), technology factor and stimulation factor (stimulation leveland style), the influence factors to KS inside MNC existing in the twoprocesses described above, and the starting point of the construction ofthe KS mechanism has been confirmed.
Then, base on the analysis above, the total framework of the KSmechanism inside MNC has been constructed. And on this basis, acompositive KS mechanism was constructed from learning-type organizational structure, culture mechanism, technology platform,operation mechanism, stimulation mechanism and performancemeasurement mechanism.
Finally, by analyzing the case, the correctness and the practical valueof the construction scheme for the KS mechanism inside MNC which thisarticle put forward have been proved to a certain extent.
The article has mainly innovated in the operation mechanism(knowledge-flow mechanism and knowledge-absorption mechanism)based on the process-cycle, especially the proposition of the concept andmodel of "knowledge's country-specificness conversion". In addition,the KS performance index (KSPI) based on the process-cycle and timeseries was improved to be the core method of the performancemeasurement mechanism, and the corresponding system of Estimationindex has been constructed, too.
引文
[1] 王荣朴，宣国良．跨国公司的知识传导机理研究[J]．情报科学，2005，23(9)：1303～1306
[2] 薛求知．全球学习效应：跨国公司行为新解释[J]．管理论坛，2001，40(2)：184～188
[3] 王立生，任辉．基于网络视角的跨国公司知识转移机制研究[J]．技术经济，2005，(8)：13～17
[4] 单雪韩．知识共享的影响因素分析与实现对策研究：[硕士学位论文]．浙江：浙江大学，2003
[5] Ikujiro Nonaka and Ryoko Toyama. The knowledge-creating theory revisited:knowledge creation as a synthesizing process[J]. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2003 (1): 2～10
[6] Mantas Manovas. Investigating the relationship between Knowledge Management Capability and Knowledge Transfer Success: [硕士学位论文].Montreal Quebec: Concordia University, 2004
[7] Sheng Wang. TO SHARE OR NOT TO SHARE: AN EXAMINATION OF THE DETERMINANTS OF SHARING KNOWLEDGE VIA KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: [博士学位论文]. Ohio: The Ohio State University, 2005
[8] 汪丁丁．知识沿时间和空间的互补性以及相关的经济学[J]．经济研究，1997，(6)：83～94
[9] 吕四海，龙静．跨国公司内部的知识流动[J]．现代管理科学，2006，(3)：41～44
[10] 张作凤．知识共享机制及其在企业中的构建：[硕士学位论文]．北京：中国科学院研究生院，2004
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[12] 戴俊，盛昭瀚．企业内部知识市场交易机制的模型建构与研究[J]．预测，2004，23(4)：48～53
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[14] J. Scott Holste. A Study of the Effects of Affect-Based Trust and Cognition-Based Trust on Intra-Organizational Knowledge Sharing and Use: [博士学位论文]. Regent: Regent University, 2003
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[18] Rachelle C. Sampson. Organizational Choice in R&D Alliances: Knowledge-Based and Transaction Cost Perspectives[J]. MANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, 2004, (25) :421-436
[19] Wenpin Tsai. Social structure of "coopetition" within a multiunit organization: Coordination , Competition , And Intra-organizational Knowledge Sharing [J]. Organization Science, 2002,13(2):179-191
[20] Mengzhong Zhang .Policy Diffusion Across National Boundaries: A Case Study of South Korea' s Knowledge Cooperation Projects: [博士学位论文].New Jersey: The State University of New Jersey, 2004
[21] Thomas Kalling . Organization-internal transfer of knowledge and the role of motivation: a qualitative Case Study [J] . Knowledge and Process Management, 2003; 10(2):115-127
[22] D Minbaeval T Pedersen, I Bjorkman CF Fey HJ Park. MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2003 (34) : 586-599
[23] Dana B Minbaeva, Snejina Michailova. Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations :The role of disseminative Capacity [J]. Employee Relations; 2004,26(6): 663-676
[24] Kang Rae Cho, angho Lee. Firm Characteristics and MNC's Intra-network Knowledge Sharing[J]. Management International Review, 2004, 44, (4) : 435-456
[25] Cynthia Taylor Small. An Enterprise Knowledge-Sharing Model: A Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective on Improvement in Knowledge Sharing:[博士学位论文]. Virginia: Gorge Mason University, 2005
[26] Mats G. Magnusson. Managing the knowledge landscape of an MNC: knowledge networking at Ericsson[J].Knowledge and Process Management, 2004,11(4): 261～271
[27] Fiona Fui-Hoon Nab, Keng Siau, and Yuhong Tian. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS OF FINANCIAL SERVICE SITES[J]. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM, 2005, 48 (6): 117～125
[28] Yukika Awazu. Informal network players, knowledge integration, and competitive advantage[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2004,8(3):62～71
[29] Rafael Andreu and Sandra Sieber. Knowledge Integration Across Organizations: How Different Types of Knowledge Suggest Different. 'Integration Trajectories' [J].Knowledge and Process Management, 2005,12(3):153～160
[30] 赵民杰，任晓娜．跨国公司的知识流动机制研究[J]．现代管理科学，2004，(11)：31～32
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[32] 郭强．论企业内部知识市场制度的建构[J]．财经研究，2002，28(5)：62～66
[33] 王越．组织内社会网络的知识传导及成本研究[J]．科学管理研究，2004，22(4)：74～78
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[2] 薛求知．全球学习效应：跨国公司行为新解释[J]．管理论坛，2001，40(2)：184～188
[3] 王立生，任辉．基于网络视角的跨国公司知识转移机制研究[J]．技术经济，2005，(8)：13～17
[4] 单雪韩．知识共享的影响因素分析与实现对策研究：[硕士学位论文]．浙江：浙江大学，2003
[5] Ikujiro Nonaka and Ryoko Toyama. The knowledge-creating theory revisited:knowledge creation as a synthesizing process[J]. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2003 (1): 2～10
[6] Mantas Manovas. Investigating the relationship between Knowledge Management Capability and Knowledge Transfer Success: [硕士学位论文].Montreal Quebec: Concordia University, 2004
[7] Sheng Wang. TO SHARE OR NOT TO SHARE: AN EXAMINATION OF THE DETERMINANTS OF SHARING KNOWLEDGE VIA KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: [博士学位论文]. Ohio: The Ohio State University, 2005
[8] 汪丁丁．知识沿时间和空间的互补性以及相关的经济学[J]．经济研究，1997，(6)：83～94
[9] 吕四海，龙静．跨国公司内部的知识流动[J]．现代管理科学，2006，(3)：41～44
[10] 张作凤．知识共享机制及其在企业中的构建：[硕士学位论文]．北京：中国科学院研究生院，2004
[11] 薛求知，阎海峰．跨国公司全球学习——新角度审视跨国公司[J]．南开管理评论，2001，(2)：36～40
[12] 戴俊，盛昭瀚．企业内部知识市场交易机制的模型建构与研究[J]．预测，2004，23(4)：48～53
[13] Cao Shengrong. KNOWLEDGE TANSFERABILITY COST, AND TRANSACTION COST IN MNC:ARECONSIDERATION OF INTERNALIZATION THEORY: [博士学位论文].HONG KONG: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000
[14] J. Scott Holste. A Study of the Effects of Affect-Based Trust and Cognition-Based Trust on Intra-Organizational Knowledge Sharing and Use: [博士学位论文]. Regent: Regent University, 2003
[15] Shu-hsien Liao, Juo-chiang Chang, Shih-chieh Cheng, et al. Employee relationship and knowledge sharing: a case study of a Taiwanese finance and securities firm[J], Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2004, (2): 24-34
[16] Kathryn M Bartol, Abhishek Srivastava. Encouraging knowledge sharing: The role of organizational reward systems[J]. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 2002,9 (1):64-77
[17] W A Taylor; G H Wright. Organizational Readiness for Successful Knowledge Sharing : Challenges for Pub[J]. Information Resources Management Journal, 2004,17(2):22-27
[18] Rachelle C. Sampson. Organizational Choice in R&D Alliances: Knowledge-Based and Transaction Cost Perspectives[J]. MANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, 2004, (25) :421-436
[19] Wenpin Tsai. Social structure of "coopetition" within a multiunit organization: Coordination , Competition , And Intra-organizational Knowledge Sharing [J]. Organization Science, 2002,13(2):179-191
[20] Mengzhong Zhang .Policy Diffusion Across National Boundaries: A Case Study of South Korea' s Knowledge Cooperation Projects: [博士学位论文].New Jersey: The State University of New Jersey, 2004
[21] Thomas Kalling . Organization-internal transfer of knowledge and the role of motivation: a qualitative Case Study [J] . Knowledge and Process Management, 2003; 10(2):115-127
[22] D Minbaeval T Pedersen, I Bjorkman CF Fey HJ Park. MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2003 (34) : 586-599
[23] Dana B Minbaeva, Snejina Michailova. Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations :The role of disseminative Capacity [J]. Employee Relations; 2004,26(6): 663-676
[24] Kang Rae Cho, angho Lee. Firm Characteristics and MNC's Intra-network Knowledge Sharing[J]. Management International Review, 2004, 44, (4) : 435-456
[25] Cynthia Taylor Small. An Enterprise Knowledge-Sharing Model: A Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective on Improvement in Knowledge Sharing:[博士学位论文]. Virginia: Gorge Mason University, 2005
[26] Mats G. Magnusson. Managing the knowledge landscape of an MNC: knowledge networking at Ericsson[J].Knowledge and Process Management, 2004,11(4): 261～271
[27] Fiona Fui-Hoon Nab, Keng Siau, and Yuhong Tian. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS OF FINANCIAL SERVICE SITES[J]. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM, 2005, 48 (6): 117～125
[28] Yukika Awazu. Informal network players, knowledge integration, and competitive advantage[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2004,8(3):62～71
[29] Rafael Andreu and Sandra Sieber. Knowledge Integration Across Organizations: How Different Types of Knowledge Suggest Different. 'Integration Trajectories' [J].Knowledge and Process Management, 2005,12(3):153～160
[30] 赵民杰，任晓娜．跨国公司的知识流动机制研究[J]．现代管理科学，2004，(11)：31～32
[31] 王清晓，杨忠．跨国公司母子公司之间的知识转移研究：一个情境的视角[J]．科学学与科学技术管理，2005，(6)：81～86
[32] 郭强．论企业内部知识市场制度的建构[J]．财经研究，2002，28(5)：62～66
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