玉米抗旱性鉴定指标体系及抗旱鉴定指标遗传特性的研究
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摘要
本文以抗旱性不同的玉米品种为试材,着眼于抗旱性的复杂性、系统性和
    整体性,分别从形态学、生理学、解剖学等角度对玉米抗旱性鉴定指标进行了
    系统研究。在研究结果的数量分析过程中借引了灰色系统理论及灰色关联度分
    析法,以及隶属函数值法、系统聚类法等科学统计分析方法,并在此基础上建
    立了玉米抗旱性鉴定指标体系。同时探讨了部分抗旱性鉴定指标的遗传特性。
    主要研究结果如下:
     1.水分胁迫下,不同生长发育时期的玉米根系的生长发育受抑、生理活
    性下降。表现在根长、根数、根体积、根干重、根系的总吸收面积、根系的活
    跃吸收面积、根系的氧化力等指标在干旱情况下明显下降。对根的导管数和导
    管大小的研究结果表明,根系的解剖结构和抗旱性的关系密切。定义并测定了
    离体根系失水速率,其与抗旱性的相关性强于离体叶片失水速率。
     2.水分胁迫下玉米叶片的叶形值、叶夹角、叶向值均发生了改变,但无
    强规律性。不同品种玉米叶片的气孔密度、叶脉多少及大小不同,这是品种间
    抗旱性形成差异的原因之一。
     3.在渗透胁迫下玉米种子的吸水速率减小、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根干重
    均明显下降,因而发芽时间延迟、发芽率下降。根据PEG处理的种子萌发抗旱
    指数可以鉴定玉米芽期抗旱性。
     4.在干旱条件下,水分在玉米各器官中的分配发生了变化,表现在根、
    茎、叶、鞘的含水量下降的幅度不同,其中鞘、叶含水量下降幅度大于茎、根
    含水量。
     5.水分胁迫下玉米叶片细胞膜受到伤害,MDA含量、电解质渗出量均有
    增加。反应耐热性的热稳定百分率与玉米抗旱性关联密切,是一个好的抗旱性
    鉴定指标。
     6.在干旱条件下,玉米叶片的饱和渗透势下降,同时叶片内渗透调节物
    质增加,其中Pro含量、ABA含量增加明显,可溶性糖含量、K~+含量、Ca~(2+)含量
    
     有上爿口的趋势,说明玉米叶片确实具有渗透凋节能力。
     7.水分胁迫下玉米叶片内的S()D、f,()D、CAT同工酶谱发生了变化。P()D
     同工酶谱的变化最为明显,谱带颜色深浅和条数均有变化,舰分酶分子失去了
     酶活性而谱带消失,另一部分酶分子活性则明显提高或出现新的谱带。SOD、CAT
     同工酶谱的变化相对不强。同时卜()D、CAT同工酶谱在不同玉米基因型间差异
     较明显,SOD则无太大差异。说明从抗旱育种角度出发,可将其作为抗旱性鉴
     定的生化指标。
     8.根据研究结果建立了玉米抗旱性鉴定指标体系。
     9.对辽宁省生产上推广使用的丹408等近30个玉米品种的芽期、苗期、
     生育中期及全生育期的抗旱性进行了鉴定。
     10.遗传分析的结果表明,ROC、叶片失水速率、P,O含量、外渗电导率、
     热稳定百分率、CAR含量、ASI均符合加性一显性模型。其中CAR含量、ASI、
     RWC以加性效应为主,其它指标均以显性效应为主并且存在超显性。
Abstract
    
     Considering the complexity of drought resistance, the morphological,
     physiological and anatomical characteristics of drought resistance in maize (Zea
     mays L.) varieties with different drought resistance were studied. The indexes
     systems of drought 梤esistance identification were estahl ished quantitative
     analyzing with methods of grey correlation degree, subordinate function values and
     systematic analysis of clustering. Another experiment was conducted to study the
     inheritance speciality of part of identification indexes of maize drought resistance.
     The results were as follows:
    
     1. The growth and physiological activity of root systems were inhibited or
     decreased at different development stages, such as length, number, volume, dry
     weight, total absorbing area, active absorbing area, and oxidate ability of roots
     decreased evidently under water stress. The study on number and diameter of
     root vascular showed that the relationship between root anatomical structure
     and drought resistance was close. Water losing rate of uncontacted roots was
     defined and determined, and the relationship between it and drought resistance
     was closer than that of uncontacted leaves.
    
     2. The leaf shape, leaf angle, and leaf orientation value of maize changed under
     water stress and the changes had not significant law. Drought resistance
     differed in maize cultivars partially because of differences in stomata density,
     size and density of vein of maize leaves;
    
     3. Water absorbing rate of seeds, embryo-shoot length, and length and dry weight
     of embryo-root of maize decreased evidently, so germination was delayed and
     germination percentage decreased under osmotic stress. At the same time, the
     germination percentage of seeds was an effective index for determining drought
     resistance within maize germinating period.
     4. Water contents in maize organs changed under water stress. The reduction of
     water contents was greater in leaves and vaginas than in stems and roots.
    
     5. Cell membrane in maize leaves was injured and both of MIDA content and
     electrolyte leakage were increased under water stress. Percentage of thermo
     instability used as heat resistance had a significant correlation with the drought
    
     -12 1-
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     resistance in different maize varieties. This trait is likely to be important in
     determining drought resistance.
    
     6. The saturated osmotic potential decreased and more proline and ABA
     accumulated than soluble sugar, k~ and ca 2-~ This result showed that maize
     leaves did have the ability of osmotic adjustment.
    
     7. The changes of bands and activities in peroxidase isozymes were more
     significant than others. At the same time, the differences of peroxidase and
     catalase isozymes in different genotypes maize were obviously than superoxide
     dismutase. Such results would facilitate maize breeding for improving drought
     resistance.
    
     8. Establishing indexes systems of drought resistance identification of maize
     under water stress by the results of this study.
    
     9. Identifying the drought resistance at germinating, seedling and other
     development stages, of twenty-nine maize cultivars popularly planted in
     Liaoning province were examined such as Dan 408.
    
     10. Genetic analysis showed that RWC. leaves water l
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