大学生创业困境的探索性研究
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摘要
本研究立足于专长发展视角,采用比较研究的方法,探索创业专家、创业新手和想创业的大学生对创业困境的认知及其差异。本文主要解决的两大问题：(1)大学生创业倾向中,对创业困境的认知和创业专家、创业新手是否存在差异?(2)在一个典型的创业困境——创业项目的识别与评判上,创业专家和想创业的大学生间是否存在显著性差异?
在研究1中,对三组群体共计180名被试进行了问卷调查,探索他们对创业困境的认知上存在如下差异：(1)创业困境重要性认识。创业专家强调组织架构及产品和服务创新的困境,创业新手认为经验技能欠缺及市场竞争激烈对创业的阻碍影响比较大,而想创业的大学生则强调来自外部环境的支持与指导不足是主要障碍。(2)创业困境解决的序列性。创业专家优先考虑启动资金及项目,新手首要解决的是创业团队,而想创业的大学生倾向于寻找合适的创业项目。(3)创业困境的组合效应。新手组、大学生组与专家组对创业困境组合效应严重程度的评估存在显著性差异。
研究2,主要是基于研究1中的问卷调查结果,我们发现,目前大学生创业遇到的最大困境主要是缺乏合适的创业项目。因此,在这一部分,通过对创业专家和想创业的大学生的访谈,以及对访谈结果的质性和量化分析,结果如下：(1)两组被试群体创业项目来源上的差异。专家主要会从自己或他人遇到的问题、成果转化中心、各类创业园区等寻找创业项目,大学生寻找创业项目更多来自高校的各类科技作品大赛、一些创新方面等。(2)两组被试群体创业项目评判标准上的差异。创业专家着重可用资源,想创业的大学生主要从个人倾向出发。(3)两组被试群体识别创业项目的认知过程特征。创业专家是并列式,即对创业项目的识别与评判是同步进行的,想创业的大学生是序列进行的,先寻找创业项目,再评判自己优劣势、机会、威胁是否可以开展此项目。
本文寄希望于对想创业的大学生及鼓励大学生创业的政府、机构有所指导和帮助。
Based on the expertise view, the research was used the comparative researching method to explore the potential cognitive differences of entrepreneurial barriers for entrepreneurial experts, novice and college-students who want to conduct entrepreneurship.It was to solve two main problems:(1) Is there any difference that the entrepreneurial barriers recognition and evaluation among the expert/novice/ college-student? (2) Is there any difference that the entrepreneurial project identification and evaluation between the expert and college-student?
In Study 1, a total of three groups of 180 subjects were conducted a survey. The results show as following:(1) Awareness to the importance of entrepreneurial barriers. Expert stresses the organizational structure and business products and services of innovation, the novice addresses lack of experience and the great market competition, but the college-student stresses the support and guidance from the external environment which is a major obstacle. (2) The sequence of barriers solving. The expert thinks of start-up funding and project. The novice addresses the entrepreneurial team first. And college-student tends to find the right entrepreneurial project first. (3) The combined effects of entrepreneurial barriers. There is difference in the evaluation among the three groups.
In Study 2, mainly based on the results of Study 1, we found that in current times, the greatest barriers faced by the college-student who wants to conduct entrepreneurship is lack of a suitable entrepreneurial project. Thus, in this part, through interviews with college-student and expert, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis, the findings are below:(1) Different sources of project. Experts mainly find projects from the problems of themselves or others, the transformation centers, and other types of business organizations; college-student looks for more venture projects from various scientific and technological competitions, a number of innovation and so on. (2) Different evaluation criteria. Expert focuses on available resources, while college-student mainly cares of the personal tendency. (3) Difference in cognitive process. Expert is parallel, that is, simultaneously, while that of college-student is series.
This article hopes to help direct college-student and relevant organizations.
在研究1中,对三组群体共计180名被试进行了问卷调查,探索他们对创业困境的认知上存在如下差异：(1)创业困境重要性认识。创业专家强调组织架构及产品和服务创新的困境,创业新手认为经验技能欠缺及市场竞争激烈对创业的阻碍影响比较大,而想创业的大学生则强调来自外部环境的支持与指导不足是主要障碍。(2)创业困境解决的序列性。创业专家优先考虑启动资金及项目,新手首要解决的是创业团队,而想创业的大学生倾向于寻找合适的创业项目。(3)创业困境的组合效应。新手组、大学生组与专家组对创业困境组合效应严重程度的评估存在显著性差异。
研究2,主要是基于研究1中的问卷调查结果,我们发现,目前大学生创业遇到的最大困境主要是缺乏合适的创业项目。因此,在这一部分,通过对创业专家和想创业的大学生的访谈,以及对访谈结果的质性和量化分析,结果如下：(1)两组被试群体创业项目来源上的差异。专家主要会从自己或他人遇到的问题、成果转化中心、各类创业园区等寻找创业项目,大学生寻找创业项目更多来自高校的各类科技作品大赛、一些创新方面等。(2)两组被试群体创业项目评判标准上的差异。创业专家着重可用资源,想创业的大学生主要从个人倾向出发。(3)两组被试群体识别创业项目的认知过程特征。创业专家是并列式,即对创业项目的识别与评判是同步进行的,想创业的大学生是序列进行的,先寻找创业项目,再评判自己优劣势、机会、威胁是否可以开展此项目。
本文寄希望于对想创业的大学生及鼓励大学生创业的政府、机构有所指导和帮助。
Based on the expertise view, the research was used the comparative researching method to explore the potential cognitive differences of entrepreneurial barriers for entrepreneurial experts, novice and college-students who want to conduct entrepreneurship.It was to solve two main problems:(1) Is there any difference that the entrepreneurial barriers recognition and evaluation among the expert/novice/ college-student? (2) Is there any difference that the entrepreneurial project identification and evaluation between the expert and college-student?
In Study 1, a total of three groups of 180 subjects were conducted a survey. The results show as following:(1) Awareness to the importance of entrepreneurial barriers. Expert stresses the organizational structure and business products and services of innovation, the novice addresses lack of experience and the great market competition, but the college-student stresses the support and guidance from the external environment which is a major obstacle. (2) The sequence of barriers solving. The expert thinks of start-up funding and project. The novice addresses the entrepreneurial team first. And college-student tends to find the right entrepreneurial project first. (3) The combined effects of entrepreneurial barriers. There is difference in the evaluation among the three groups.
In Study 2, mainly based on the results of Study 1, we found that in current times, the greatest barriers faced by the college-student who wants to conduct entrepreneurship is lack of a suitable entrepreneurial project. Thus, in this part, through interviews with college-student and expert, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis, the findings are below:(1) Different sources of project. Experts mainly find projects from the problems of themselves or others, the transformation centers, and other types of business organizations; college-student looks for more venture projects from various scientific and technological competitions, a number of innovation and so on. (2) Different evaluation criteria. Expert focuses on available resources, while college-student mainly cares of the personal tendency. (3) Difference in cognitive process. Expert is parallel, that is, simultaneously, while that of college-student is series.
This article hopes to help direct college-student and relevant organizations.
引文
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2. Gartner, W. B. (1988). "Who is an entrepreneur?" is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice.13(A),47-68.
3.同上
4. Gnyawali, D. R.,& Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development:Key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship Theory & Development. J8(4),43-62.
5. Herron, L.,& SHapienza, H. J. (1992). The entrepreneur & the initiation of new venture activities. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice. J7(1),49-55.
6.同4
7.同2
8. Wiklund, Johan; Davidsson, Per; Delmar, Frederic. (2002). What do they think and feel about growth? Entrepreneurship:Theory & Practice, Spring2003, Vol.27 Issue 3, p247-270
9. Shane S, Venkataramans. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review,2000,25(ⅰ):217-226
10. Robert A. Baron张玉利译。创业过程：基于过程的观点【M】。北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
11.杨俊、张玉利,2004.《基于企业家资源禀赋的创业行为过程分析》。外国经济与管理,第二期。
12. Jeffry.A.T. New Venture Creation, Irwin MeGtaw. Hill,1994:37-40
13. Wickham.P.A. Shategic Entrepreneurship [M].Pitman Public,1998:30-32
14. Churchill.N.C.Entrepreneurs and their enterprises:a stage model [J]. In Hornaday.J.A. Tinunons.J.A.andVesper. K.H.(Eds) Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Wellesley, Mass.:Babson College, Centre for Entrepreneurial Studies 1983:1-22
15. Churchill, N.C. The six key phases of Company growth [M].Mastering Enterprise, London:FT Pitman Publishing,1997:213-219
16. Flamholtz, E.G. How to Make the Transition from an Entrepreneurship to a professionally Managed Firm[M].San Franeiseo:Josser-Base,1986:35
17. Kazanjian, R.K. Operationalising stage of growth:an empirical assessment of dominant problems[J].Frontier of Entrepreneurship Researeh, Wellesley Mass.:Babson College, Centre for entrepreneurial Studies,1984:144-158
18. Kuratko, D.F.,& Hodgetts, R.M.(1989). Entrepreneurship:A contemporary approach. Chicago:Dryden Press.
19. Oslon,P.D.(1987).Entrepreneurship and management. Journal of small Business management,25(3),7-13.
20. Bain, J. S. (1956). Barriers to new competition:Character and consequences in manufacturing industries. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
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