北祁连—北山地区早白垩世沉积盆地分析及古地理特征
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摘要
从北祁连-北山地区早白垩世沉积盆地的沉积充填物入手,重点分析岩石序列组成、沉积环境、古流向、砾石成分、砂岩碎屑组分以及砂岩碎屑锆石年代学特征,从沉积地质学的角度对研究区早白垩世盆地的物源特征、沉积环境演变、盆地演化以及盆山格局提供新的更全面、更宏观的信息和认识。
     充填物岩石序列组合,垂向上表现出粗-细-粗的特征,对应为冲积扇-河流-三角洲-湖泊-河流的环境演变过程。平面上,沉积厚度表现出南厚北薄特点,沉积沉降中心位于昌马-旱峡-红柳峡-酒泉一带,暗示一个拉张背景下泛盆的存在。
     研究区受南、北两大物源影响。南部物源由奥陶纪北祁连洋火山弧,晚志留世-泥盆纪碰撞花岗岩,新元古代中祁连裂解岩浆岩、变质岩基底和早中生代南祁连岩浆岩组成;北部物源主要为华北克拉通西北缘古生代-中生代早期增生造山及后碰撞花岗岩、敦煌-库鲁克塔格地块古元古带岩浆岩和深成变质岩。早白垩世初期,沉积物主要来自北部;早期,南、北部物源同时存在;中期则逐渐以南部源区为主;晚期西北部和南部物源区同时为物源供给区。
     赤金桥组-赤金堡组主体沉积时代在Berriasian-Barremian期,下沟组-中沟组沉积时代主要在Barremian-Albian期。民和盆地恐龙骨骼化石层形成稍早(早于或等于Aptian-Albian期),俞井子盆地恐龙骨骼化石层形成时代属于Aptian-Albian期,而马鬃山恐龙骨骼化石层形成时代最晚,可能为Albian期。
     阿尔金断裂带东北缘分布有年龄100-120Ma,形成于陆内拉张环境的幔源型基性火山熔岩。结合早白垩世中-晚期,昌马-旱峡-红柳峡-酒泉一带为沉降沉积的中心区,表明阿尔金断裂带在早白垩世时期发生再活化,并影响着周边地区沉积演化过程。
     早白垩世可能在增厚地壳引起的侧向伸展以及区域性地幔上隆的深部动力学机制下形成一个区域性伸展环境,发育了大量的沉积断陷区盆地演化经历赤金桥组-赤金堡组沉积早期的断陷初始阶段,赤金堡组沉积晚期-下沟组沉积期的断陷发展-稳定阶段以及中沟组沉积期的断陷萎缩阶段,古地貌、古环境特征方面,早白垩世研究区的众多断陷沉积区之间并无山脉阻隔,是互相连通的,呈现一个适宜包括大型脊椎动物群在内的多物种生物共生存的古环境。
Based on the sediments of Early Cretaceous basins in the North Qilian toBeishan area, Gansu Province, the characteristics of rock sequences, sedimentaryenvironment evolution, stratigraphic correlation and especially the provenance ofbasins by using of the paleocurrents, gravel components, sandstone detritalcomponents and age of detrital zircons, which can provide the comprehensive andnewly information about provenance of basin, variation of sedimentary environment,basin evolution and paleogeography in the Early Cretaceous, the North Qilian toBeishan area.
     In vertical, the characteristics of depositional succession showed the rhythm ofcoarse-fine-coarse corresponding to sedimentary and palaeogeographical evolutionaryhistory in succession, i.e., from initial alluvial fan, and then fluvial, followed bylacustrine and fluvial environment finally. In plane, the depositional succession wasthick in south and thin in north and the sedimentary center was located inChangma-Hanxia-Hongliuxia-Jiuquan area, which indicated the North Qilian toBeishan Basins existed in the Early Cretaceous.
     Two provenances were identified. The south provenance was composed ofmetamorphic basement and Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks from the Central Qilianterrance, the North Qilian volcanic arc (O), magmatic rocks origined from thecollision (S2-3-D) and the Early Mesozoic igneous rocks in the South Qilian. The northprovenance was composed of Paleoproterozoic magmatic rocks and deepmetamorphic rocks from the Dunhuang-Kuruktag terrance, which was located in thenortheastern of Tarim Block, the granites produced by the collision and post-collisionin the Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic, northwestern of North China. Besides, the evolutionof source showed the north provenance provided sediments to the Corridor in theinitial period, and then both provenances were existed in the early period, followed bymiddle stage, the south provenance became prior, while finally, the northwest andsouth supplied sediments together.
     By summarizing and comparing the invertebrates borning in the research area,we concluded that the Chijinqiao Fm. and Chijinbao Fm. were formed inBerriansian-Barremian, the Xiagou Fm. and Zhonggou Fm. were formed inBarremian-Albian. We also inferred the times of dinosaur bone beds discovered inMazongshan area, Yujingzi basin and Minhe basin in the Lower Cretaceous by usingthe reported palynoflora. The bone beds in Minhe basin was formed in Aptian-Albianor before that, whereas in Yujingzi basin, which was formed in Aptian-Albian and inAlbian in Mazongshang area.
     The mantle-derived basic lava, ageing in100-120Ma and developing around thenortheast of the Altyn Fault, was formed in intracontinental extensional background.Combined with the sedimentary features of both sides about the Altyn Fault, weproposed that the Altyn Fault was reactive in the Early Cretaceous and influenced theevolution of basins around it.
     In the Early Cretaceous, the research area was in regional extending backgroundwhich may be caused by thickening crust collapsed and regional mantle rising. Theevolution of basins underwent initial stage of rifted basin corresponding to ChijinqiaoFm. and lower part of Chijinbao Fm., the developing–stable stage corresponding toupper part of Chijinbao Fm. and Xiagou Fm., the shrink stage corresponding toZhonggou Fm.. In the respect of palaeogeography and paleoenvironment, the riftsedimentary areas were connected with each other and not separated by mountains,where many of vertebrates lived.
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