变形和热处理对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超强铝合金组织和性能的影响
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摘要
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超强铝合金是大飞机用关键材料,要求具有较高的强度、良好的韧性和优良的耐蚀性。该系合金在变形和固溶过程引发的再结晶和在时效过程链状富集的晶界析出相降低了合金的断裂韧性和应力腐蚀抗力,限制了其应用潜力的发挥。因此,研究变形和热处理对微观组织的影响,对于同时提高合金的强度、韧性和耐蚀性具有重要的意义。
本论文选择Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超强铝合金中的7B50轧制板材为研究对象,研究了7B50合金断裂腐蚀机理,研究了变形、固溶和时效对微观组织(未溶相、再结晶以及析出相)的影响,分析了微观组织对力学和腐蚀性能的影响机理,研究结果表明：
(1)合金局部腐蚀的发生依次为点蚀、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀；腐蚀路径主要沿着再结晶晶界扩展；与未再结晶晶界析出相相比,再结晶晶界析出相不耐蚀。再结晶降低了合金的剥蚀抗力,降低了合金纵向和长横向应力腐蚀抗力。沿轧制方向排列的未溶相降低了材料长横向的拉伸性能和T-L方向的断裂韧性；再结晶降低了材料纵向的拉伸性能和L-T方向的断裂韧性。
(2)热轧变形量越大,合金的未溶相越少,晶粒尺寸越小,时效析出相更加密集,但基体再结晶越严重；对应合金的拉伸性能越高；断裂韧性先升高后降低,剥蚀和应力腐蚀抗力变差。当热轧温度降低时,合金在固溶过程中发生严重的静态再结晶,极大降低合金的拉伸和腐蚀性能。
(3)固溶升温的中温阶段(350℃-460℃)发生第二相粗化现象,严重危害后续固溶效果,据此,提出了快速升温固溶工艺；研究了固溶保温过程中固溶温度和固溶时间对合金未溶相和基体再结晶的影响,提出了高温短时固溶保温工艺；快速升温和高温短时两种工艺综合使用保证未溶相溶解的同时,能有效抑制基体再结晶,提高合金的综合性能。
(4)回归过程中,晶内析出相溶解的同时,晶界析出相发生粗化和不连续,后续的时效过程中,晶内析出相重新密集析出,而晶界析出相保持粗大不连续状态,该组织在保证强度的同时,能有效提高合金的耐蚀性。据此,提出多次回归再时效处理,在保持合金强度的前提下,进一步提高合金的耐蚀性。回归次数在3次以内,随着回归次数的增加,晶内析出相粗化不明显,晶界析出相更加粗大且不连续,其铜含量不断增加,而锌含量不断减少,强度与一次回归再时效处理样品相当,断裂韧性、剥蚀抗力和应力腐蚀抗力随着回归次数的增加而变大。回归次数达到4次时,晶内析出相有所粗化,但仍比T76处理合金要细小,强度、断裂韧性和应力腐蚀抗力有所下降。
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy is a key material for large aircraft, which demands high strength, good toughness and superior corrosion resistance when it is used as the primary structural materials in aerocraft field. However, recrystallization induced by deformation and solution treatment and continuous distribution grain boundary precipitates(GBPs) decrease fracture toughness and the resistance to stress corrosion cracking, which limits its potential for application. Therefore, it is very important to study the effect of deformation and heat treatment on the microstructure in order to improve strength and fracture toughness as well as the resistance to stress corrosion.
The paper investigated rolling7B50plates provided by Northeast Light alloy Co. Ltd. The effect of deformation, solution treatment and aging treatment on the undissolved particles, recrystallization and precipitates was studied. The mechanism of special microstructure influence on the tensile, toughness and corrosion resistance was discussed. The research results are stated as the following:
(1) The local corrosion is pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion, respectively; corrosion route develops along the recrystallized grain boundary due to GBPs on the recrystallization boundary are readily dissolved. The recrystallization decreases the EC resistance of rolling surface and SCC resistance of L-T and T-L direction; the recrystallization decreases the tensile property of L direction and fracture toughness of L-T direction while the undissolved particles decrease the tensile property of LT direction and fracture toughness of T-L direction.
(2) The greater hot roll-deformation amount is, the less undissolved particles is, the smaller the grain size is, the denser the aging-precipitates are, but the more serious the recrystallization is, resulting in the tensile property increases, EC and SCC resistance get worse, and fracture toughness increases first, then decreases. When deformation temperature decreases, recrystallization during solution treatment is serious, leading to degrade the tensile and corrosion properties.
(3) At mediate temperature of solution heating-up treatment(350℃-460℃), phases get coarse and hazards the effect of solution treatment, therefore, increasing the heating rate during the solution heating-up treatment is suggested; high solution temperature and short solution time is suggested by studing the effect of solution temperature and time on the undissolved particles and recrystallization; therefore, combined rapid heating rate and high temperature and short time solution treatments could maximize the undissolved particles dissolve and minimize the recrystallization occur, corresponding to the best comprehensive properties of alloy.
(4) When retrogression occurs, intra-grain precipitates dissolve and GBPs become coarse and discrete; Re-aging treatment make intra-grain precipitates re-precipitate and GBPs keep coarse and discrete, leading to keep high strength and superior corrosion resistance. Based on it, the repetitive-RRA treatment is proposed in order to keep high strength and further improved corrosion resistance.. It is found that, within3retrogression time, matrix precipitates coarsening do not occur, while GBPs become more discrete and coarser with the time increasing. The Cu element content increases with the time, inversely for Zn element content. The tensile properties maintain RRA strength, while fracture toughness, EC resistance and SCC resistance increase with time increasing. When the retrogression time reached4, matrix precipitates partly coarsen, still smaller than T76treatment, the tensile properties, fracture toughness and SCC resistance decrease.
本论文选择Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超强铝合金中的7B50轧制板材为研究对象,研究了7B50合金断裂腐蚀机理,研究了变形、固溶和时效对微观组织(未溶相、再结晶以及析出相)的影响,分析了微观组织对力学和腐蚀性能的影响机理,研究结果表明：
(1)合金局部腐蚀的发生依次为点蚀、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀；腐蚀路径主要沿着再结晶晶界扩展；与未再结晶晶界析出相相比,再结晶晶界析出相不耐蚀。再结晶降低了合金的剥蚀抗力,降低了合金纵向和长横向应力腐蚀抗力。沿轧制方向排列的未溶相降低了材料长横向的拉伸性能和T-L方向的断裂韧性；再结晶降低了材料纵向的拉伸性能和L-T方向的断裂韧性。
(2)热轧变形量越大,合金的未溶相越少,晶粒尺寸越小,时效析出相更加密集,但基体再结晶越严重；对应合金的拉伸性能越高；断裂韧性先升高后降低,剥蚀和应力腐蚀抗力变差。当热轧温度降低时,合金在固溶过程中发生严重的静态再结晶,极大降低合金的拉伸和腐蚀性能。
(3)固溶升温的中温阶段(350℃-460℃)发生第二相粗化现象,严重危害后续固溶效果,据此,提出了快速升温固溶工艺；研究了固溶保温过程中固溶温度和固溶时间对合金未溶相和基体再结晶的影响,提出了高温短时固溶保温工艺；快速升温和高温短时两种工艺综合使用保证未溶相溶解的同时,能有效抑制基体再结晶,提高合金的综合性能。
(4)回归过程中,晶内析出相溶解的同时,晶界析出相发生粗化和不连续,后续的时效过程中,晶内析出相重新密集析出,而晶界析出相保持粗大不连续状态,该组织在保证强度的同时,能有效提高合金的耐蚀性。据此,提出多次回归再时效处理,在保持合金强度的前提下,进一步提高合金的耐蚀性。回归次数在3次以内,随着回归次数的增加,晶内析出相粗化不明显,晶界析出相更加粗大且不连续,其铜含量不断增加,而锌含量不断减少,强度与一次回归再时效处理样品相当,断裂韧性、剥蚀抗力和应力腐蚀抗力随着回归次数的增加而变大。回归次数达到4次时,晶内析出相有所粗化,但仍比T76处理合金要细小,强度、断裂韧性和应力腐蚀抗力有所下降。
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy is a key material for large aircraft, which demands high strength, good toughness and superior corrosion resistance when it is used as the primary structural materials in aerocraft field. However, recrystallization induced by deformation and solution treatment and continuous distribution grain boundary precipitates(GBPs) decrease fracture toughness and the resistance to stress corrosion cracking, which limits its potential for application. Therefore, it is very important to study the effect of deformation and heat treatment on the microstructure in order to improve strength and fracture toughness as well as the resistance to stress corrosion.
The paper investigated rolling7B50plates provided by Northeast Light alloy Co. Ltd. The effect of deformation, solution treatment and aging treatment on the undissolved particles, recrystallization and precipitates was studied. The mechanism of special microstructure influence on the tensile, toughness and corrosion resistance was discussed. The research results are stated as the following:
(1) The local corrosion is pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion, respectively; corrosion route develops along the recrystallized grain boundary due to GBPs on the recrystallization boundary are readily dissolved. The recrystallization decreases the EC resistance of rolling surface and SCC resistance of L-T and T-L direction; the recrystallization decreases the tensile property of L direction and fracture toughness of L-T direction while the undissolved particles decrease the tensile property of LT direction and fracture toughness of T-L direction.
(2) The greater hot roll-deformation amount is, the less undissolved particles is, the smaller the grain size is, the denser the aging-precipitates are, but the more serious the recrystallization is, resulting in the tensile property increases, EC and SCC resistance get worse, and fracture toughness increases first, then decreases. When deformation temperature decreases, recrystallization during solution treatment is serious, leading to degrade the tensile and corrosion properties.
(3) At mediate temperature of solution heating-up treatment(350℃-460℃), phases get coarse and hazards the effect of solution treatment, therefore, increasing the heating rate during the solution heating-up treatment is suggested; high solution temperature and short solution time is suggested by studing the effect of solution temperature and time on the undissolved particles and recrystallization; therefore, combined rapid heating rate and high temperature and short time solution treatments could maximize the undissolved particles dissolve and minimize the recrystallization occur, corresponding to the best comprehensive properties of alloy.
(4) When retrogression occurs, intra-grain precipitates dissolve and GBPs become coarse and discrete; Re-aging treatment make intra-grain precipitates re-precipitate and GBPs keep coarse and discrete, leading to keep high strength and superior corrosion resistance. Based on it, the repetitive-RRA treatment is proposed in order to keep high strength and further improved corrosion resistance.. It is found that, within3retrogression time, matrix precipitates coarsening do not occur, while GBPs become more discrete and coarser with the time increasing. The Cu element content increases with the time, inversely for Zn element content. The tensile properties maintain RRA strength, while fracture toughness, EC resistance and SCC resistance increase with time increasing. When the retrogression time reached4, matrix precipitates partly coarsen, still smaller than T76treatment, the tensile properties, fracture toughness and SCC resistance decrease.
引文
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