我国电网行业的规制研究
|
摘要
本文主要研究了自然垄断和规制经济学的相关理论在我国电网行业规制中的应用,分析了我国电网行业规制中存在的不足,结合实际情况,提出了基于电网质量、企业成本等信息监督的规制模式。
随着社会的进步和人民生活水平的不断提高,电作为社会生活的一部分,越来越来显示其重要性,所以提高电力行业的服务质量、降低电力经营企业的成本是社会发展的要求。近几十年来,世界上许多国家都在进行电力体制改革,对电力的规制也经历了严格和放松的循环过程,各国的规制工作也存在着成功和失败的案例。我国的电力工业也在不断的进步和变革,尤其是近十年来,加快了电力改革的步伐,实行了厂网分开,设立了电力监管委员会,但由于我国电力体制的特殊性,尤其是作为国家基础产业的自然垄断性,改革进程中存在着这样那样的问题,改革现在处于停滞状态。以规制经济学的理论看,电力体制改革具有必然性,实行厂网分开,发电行业已经引入自由竞争,由于电网行业具有自然垄断性,因此加强电网行业的成本、投资、供电质量的规制是历史的必然。
本文介绍了自然垄断的理论研究,并对国内外电网行业的规制理论进行分析,以及开展电网行业的规制改革模式和规制中存在的问题,分析了我国电网行业的基本国情,我国电网行业规制的特殊性,以电网经营企业管理人员的切身体会和感受指出国内部分分析研究及其提出规制措施与实际现状存在的偏差,认为我国的电网行业作为自然垄断行业,却并不存在追求垄断利润、阻碍技术进步、人员冗余、效率低下等现象,提出了我国电网经营企业的经营目标具有多样性,电网经营企业具有极大的追求减人增效和应用科学技术的驱动力,分析了我国电网行业的业绩评价指标和电网质量与投资之间的关系。完善电网行业规制的几个方面工作,加快规制的法律完善和立法工作,通过电网经营企业的信息公开加强投资、成本的控制,通过公众监督促进提高电网质量,大力推进电力的输配电电价机制,建立电网行业的可持续发展机制,促进电网行业降低成本和提高电网质量,满足不断提高的社会和民众对供电质量的需求。
论文最后提出了结论以及论文中存在的不足和尚需进一步研究的问题。
In this paper we study the deficiencies and the application of the theories about natural monopoly and regulation economics in our power industry regulation, and propose regulation mode based on network quality, business costs and other information oversight with the actual situation.
Along with social progress and rising living standards, electric energy, as part of social life, shows so increasing more importance, which improving the service quality of power industry and reducing the cost of electricity to run a business grow to be a very important element in social development. In recent decades, as many countries carry out their reforming policies in power system, regulation of electricity has gone through a rigorous and relaxation cycle, and there are also cases of success and failure. China's power industry also continues to progress and change, especially over the past decade, we have made great different that Electricity Regulatory Commission was established and power plant and grid were divided. However, because of the particularity of China's electric power system, especially of the natural monopoly of basic industries, all kinds of problems appear in the reform process, which is now on hold. According to the Theory of Economics Regulation, the reform like dividing the power plant and grid into two parts and making the free competition in power system available is very necessary, so is the regulation to increase the cost, investment, and power quality of the power industry, as the power industry has a natural monopoly.
This paper describes the natural monopoly theory; analyze the power industry regulation theory and the problems in carrying out regulatory reform model and regulatory. It also analyzes the basic national conditions of China's power industry and the specificity of the power industry regulation, and proposes regulatory measures and the actual status quo biases based on the author's management experience and the feeling as a management of enterprise network, which presents that although China's power industry is a natural monopoly, it dose not only pursue monopoly profits, but also impede technological progress, and there are also phenomenon of staff redundancy, inefficiency and so on. We can also learn that China's power grid enterprises have diverse business objectives and great driving force to pursue reduced to increase efficiency and application of science and technology, and the analysis of relationship between China's power grid industry indicators, power quality performance evaluation and investment. We should improve several aspects of work in the power sector regulation, speed up the improvement of laws for regulation and legislation, increase efforts to control the investment and cost through the information disclosure of power grid enterprises, and promote the power quality through public oversight, and vigorously promote the mechanism of electricity transmission and distribution and sustainable development of power industry to promote the power industry to reduce costs and improve power quality to meet increasing demand for power quality of the public.
Finally the paper presents conclusions and gaps and needs further study.
随着社会的进步和人民生活水平的不断提高,电作为社会生活的一部分,越来越来显示其重要性,所以提高电力行业的服务质量、降低电力经营企业的成本是社会发展的要求。近几十年来,世界上许多国家都在进行电力体制改革,对电力的规制也经历了严格和放松的循环过程,各国的规制工作也存在着成功和失败的案例。我国的电力工业也在不断的进步和变革,尤其是近十年来,加快了电力改革的步伐,实行了厂网分开,设立了电力监管委员会,但由于我国电力体制的特殊性,尤其是作为国家基础产业的自然垄断性,改革进程中存在着这样那样的问题,改革现在处于停滞状态。以规制经济学的理论看,电力体制改革具有必然性,实行厂网分开,发电行业已经引入自由竞争,由于电网行业具有自然垄断性,因此加强电网行业的成本、投资、供电质量的规制是历史的必然。
本文介绍了自然垄断的理论研究,并对国内外电网行业的规制理论进行分析,以及开展电网行业的规制改革模式和规制中存在的问题,分析了我国电网行业的基本国情,我国电网行业规制的特殊性,以电网经营企业管理人员的切身体会和感受指出国内部分分析研究及其提出规制措施与实际现状存在的偏差,认为我国的电网行业作为自然垄断行业,却并不存在追求垄断利润、阻碍技术进步、人员冗余、效率低下等现象,提出了我国电网经营企业的经营目标具有多样性,电网经营企业具有极大的追求减人增效和应用科学技术的驱动力,分析了我国电网行业的业绩评价指标和电网质量与投资之间的关系。完善电网行业规制的几个方面工作,加快规制的法律完善和立法工作,通过电网经营企业的信息公开加强投资、成本的控制,通过公众监督促进提高电网质量,大力推进电力的输配电电价机制,建立电网行业的可持续发展机制,促进电网行业降低成本和提高电网质量,满足不断提高的社会和民众对供电质量的需求。
论文最后提出了结论以及论文中存在的不足和尚需进一步研究的问题。
In this paper we study the deficiencies and the application of the theories about natural monopoly and regulation economics in our power industry regulation, and propose regulation mode based on network quality, business costs and other information oversight with the actual situation.
Along with social progress and rising living standards, electric energy, as part of social life, shows so increasing more importance, which improving the service quality of power industry and reducing the cost of electricity to run a business grow to be a very important element in social development. In recent decades, as many countries carry out their reforming policies in power system, regulation of electricity has gone through a rigorous and relaxation cycle, and there are also cases of success and failure. China's power industry also continues to progress and change, especially over the past decade, we have made great different that Electricity Regulatory Commission was established and power plant and grid were divided. However, because of the particularity of China's electric power system, especially of the natural monopoly of basic industries, all kinds of problems appear in the reform process, which is now on hold. According to the Theory of Economics Regulation, the reform like dividing the power plant and grid into two parts and making the free competition in power system available is very necessary, so is the regulation to increase the cost, investment, and power quality of the power industry, as the power industry has a natural monopoly.
This paper describes the natural monopoly theory; analyze the power industry regulation theory and the problems in carrying out regulatory reform model and regulatory. It also analyzes the basic national conditions of China's power industry and the specificity of the power industry regulation, and proposes regulatory measures and the actual status quo biases based on the author's management experience and the feeling as a management of enterprise network, which presents that although China's power industry is a natural monopoly, it dose not only pursue monopoly profits, but also impede technological progress, and there are also phenomenon of staff redundancy, inefficiency and so on. We can also learn that China's power grid enterprises have diverse business objectives and great driving force to pursue reduced to increase efficiency and application of science and technology, and the analysis of relationship between China's power grid industry indicators, power quality performance evaluation and investment. We should improve several aspects of work in the power sector regulation, speed up the improvement of laws for regulation and legislation, increase efforts to control the investment and cost through the information disclosure of power grid enterprises, and promote the power quality through public oversight, and vigorously promote the mechanism of electricity transmission and distribution and sustainable development of power industry to promote the power industry to reduce costs and improve power quality to meet increasing demand for power quality of the public.
Finally the paper presents conclusions and gaps and needs further study.
引文
①谢地政府规制经济学[M]高等教育出版社,2003
②谢地政府规制经济学[M]高等教育出版社,2003,10(2):246-250
③《电力法》,1995年12月28日中华人民共和国主席令第六十号公布,自1996年4月1日起施行
④《电力供应与使用条例》,1996年4月17日国务院令第196号发布
⑤刘世锦、冯飞主编:《中国电力改革和可持续发展》,经济管理出版社,2003年版
⑥国家电力监管委员会市场监管部编,电力市场与监管:《电力监管机构能力建设》[M]北京:水利水电出版社,2007:219
⑦卢婧,比较法视野中的政府信息公开制度研究,市场周刊(理论研究),2006(04)
⑧崔占禄,现阶段我国政府信息公开现状、问题及解决对策,社会发展论坛(理论研究),2008(1)
⑨周望军、朱明龙、刘刚,公用事业价格监管问题研究,《价格理论与实践》,2006(09)
⑩梁小民,《微观经济学》,[M]北京:中国社会科学出版社,1996.233-234 ①王俊豪,A-J效应与自然垄断产业的价格管制,《中国工业经济》,2001,18(10):33-39
[1]谢地:《政府规制经济学》,[M]高等教育出版社,2003
[2]戚聿东等:《中国经济运行中的垄断与竞争》,[M]人民出版社,2004
[3]王俊豪:《政府规制经济学导论》, [M]商务印书馆,2001
[4]让·雅克·拉丰、让·泰勒尔:《电信竞争》[M]人民邮电出版社,2001
[5]梁小民:《微观经济学》,[M]中国社会科学出版社,1996.233-234
[6]张光远:《经济转轨中的价格机制》,[M]中国物价出版社,2002.1
[7]郑国汉、武常岐:《竞争政策与企业监管》,[M]商务印书馆(香港)有限公司,1998.6
[8]王永干、刘宝华:《国外电力产业体制与改革》, [M]中国电力出版社,2001
[9]曾鸣:《电力市场理论及应用》, [M]中国电力出版社,2000
[10]萨莉·亨特:《电力市场竞争》[M]中信出版社,2004
[11]加里·S·贝克尔:人类行为的经济分析[M]上海人民出版社,2008
[12]盛洪:《现代制度经济学》[M]北京大学出版社,2003
[13]陈钊:《经济转型中的企业重构:产权改革与放松管制》[M]上海三联出版社,2004
[14]肖兴志:《自然垄断产业规制改革模式研究》[M]东北财经大学出版社,2003
[15]张宇燕:《制度发展与制度选择一对制度的经济分析》[M]中国人民大学出版社,1993
[16]林婉婷:《公用企业政府管制与反垄断法规制研究》[硕士学位论文]厦门:厦门大学,2002
[17]张平康、储新民、张仙锋:《电力市场化改革规律探索——从国际经验看我国的电力市场化改革》,载《山西财经大学学报》,2004,26(2):73-77
[18]周望军、朱明龙、刘刚:《公用事业价格监管问题研究》,载《价格理论与实践》,2006(09)
[19]张文泉、方彬:《管制理论与电力监管》,载《华北电力大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004,9(3):25-29
[20]黄少波:《电力监管的技术创新》,载《经济与社会发展》,2005,3(5):71-74
[21]李瑞庆、刘敦楠、何光宇等:《电力市场运营监管信息系统》,载《电力系统自动化》,2004,28(14):18-22
[22]林济铿、祁达才、倪以信:《电力市场监管辅助服务系统之研究》,载《电力系统自动化》,2001,25(14):7-10
[23]朱治中、于尔铿、刘亚芳、周京阳:《电力市场的效率问题》,载《电力系统自动化》,2005,29(13)
[24]王俊豪,《A-J效应与自然垄断产业的价格管制》,载《中国工业经济》,2001,18(10):33-39
[25]李瑞庆、魏学好:《德国电力市场化改革的启示》,载《华东电力》,2007(35)
[26]叶泽方:《当前我国电力产业市场化改革的难点及对策分析》,载《中国工业经济研究》,2001,9:20-29
[27]夏清、彭涛、周安石、江健健、康重庆:《保证电力供需长期均衡的措施研究》,载《电力系统自动化》,2004.3
[28]周叔莲、茅于轼、吴敬儒、谢绍雄、朱成章:中国市场经济论坛第57次会议,中国电力产业垄断与竞争的战略研讨会发言[Z]北京,2001
[29]Avereh , H.andL.Johnson , 1962 , Behavior of the Fir munder Regulatory Constraint,American Eeonomie Revie,52 [30LoebandMagat,1979,ADeeentralized Method for Utility Regulation,JournalofLa,and Eeonomies,Vol.22,pp.399-404
[31]Baron,D.,and R.Myerson,1982,Regulatinga Mono Polist with Unknown Costs,Eeonometriea,50(4),911-930
[32]Laffont , J.J.andJeanTirole , 1986 ,“Using Costobservations to Regulate Firms.”JournalofPolitiealEeonomy.94(3),pp.614-641,June
[33]Littlechild.S.1986:Economic Regulation of Privatised Water Authorities London:HMSC
②谢地政府规制经济学[M]高等教育出版社,2003,10(2):246-250
③《电力法》,1995年12月28日中华人民共和国主席令第六十号公布,自1996年4月1日起施行
④《电力供应与使用条例》,1996年4月17日国务院令第196号发布
⑤刘世锦、冯飞主编:《中国电力改革和可持续发展》,经济管理出版社,2003年版
⑥国家电力监管委员会市场监管部编,电力市场与监管:《电力监管机构能力建设》[M]北京:水利水电出版社,2007:219
⑦卢婧,比较法视野中的政府信息公开制度研究,市场周刊(理论研究),2006(04)
⑧崔占禄,现阶段我国政府信息公开现状、问题及解决对策,社会发展论坛(理论研究),2008(1)
⑨周望军、朱明龙、刘刚,公用事业价格监管问题研究,《价格理论与实践》,2006(09)
⑩梁小民,《微观经济学》,[M]北京:中国社会科学出版社,1996.233-234 ①王俊豪,A-J效应与自然垄断产业的价格管制,《中国工业经济》,2001,18(10):33-39
[1]谢地:《政府规制经济学》,[M]高等教育出版社,2003
[2]戚聿东等:《中国经济运行中的垄断与竞争》,[M]人民出版社,2004
[3]王俊豪:《政府规制经济学导论》, [M]商务印书馆,2001
[4]让·雅克·拉丰、让·泰勒尔:《电信竞争》[M]人民邮电出版社,2001
[5]梁小民:《微观经济学》,[M]中国社会科学出版社,1996.233-234
[6]张光远:《经济转轨中的价格机制》,[M]中国物价出版社,2002.1
[7]郑国汉、武常岐:《竞争政策与企业监管》,[M]商务印书馆(香港)有限公司,1998.6
[8]王永干、刘宝华:《国外电力产业体制与改革》, [M]中国电力出版社,2001
[9]曾鸣:《电力市场理论及应用》, [M]中国电力出版社,2000
[10]萨莉·亨特:《电力市场竞争》[M]中信出版社,2004
[11]加里·S·贝克尔:人类行为的经济分析[M]上海人民出版社,2008
[12]盛洪:《现代制度经济学》[M]北京大学出版社,2003
[13]陈钊:《经济转型中的企业重构:产权改革与放松管制》[M]上海三联出版社,2004
[14]肖兴志:《自然垄断产业规制改革模式研究》[M]东北财经大学出版社,2003
[15]张宇燕:《制度发展与制度选择一对制度的经济分析》[M]中国人民大学出版社,1993
[16]林婉婷:《公用企业政府管制与反垄断法规制研究》[硕士学位论文]厦门:厦门大学,2002
[17]张平康、储新民、张仙锋:《电力市场化改革规律探索——从国际经验看我国的电力市场化改革》,载《山西财经大学学报》,2004,26(2):73-77
[18]周望军、朱明龙、刘刚:《公用事业价格监管问题研究》,载《价格理论与实践》,2006(09)
[19]张文泉、方彬:《管制理论与电力监管》,载《华北电力大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004,9(3):25-29
[20]黄少波:《电力监管的技术创新》,载《经济与社会发展》,2005,3(5):71-74
[21]李瑞庆、刘敦楠、何光宇等:《电力市场运营监管信息系统》,载《电力系统自动化》,2004,28(14):18-22
[22]林济铿、祁达才、倪以信:《电力市场监管辅助服务系统之研究》,载《电力系统自动化》,2001,25(14):7-10
[23]朱治中、于尔铿、刘亚芳、周京阳:《电力市场的效率问题》,载《电力系统自动化》,2005,29(13)
[24]王俊豪,《A-J效应与自然垄断产业的价格管制》,载《中国工业经济》,2001,18(10):33-39
[25]李瑞庆、魏学好:《德国电力市场化改革的启示》,载《华东电力》,2007(35)
[26]叶泽方:《当前我国电力产业市场化改革的难点及对策分析》,载《中国工业经济研究》,2001,9:20-29
[27]夏清、彭涛、周安石、江健健、康重庆:《保证电力供需长期均衡的措施研究》,载《电力系统自动化》,2004.3
[28]周叔莲、茅于轼、吴敬儒、谢绍雄、朱成章:中国市场经济论坛第57次会议,中国电力产业垄断与竞争的战略研讨会发言[Z]北京,2001
[29]Avereh , H.andL.Johnson , 1962 , Behavior of the Fir munder Regulatory Constraint,American Eeonomie Revie,52 [30LoebandMagat,1979,ADeeentralized Method for Utility Regulation,JournalofLa,and Eeonomies,Vol.22,pp.399-404
[31]Baron,D.,and R.Myerson,1982,Regulatinga Mono Polist with Unknown Costs,Eeonometriea,50(4),911-930
[32]Laffont , J.J.andJeanTirole , 1986 ,“Using Costobservations to Regulate Firms.”JournalofPolitiealEeonomy.94(3),pp.614-641,June
[33]Littlechild.S.1986:Economic Regulation of Privatised Water Authorities London:HMSC