我国公众参与环境影响评价立法现状及问题研究
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摘要
面对日益严峻的全球环境问题,越来越多的国家开始认识到环境问题的严重性,也开始关注于环境保护的议题。由于在通常情况下环境问题是不可逆的,所以相对于环境问题的事后管理,事前防御则显得更为重要。随着《人类环境宣言》和《里约环境与发展宣言》等全球性环境法律文件的相继出台,环境法律中的公众参与问题研究开始兴起。20世纪60年代公众参与环境影响评价制度在美国首先被创立,之后迅速传遍欧洲各个国家和地区,成为各个国家和地区的重要法律制度。几十年来,公众参与环境影响评价制度早已成为世界环境保护发展的趋势,而我国目前公众参与环境影响评价的程度很低,效果很差,这与我国各项环境法中关于公众参与制度的不健全有很大的关系。本文研究分析了美国、日本和中国台湾地区公众参与环境影响评价法律制度,介绍了其公众参与环境影响评价法律制度发展情况,为完善我国公众参与环境影响评价和环境保护提供了良好的借鉴和依据。同时,重点分析了我国公众参与环境影响评价的现状,指出我国公众参与环境影响评价法律制度存在的问题。最后在借鉴国内外发达国家和地区公众参与环境影响评价法律制度经验的基础上,提出了完善我国公众参与环境保护制度的立法建议和构想。
On face the increasingly serious global environmental problems, more and more countries began to pay attention to the seriousness of the problems, and also started to pay attention to the environmental protection issues. As the environmental problems is normal not reversible, so pre-defense is even more important and effective than after the administration. With the "Declaration on the Human Environment" and the "Rio Declaration on Environment and Development" and other global legal documents introduced, the law of public participation in environmental issues put on. In the 20th 60s, the public participation in environmental impact assessment in the United States is first created, then rapidly spread to various countries and regions in Europe, and become an important legal system in these countries. For decades, public participation in environmental impact assessment system had become the world's development trend of environmental protection, while public participation in environmental impact assessment of the level is very low in current China, the effect is also very poor. The major factor respected to public participation system is not perfect in the law of China. This research of public participation in environmental impact assessment of the legal system based on American, Japan and Taiwan, introduced the development of public participation in environmental impact assessment legal system. The purpose is to improve our public participation in environmental impact assessment and environmental protection. At the same time, this degree focusing on analysis of public participation in environmental impact assessment in current China, pointing out the problems of the public participation in environmental impact assessment of the legal system in China. Finally, based on foreign countries and regions of public participation in environmental impact assessment and experience of effective system, propose a sound system of our public participation in environmental protection legislative proposals.
On face the increasingly serious global environmental problems, more and more countries began to pay attention to the seriousness of the problems, and also started to pay attention to the environmental protection issues. As the environmental problems is normal not reversible, so pre-defense is even more important and effective than after the administration. With the "Declaration on the Human Environment" and the "Rio Declaration on Environment and Development" and other global legal documents introduced, the law of public participation in environmental issues put on. In the 20th 60s, the public participation in environmental impact assessment in the United States is first created, then rapidly spread to various countries and regions in Europe, and become an important legal system in these countries. For decades, public participation in environmental impact assessment system had become the world's development trend of environmental protection, while public participation in environmental impact assessment of the level is very low in current China, the effect is also very poor. The major factor respected to public participation system is not perfect in the law of China. This research of public participation in environmental impact assessment of the legal system based on American, Japan and Taiwan, introduced the development of public participation in environmental impact assessment legal system. The purpose is to improve our public participation in environmental impact assessment and environmental protection. At the same time, this degree focusing on analysis of public participation in environmental impact assessment in current China, pointing out the problems of the public participation in environmental impact assessment of the legal system in China. Finally, based on foreign countries and regions of public participation in environmental impact assessment and experience of effective system, propose a sound system of our public participation in environmental protection legislative proposals.
引文
[1]《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》第一章总则第二条.
[2]张霞.论环境影响评价法律制度[]].民营科技,2007(11)：21-22.
[3]列奥·施特劳斯.自然权利与历史[M].北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003.
[4]周训芳.环境权[M].北京：法律出版社,2003.
[5]马绍峰.美中环境影响评价制度比较研究--兼评我国<环境影响评价法>[]].科技与法律,2003(10)：111-112.
[6]美国国家政策法第102条(2) (C),载中国环境法网.
[8]汪劲.中外环境影响评价制度比较研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社.
[9]Wood,C,1995,Environmental impact Assessment:A Comparative review. Longman, Harlow (Essex):225-226.
[10]louis S.Wrren:American Environmental History Blackwell Publishers Ltd,2003.
[11](美)施瓦茨著,王军译.《美国法律史》[M].北京：北京法律出版社,2007.
[12]叶俊荣.环境影响评价的公众参与：法律规范的要求与现实的考虑,载《环境政策与法律》[M].台湾：月旦出版公司,1995年5月版.
[13]参见CEQ条例1503(1)(b).
[14](美)施瓦茨著,王军译.《美国法律史》[M].北京：法律出版社,2007.
[15]CEQ,Environmental RePort-25th Anniversary Report.
[16]参见《日本环境影响评价法》,载中国环境法网.
[17]李艳芳.公众参与环境影响评价制度研究,北京：中国人民大学出版社[M].2004年版.
[18](日)原田尚彦,于敏译.环境法[M].北京：法律出版社,1999.
[19](日)南博方,太久保规子.环境法[M].日本：有斐阁,2003.
[20](日)吉村良一.公害环境私法的展开与今日的课题[M].京都：法律文化社,2002
[21]汪劲.环境影响评价程序之公众参与问题研究--兼论我国<环境影响评价法>相关规定的施行[J].法学评论,2004(2)：7-8.
[22](日)大须贺明,林浩译.生存法论[M].北京：法律出版社,2001.
[23]宋锡泽.台湾环境影响评估法及其借鉴[J].华东政法学院学报,2002(1)：11-12.
[24]参见我国台湾地区《环境影响评估法》第7、8、9条规定.
[25]参见我国台湾地区《环境影响评估法》第10条规定.
[26]中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心中国环境与发展评论(第三卷)[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.
[27]《美国法典》4321条,参见赵国青,《外国环境法选编》(第一辑)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000.
[28]Heather N Steveson, Environmental Impact Assessment Laws In The Nieties:Can The Clinited States and Mexico Learn From Each Other 32 U Rich L Rev 1675(University of Richmond Law Review), January 1999.
[29]《规划环境影响评价技术指导(试行)》(HJ/T130--2003)
[30]《规划环境影响评价技术导则总纲》(HJ/T2.1--93)
[31]李艳芳.公众参与环境影响评价制度眼研究[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[32]李杨勇.论我国环境公益诉讼制度的构建[J].河北法学,2007.4(8)：372-373.
[33]梁亚荣,陈利根.环境影响评价中公民参与权的保障[J].南京农业大学学报(社科版),2006(6)：18-19.
[34]参见2007年全国环境资源法学研讨会(2007.8.12-15兰州)论文集[J]：419-421.
[35]吕忠梅.环境法新视野[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000.
[36](美)博登海默,邓正来译.法理学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[37]史学瀛.环境法学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.
[38]王树义.环境法系列专题研究[M].北京：科学出版社.
[39]汪劲.环境法律的理念与价值追求[M].北京：法律出版社2000.
[40]汪劲.环境法律的解释：问题与方法[M].北京：人民法院出版社,2006.
[41]叶俊荣.环境政策与法律[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003.
[42](美)博登海默,邓正来译.法理学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[43]Heather N Steveson, Environmental Impact Assessment Laws In The Nieties:Can The Clinited States and Mexico Learn From Each Other 32 U Rich L Rev 1675(University of Richmond Law Review), January 1999.
[44]参见我国台湾地区《环境影响评估法》第12条规定.
[45]余秀娟,肖攀.论我国环境影响评价制度中的公众参与[J].现代商贸工业,2008(9)：145-146.
[46]王宗廷著.环境侵权的公益诉讼研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2003(13)5：4-5.
[47](美)爱德华·S·考文著,强世功译.美国宪法的“高级法”背景[M].北京：三联书店,1997.
[2]张霞.论环境影响评价法律制度[]].民营科技,2007(11)：21-22.
[3]列奥·施特劳斯.自然权利与历史[M].北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003.
[4]周训芳.环境权[M].北京：法律出版社,2003.
[5]马绍峰.美中环境影响评价制度比较研究--兼评我国<环境影响评价法>[]].科技与法律,2003(10)：111-112.
[6]美国国家政策法第102条(2) (C),载中国环境法网.
[8]汪劲.中外环境影响评价制度比较研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社.
[9]Wood,C,1995,Environmental impact Assessment:A Comparative review. Longman, Harlow (Essex):225-226.
[10]louis S.Wrren:American Environmental History Blackwell Publishers Ltd,2003.
[11](美)施瓦茨著,王军译.《美国法律史》[M].北京：北京法律出版社,2007.
[12]叶俊荣.环境影响评价的公众参与：法律规范的要求与现实的考虑,载《环境政策与法律》[M].台湾：月旦出版公司,1995年5月版.
[13]参见CEQ条例1503(1)(b).
[14](美)施瓦茨著,王军译.《美国法律史》[M].北京：法律出版社,2007.
[15]CEQ,Environmental RePort-25th Anniversary Report.
[16]参见《日本环境影响评价法》,载中国环境法网.
[17]李艳芳.公众参与环境影响评价制度研究,北京：中国人民大学出版社[M].2004年版.
[18](日)原田尚彦,于敏译.环境法[M].北京：法律出版社,1999.
[19](日)南博方,太久保规子.环境法[M].日本：有斐阁,2003.
[20](日)吉村良一.公害环境私法的展开与今日的课题[M].京都：法律文化社,2002
[21]汪劲.环境影响评价程序之公众参与问题研究--兼论我国<环境影响评价法>相关规定的施行[J].法学评论,2004(2)：7-8.
[22](日)大须贺明,林浩译.生存法论[M].北京：法律出版社,2001.
[23]宋锡泽.台湾环境影响评估法及其借鉴[J].华东政法学院学报,2002(1)：11-12.
[24]参见我国台湾地区《环境影响评估法》第7、8、9条规定.
[25]参见我国台湾地区《环境影响评估法》第10条规定.
[26]中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心中国环境与发展评论(第三卷)[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.
[27]《美国法典》4321条,参见赵国青,《外国环境法选编》(第一辑)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000.
[28]Heather N Steveson, Environmental Impact Assessment Laws In The Nieties:Can The Clinited States and Mexico Learn From Each Other 32 U Rich L Rev 1675(University of Richmond Law Review), January 1999.
[29]《规划环境影响评价技术指导(试行)》(HJ/T130--2003)
[30]《规划环境影响评价技术导则总纲》(HJ/T2.1--93)
[31]李艳芳.公众参与环境影响评价制度眼研究[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[32]李杨勇.论我国环境公益诉讼制度的构建[J].河北法学,2007.4(8)：372-373.
[33]梁亚荣,陈利根.环境影响评价中公民参与权的保障[J].南京农业大学学报(社科版),2006(6)：18-19.
[34]参见2007年全国环境资源法学研讨会(2007.8.12-15兰州)论文集[J]：419-421.
[35]吕忠梅.环境法新视野[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000.
[36](美)博登海默,邓正来译.法理学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[37]史学瀛.环境法学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.
[38]王树义.环境法系列专题研究[M].北京：科学出版社.
[39]汪劲.环境法律的理念与价值追求[M].北京：法律出版社2000.
[40]汪劲.环境法律的解释：问题与方法[M].北京：人民法院出版社,2006.
[41]叶俊荣.环境政策与法律[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003.
[42](美)博登海默,邓正来译.法理学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[43]Heather N Steveson, Environmental Impact Assessment Laws In The Nieties:Can The Clinited States and Mexico Learn From Each Other 32 U Rich L Rev 1675(University of Richmond Law Review), January 1999.
[44]参见我国台湾地区《环境影响评估法》第12条规定.
[45]余秀娟,肖攀.论我国环境影响评价制度中的公众参与[J].现代商贸工业,2008(9)：145-146.
[46]王宗廷著.环境侵权的公益诉讼研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2003(13)5：4-5.
[47](美)爱德华·S·考文著,强世功译.美国宪法的“高级法”背景[M].北京：三联书店,1997.