美国院校研究决策支持功能探析
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摘要
未来十年，我国将进入院校研究的“规范发展”阶段。作为一种专门的组织职能，院校研究将会更多出现于中国高校的组织架构中，院校研究人员将积极参与设计与建设学校管理信息系统。但建立院校研究机构和管理信息系统的目的是什么？想要实现什么功能？这是需要首先回答的问题。美国是院校研究的发源地，美国院校研究历史最为悠久，实践最为成熟，但美国对院校研究功能的认识，并不一致。因此，特别需要对院校研究的功能进行深入系统的研究。
院校研究有多种功能，本研究选择其核心功能——决策支持功能作为研究对象。本研究以院校研究的组织智能理论、专业发展理论及结构-功能分析范式作为理论基础，进行研究设计。在文献阅读基础上，对院校研究机构负责人进行深入访谈，根据访谈结果设计问卷，并对问卷进行评审和修改。遵循严格的抽样程序，从美国院校研究会会员数据库中抽样，对美国院校研究人员进行问卷调查。论文主体部分从决策者、决策问题及决策过程三个维度对院校研究的决策支持功能进行分析。每一部分中，首先对院校研究的决策支持功能进行描述，然后从结构-功能分析的视角分析院校研究个人、办公室及学校特征等因素与院校研究决策支持功能之间的相关性，最后通过理论分析与模型构建对决策支持功能进行深入剖析。
通过对美国院校研究决策支持功能的实证分析与探讨，得出以下五个结论：
第一，院校研究主要由教务长主管，工作职责集中于入学管理及学生学习成果评估。院校研究机构大多向教务长汇报，教务长是院校研究的第一大“客户”。院校研究人员在学生学习成果评估、入学管理、教师及规划事务中参与很多，但职责主要集中于由教务长主管的入学管理及学生学习成果评估事务。
第二，院校研究的决策支持功能与院校研究个人、办公室及学校特征相关。院校研究为高层决策者提供数据分析支持的程度与院校研究人员的财务数据获取程度、办公室规模及学校规模相关。院校研究人员在决策问题中的职责与其职位、学位、工作经验，办公室组织定位及数据获取程度，学校层次与类型等因素相关。个人观念与组织支持是影响院校研究人员在决策过程中参与程度的主要因素。
第三，院校研究专业受认证机构及学校的影响，呈现出由分化到融合的发展趋势。20世纪80年代中后期以来，认证机构日益强调学生学习成果评估、学校效能及规划，院校研究专业开始分化。但近年来各高校在评估、效能及规划活动中，越来越意识到需要院校研究人员的积极参与，这推动院校研究专业开始由分化走向融合。
第四，数据性、分析性、咨询性及领导性支持是决策过程支持的四个层次。数据性支持和分析性支持是决策过程支持的基础层次，咨询性支持和领导性支持是决策过程支持的高级层次。决策过程支持的层次越高，对院校研究人员技能与专业素质的要求越高。
第五，院校研究的决策支持功能因个人观念及组织支持而动态演变。因院校研究人员观念及组织支持程度的不同，院校研究的决策支持功能将呈现充分发挥、部分被替代、无法发挥及发挥有限四种情况。因个人观念及组织支持的变化，院校研究的决策支持功能也发生动态演变。
本文根据以上结论，提出我国院校研究开展的四点建议：推动院校研究规范发展，建立院校研究专业认同；规划院校研究的组织架构，为院校研究提供组织保障；以学生事务为突破口，逐步建立学校分析数据库；培养院校研究人员，为院校研究开展提供人才保障。
本研究是美国院校研究领域中第一次对院校研究的决策支持功能开展的深入系统的研究。创新之处在于选择院校研究的决策支持功能作为研究问题，进行集中探索；引入新的视角，从专业社会学及结构-功能分析视角进行研究；研究方法与过程严格遵循实证研究的范式；通过实证分析与模型构建，论文得出了一系列富有创新性的结论。
In the next decade, Institutional Research (IR) in China will enter the professionaldevelopment stage. IR will be embedded in the organizational structure of Chineseuniversities. IR officers will actively participate in the design and construction ofManagement Information System (MIS). What are the purposes of IR and MIS? Whatfunctions will they play? This is the question that should be answered firstly. IR in theUS has a long history and is the most mature. But the function of IR is still notwell-defined. So there is great need to research the function of IR through in-depth study.
IR has many functions. This research chooses its core function of decision supportas the research topic. We based the research on the theory of IR as OrganizationIntelligence, Structure-Function Paradigm, Professionalization and ProfessionalAutonomy. On the basis of the literature review and in-depth interviews to IR officemanagers, we design, review and modify the questionnaire. Following a strict samplingprocedures, we sampled from the membership database of the Association forInstitutional Research and conducted the survey to IR officers in the US. Thisdissertation focused on the decision makers, decision issues and decision-makingprocesses and discussed the IR function as decision support. In each chapter, we firstlydescribe the function of IR as decision support, secondly analyze the relationshipbetween IR officer‘characteristics, office structures, institutional characteristics and thefunction of IR as decision support, lastly we explore further through theoretical analysisand model building.
Through empirical analysis and discussion, we draw the following five conclusions:
First, IR department usually reports to the Chief Academic Officer (CAO). IRofficers‘responsibilities are usually focused on enrollment management and studentlearning outcomes assessment. CAO is the first customer of IR. IR officers hasresponsibilities in student learning outcomes assessment, enrollment management,faculty issues and planning issues but focuses primarily on enrollment management andstudent learning outcomes assessment. These two issues are in the charge of CAOs.
Second, the function of IR as decision support has some relationship with IRofficers‘individual, office and institutional characteristics. The frequency of IR studiesfor top decision-makers has some relationship with IR officers‘financial data access, IRoffice size and institutional size. IR officers‘responsibilities in various decision issueshave some relationship with IR officers‘role, highest degree, experience, office reportingline, data access, institutional level and type. IR officers‘perceptions about directly participating in decision-making processes and organizational support are the mainfactors that influence IR officers‘participation in the decision-making processes.
Third, the profession of IR is affected by accreditors and the specific institution IRofficer works in. The IR profession is transforming from the differentiation to integration.Since the late1980s, regional accreditors have been increasing emphasizing on studentlearning outcomes assessment, institutional effectiveness and planning. IR professionbegan to differentiate. But colleges and universities conducting assessment, institutionaleffectiveness, and planning activities are more and more aware of the importance of IRofficers‘active participation in these activities. This promotes IR profession fromdifferentiation toward integration.
Fourth, data, analytical, consulting and leadership support are the four levels of IRas decision support. The data support and analytical support are the basic level ofdecision-making process support. Consulting and leadership support are the senior-levelof decision-making process support. The higher level of IR officers‘decision-makingprocess support, the higher level of professional skills IR officers should obtain.
Fifth, the function of IR as decision support will be in a dynamic evolution becauseof different perceptions of IR officers and organizational support. Due to the differentperceptions of IR officers and organizational support, the function of IR as decisionsupport will show four cases—full play, replaced, can not play, and limited play. Thefunction of IR as decision support will be undergone a dynamic evolution.
In light of these conclusions, this paper put forward four proposal for IRdevelopment in China: to promote the professionalization of IR and establish IRprofessional identity; to plan the IR office reporting line and structure and provideorganizational guarantee for IR; to focus on student affairs as the breakthrough toestablish analytical database; to train IR officers to provide personnel guarantee for IR.
This research is the first system and in-depth research on the function of IR asdecision support. The innovations of this research including choosing the function of IRas decision support as the research question and exploring on it; introducting newperspectives-the structure-function analysis and Sociology of Profession; following theempirical research paradigm as for the research process and method; concluding with aset of innovative conclusions.
院校研究有多种功能，本研究选择其核心功能——决策支持功能作为研究对象。本研究以院校研究的组织智能理论、专业发展理论及结构-功能分析范式作为理论基础，进行研究设计。在文献阅读基础上，对院校研究机构负责人进行深入访谈，根据访谈结果设计问卷，并对问卷进行评审和修改。遵循严格的抽样程序，从美国院校研究会会员数据库中抽样，对美国院校研究人员进行问卷调查。论文主体部分从决策者、决策问题及决策过程三个维度对院校研究的决策支持功能进行分析。每一部分中，首先对院校研究的决策支持功能进行描述，然后从结构-功能分析的视角分析院校研究个人、办公室及学校特征等因素与院校研究决策支持功能之间的相关性，最后通过理论分析与模型构建对决策支持功能进行深入剖析。
通过对美国院校研究决策支持功能的实证分析与探讨，得出以下五个结论：
第一，院校研究主要由教务长主管，工作职责集中于入学管理及学生学习成果评估。院校研究机构大多向教务长汇报，教务长是院校研究的第一大“客户”。院校研究人员在学生学习成果评估、入学管理、教师及规划事务中参与很多，但职责主要集中于由教务长主管的入学管理及学生学习成果评估事务。
第二，院校研究的决策支持功能与院校研究个人、办公室及学校特征相关。院校研究为高层决策者提供数据分析支持的程度与院校研究人员的财务数据获取程度、办公室规模及学校规模相关。院校研究人员在决策问题中的职责与其职位、学位、工作经验，办公室组织定位及数据获取程度，学校层次与类型等因素相关。个人观念与组织支持是影响院校研究人员在决策过程中参与程度的主要因素。
第三，院校研究专业受认证机构及学校的影响，呈现出由分化到融合的发展趋势。20世纪80年代中后期以来，认证机构日益强调学生学习成果评估、学校效能及规划，院校研究专业开始分化。但近年来各高校在评估、效能及规划活动中，越来越意识到需要院校研究人员的积极参与，这推动院校研究专业开始由分化走向融合。
第四，数据性、分析性、咨询性及领导性支持是决策过程支持的四个层次。数据性支持和分析性支持是决策过程支持的基础层次，咨询性支持和领导性支持是决策过程支持的高级层次。决策过程支持的层次越高，对院校研究人员技能与专业素质的要求越高。
第五，院校研究的决策支持功能因个人观念及组织支持而动态演变。因院校研究人员观念及组织支持程度的不同，院校研究的决策支持功能将呈现充分发挥、部分被替代、无法发挥及发挥有限四种情况。因个人观念及组织支持的变化，院校研究的决策支持功能也发生动态演变。
本文根据以上结论，提出我国院校研究开展的四点建议：推动院校研究规范发展，建立院校研究专业认同；规划院校研究的组织架构，为院校研究提供组织保障；以学生事务为突破口，逐步建立学校分析数据库；培养院校研究人员，为院校研究开展提供人才保障。
本研究是美国院校研究领域中第一次对院校研究的决策支持功能开展的深入系统的研究。创新之处在于选择院校研究的决策支持功能作为研究问题，进行集中探索；引入新的视角，从专业社会学及结构-功能分析视角进行研究；研究方法与过程严格遵循实证研究的范式；通过实证分析与模型构建，论文得出了一系列富有创新性的结论。
In the next decade, Institutional Research (IR) in China will enter the professionaldevelopment stage. IR will be embedded in the organizational structure of Chineseuniversities. IR officers will actively participate in the design and construction ofManagement Information System (MIS). What are the purposes of IR and MIS? Whatfunctions will they play? This is the question that should be answered firstly. IR in theUS has a long history and is the most mature. But the function of IR is still notwell-defined. So there is great need to research the function of IR through in-depth study.
IR has many functions. This research chooses its core function of decision supportas the research topic. We based the research on the theory of IR as OrganizationIntelligence, Structure-Function Paradigm, Professionalization and ProfessionalAutonomy. On the basis of the literature review and in-depth interviews to IR officemanagers, we design, review and modify the questionnaire. Following a strict samplingprocedures, we sampled from the membership database of the Association forInstitutional Research and conducted the survey to IR officers in the US. Thisdissertation focused on the decision makers, decision issues and decision-makingprocesses and discussed the IR function as decision support. In each chapter, we firstlydescribe the function of IR as decision support, secondly analyze the relationshipbetween IR officer‘characteristics, office structures, institutional characteristics and thefunction of IR as decision support, lastly we explore further through theoretical analysisand model building.
Through empirical analysis and discussion, we draw the following five conclusions:
First, IR department usually reports to the Chief Academic Officer (CAO). IRofficers‘responsibilities are usually focused on enrollment management and studentlearning outcomes assessment. CAO is the first customer of IR. IR officers hasresponsibilities in student learning outcomes assessment, enrollment management,faculty issues and planning issues but focuses primarily on enrollment management andstudent learning outcomes assessment. These two issues are in the charge of CAOs.
Second, the function of IR as decision support has some relationship with IRofficers‘individual, office and institutional characteristics. The frequency of IR studiesfor top decision-makers has some relationship with IR officers‘financial data access, IRoffice size and institutional size. IR officers‘responsibilities in various decision issueshave some relationship with IR officers‘role, highest degree, experience, office reportingline, data access, institutional level and type. IR officers‘perceptions about directly participating in decision-making processes and organizational support are the mainfactors that influence IR officers‘participation in the decision-making processes.
Third, the profession of IR is affected by accreditors and the specific institution IRofficer works in. The IR profession is transforming from the differentiation to integration.Since the late1980s, regional accreditors have been increasing emphasizing on studentlearning outcomes assessment, institutional effectiveness and planning. IR professionbegan to differentiate. But colleges and universities conducting assessment, institutionaleffectiveness, and planning activities are more and more aware of the importance of IRofficers‘active participation in these activities. This promotes IR profession fromdifferentiation toward integration.
Fourth, data, analytical, consulting and leadership support are the four levels of IRas decision support. The data support and analytical support are the basic level ofdecision-making process support. Consulting and leadership support are the senior-levelof decision-making process support. The higher level of IR officers‘decision-makingprocess support, the higher level of professional skills IR officers should obtain.
Fifth, the function of IR as decision support will be in a dynamic evolution becauseof different perceptions of IR officers and organizational support. Due to the differentperceptions of IR officers and organizational support, the function of IR as decisionsupport will show four cases—full play, replaced, can not play, and limited play. Thefunction of IR as decision support will be undergone a dynamic evolution.
In light of these conclusions, this paper put forward four proposal for IRdevelopment in China: to promote the professionalization of IR and establish IRprofessional identity; to plan the IR office reporting line and structure and provideorganizational guarantee for IR; to focus on student affairs as the breakthrough toestablish analytical database; to train IR officers to provide personnel guarantee for IR.
This research is the first system and in-depth research on the function of IR asdecision support. The innovations of this research including choosing the function of IRas decision support as the research question and exploring on it; introducting newperspectives-the structure-function analysis and Sociology of Profession; following theempirical research paradigm as for the research process and method; concluding with aset of innovative conclusions.
引文
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2蒙哥马利是美国院校研究会1966-1967年的主席，索普是美国院校研究会1968-1969年的主席。
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4此次访学还得到佐治亚大学（University of George）和佛罗里达州立大学的支持和帮助，特此致谢。
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2AIR Board of Directors Meeting.Synopsis of February6-7,2009Action and Motion Items.[EB/OL].[2013-03-31].http://www.airweb.org/AboutUs/LeadershipAndGovernance/GovernanceDocuments/Board%20Minutes/Archived%20Board%20Minutes/2008_2009BoardMeetingMinutes.pdf
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2赵炬明.现代大学与院校研究(上)[J].高等教育研究.2003(3):37。后来，赵炬明教授将这一概念中的―高等教育‖和―管理研究‖一词互换，以突出院校研究是一种高校管理研究。
3刘献君.院校研究论略[J].高等工程教育研究.2006(5):28-29
4赵炬明.科学管理与院校研究[J].高等工程教育研究.2007(7):56
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2《院校研究新方向》（New Directions for Institutional Research）是美国院校研究会会刊，于1974年创刊。
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1美国院校研究会执行主席兰迪·斯温认为本研究是院校研究领域中一项非常重要的研究，以后肯定会被广泛引用。
2Sheehan, B. S.,&Torrence, L. E.(1977). Institutional research. In A. S. Knowles (Ed.), International Encyclopediaof Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.2184–2193
1Gerald W. McLaughlin, Richard D. Howard, Lore Balkan Cunningham et al(2004). People, Processes and ManagingData [M].Second Edition. Tallahassee: Association for Institutional Research.11-14.
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2Victor M. H. Borden, Adrianna Kezar (2012). Institutional Research and Collaborative Organizational Learning. InRichard D. Howard, Gerald W. McLaughlin, William E. Knight. The Handbook of Institutional Research. San Franciso:Jossey-Bass:32
1刘献君.院校研究论略[J].高等工程教育研究.2006(5):28-29
2赵炬明.管理咨询与院校研究[J].高等工程教育研究.2007(2):53-62
3威伦斯凯哈罗德（Wilensky L. Harold）（1923-2011），美国著名组织社会学家，曾任加州大学伯克利分校政治学教授，著有《组织智能：政府与产业中的知识与政策》一书，是最早提出组织智能的先驱性人物。参见：Wilensky Harold (1969). Organizational Intelligence: Knowledge and Policy in Government and Industry. Basic BooksInc.
4Fincher, Cameron(1978). Institutional Research as Organizational Intelligence. Research in Higher Education,8(2):189-192
1Patrick T. Terenzini(1999). On the Nature of Institutional Research and the Knowledge and Skills It Requires.NewDirections for Institutional Research, No.104:21–29
1Randy L. Swing(2009). Institutional Researchers As Change Agents.New Directions for Institutional Research,No.143:5–16
2William Knight(2012). Leadership Development Needs of Institutional Researchers: Results of a National Survey.Presentation at52th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Oleans, LA, US
3Christina Leimer(2012), What Does IR/IE Leadership Mean? A Not-So-Modest Proposal. Presentation at52thAnnual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Oleans, LA, US.
4Sayers, K. W.,&Ryan, J. F(2009). The institutional Research Option: Transforming Data, Information, and DecisionMaking for Institutions at Risk[C]. J. Martin&J. E. Samels et al. Turnaround: Leading Stressed Colleges andUniversities to Excellence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.211-220.
1Augustine, K.(2001). Factors influencing the use of institutional research studies from the researchers' perspective.Proquest Dissertation Abstracts No. AAT3016793.
2Peter T. Ewell(1989). Information for Decision: What's the Use? In Peter T. Ewell. Enhancing Information Use inDecision Making. New Directions for Institutional Research. No.64:7-19
1Delaney, A. M.(1997). The Role of Institutional Research in Higher Education: Enabling Researchers to Meet NewChallenges. Research in Higher Education,38(1),1-16
2Delaney, A. M.(2000, May). Institutional Researchers as Leaders in Policy: Perspectives and Possibilities. PaperPresented at the40th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Cincinnati, OH
1Knight, W. E., Moore, M. E.,&Coperthwaite, C. C.(1997). Institutional Research: Knowledge, Skills, andPerceptions of Effectiveness. Research in Higher Education,38(4):419-433
2《专业档案》（Professional Files）为美国院校研究会出版物，1978年创刊，电子刊物，每年四期，每期一篇文章，主要刊登院校研究实践及最新动向方面的文章。
3Knight, W. E(2010). In their own words: Effectiveness in institutional research[R]. AIR Professional File. No.115
4Harrington, C. F., Christie, R. L.,&Chen, H. Y.(1996, May). Does Institutional Research Really Contribute toInstitutional Effectiveness? Perceptions of Institutional Research Effectiveness as Held by College and UniversityPresidents. Paper Presented at the36th AIR Annual Forum, Albuquerque, NM.
1Knight, W. E., Moore, M. E.,&Coperthwaite, C. C.(1997). Institutional Research: Knowledge, Skills, andPerceptions of Effectiveness. Research in Higher Education,38(4):419-433
1Terenzini, Patrick(2013).'On the Nature of Institutional Research' Revisited: Plus a Change? Research in HigherEducation.5(2):137
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2林聚任.林聚任讲默顿[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.168-169
1林聚任.林聚任讲默顿[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.172
2马林诺夫斯基著,费孝通译.文化论[M].北京:中国民间文艺出版社.1987:14
1林聚任.林聚任讲默顿[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.178-182
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1下文主要参考上海交通大学凯原法学院特别研究员刘思达的文章。我国对专业社会学的研究非常少，刘思达曾曾受教于芝加哥大学专业社会学大家AndrewAbbott，对专业社会学有很深的研究。参见：刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究,2006(1):173-220
1刘思达.失落的城邦：当代中国法律职业变迁[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008.132-133
1Randy Swing(2012). Defining Institutional Research: Strategies for Bringing Data to the Decision-making Process.Keynote Speaking at the California Association for Institutional Reserach Annual Conference. Anaheim, CA.参见网址：http://www.cair.org/conferences/cair2012/pres/4_Swing.pdf
1林聚任.林聚任讲默顿[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.182
2[加]明茨伯格著，魏青江等译.卓有成效的组织[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社，2007.120-140
1Alton L. Taylor(1990). Options for Location in the Organizational Structure. in Jennifer B. Presley. OrganizingEffective Institutional Research Offices. New Directions for Institutional Research. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,No.66:27-34
1[美]詹姆斯J杜德施塔特著,郑旭东译,桑新民校.舵手的视界—在变革时代领导美国大学[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2010.125-129
2企业管理中，CBO称为首席商务官或商务总监。
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4时任美国教育部部长玛格丽特斯佩林斯（Margaret Spellings）自2005年上任就开始着手本国高等教育改革。当年9月19日，斯佩林斯宣布成立―高等教育未来委员会‖（Commission on the Future of Higher Education,又称―斯佩林斯委员会‖），由19名委员会组成，主要负责研究国家层面上的改革战略。一年之后，斯佩林斯委员会拿出了一份报告《对领导能力的检验：规划美国高等教育的未来》（ATest of Leadership:Charting the Future ofU.S.Higher Education），并于2006年9月26日对外公布。报告中明确提出：高等教育机构需要测量和报告有意义的学生学习成果。
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2Cameron, K. S.(1986).A Study of Organizational Effectiveness and its Predictors. Management Science.32:87-112
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2美国教育理事会（American Council on Education），成立于1918年.ACE是美国高等教育系统中主要的协调及认证机构，代表美国1600多所学院以及大学，并与美国200多所机构及教育联盟有着密切的合作关系.
3卡里根.文东茅编译.谁在当美国大学校长——2002年全美大学校长调查报告[J].中国高教研究，2004(4):35-37
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1[美]彼得圣吉著,郭进隆译,杨硕英校.第五项修炼——学习型组织的艺术与实务[M].上海:上海三联书店,2009.9
1吕晓俊，组织背景中心智模式的自我管理[J].上海交通大学学报（哲学社会科学版）.2003（2）:63-65
1克瑞斯·阿吉里斯(Chris Argyris)，被誉为―当代管理理论的大师‖，是组织学习理论的主要代表人物之一。主要著作有《组织学习》、《个性与组织》等。
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1余东升.质的研究方法.见:刘献君.院校研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.135-170
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1Leimer, C.(2010): The Rise of Institutional Effectiveness. IR Competitor, Customer, Collaborator, or Replacement?AIR Professional File,115.
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2Peterson, M. W.(2008, November). Quo vadis AIR? Past developments—Future challenges. A presentation made atthe North East Association for Institutional Research Conference, Providence, RI.
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2佛罗里达州立大学院校研究办公室主任Rick Burnette提供，2013年4月15日。
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1刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究.2006(1):197-220
2William E. Knight(2003). The Primer for Institutional Research[M]. Tallahassee: Association for InstitutionalResearch.:introduction.
3Gary Rice (Project Coordinator), Mary Ann Coughlin&Richard Howard (Co-Editor)(2011). The Association forInstitutional Research: The First50Years. Tallahassee: Association for Institutional Research.28-29
1刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究.2006(1):197-220
2刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究.2006(1):173
3美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学教育学院教授，是《How College Affects Students》的作者之一，曾担任过美国高等教育研究会（ASHE）主席。1993年提出院校研究组织智能（Organizational Intelligence）理论，极大地影响了院校研究专业的发展。曾担任《院校研究新方向》主编多年，获得过美国院校研究会杰出服务奖（OutstandingService Award）、最佳年会论文奖（Forum Best Paper Award）及杰出会员奖（Distinguished Member Award）
1Patrick Terenzini(2012).I have always been a student:a tale of two careers.Higher Education:Handbook of theory andresearch.No.27:15-16
3美国院校研究会网站仅能够查阅到2002年以来各届年会分论坛的主题。2002-2004年为五个主题，2005年开始，学生生活与学生学习分开成为两个分论坛主题，分别为学生生活、学生学习与成果。2002-2010年关于规划的分论坛主题为高校管理与规划，2011-2012年这一主题调整为―协作：连通学校内部与外部（Collaboration:Communicating Inside and Outside the Institution）‖。
4分别为第13、19、24、28、31、37、44、61、67、123、137期，见附录6。
5AIR Board Meeting September19,2008Minutes (FINAL)[EB/OL].[2013-03-21]http://www3.airweb.org/images/air%20board%20meeting%20sept%2019%202008%20minutes%20(final).pdf
1NIE Study Group on the Condition of Excellence in American Higher Education. Involvement in Learning:Realizing the Potential of American Higher Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1984
3Nichols, J. O.(1990, Summer). The Role of Institutional Research in Implementing Institutional Effectiveness orOutcomes Assessment. AIR Professional File,37.
1Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. The Principles of Accreditation:Foundations for Quality Enhancement.2012.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21]http://sacscoc.org/pdf/2012PrinciplesOfAcreditation.pdf
2Volkwein, J. F.(2011, September). Gaining Ground: The Role of Institutional Research in Assessing StudentOutcomes and Demonstrating Institutional Effectiveness (NILOA Occasional Paper No.11). Urbana, IL: University forIllinois and Indiana University, National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment.
3Rogers, B. H.,&Gentemann, K. M.(1989). The Value of IR in the Assessment of Educational Effectiveness.Research in Higher Education,30(3),345–355.
4Volkwein, J. F., Agrotes, M.,&Hannahs, D.(1989, October). The Structure and Function of Institutional ResearchOffices within NEAIR. Proceedings of the North East Association for Institutional Research16th Annual Conference,Pittsburgh, PA.
1Trudy H. Bers.The Role of Institutional Assessment in Assessing Student Learning Outcomes (pages31–39). DawnGeronimo Terkla.Institutional Research: More than Just Data. Volume2008, Issue141.但笔者近期查阅美国院校研究会网站，却没有发现Trudy Bers所说的―美国院校研究会是最早致力于推动学生学习测量的组织之一，也是最早使用学生评估研究提高高等教育效能的组织之一。‖
1刘思达.失落的城邦：当代中国法律职业变迁[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008.132-133
1该认证标准于1984年制定，1987年生效，持续到2003年底，2004年1月才开始采用新版本。认证标准中四处―必须‖的中译文与英文原文保持一致，采取加粗形式，以示强调作用。参见：SouthernAssociation of Collegesand Schools Commission on Colleges.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21]. http://www.sacscoc.org/pdf/1998%20Criteria.pdf
2Western Association of Schools and Colleges.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21]. http://www.wascsenior.org/
1Leimer, C.(2012): Organizing for evidence-based decision making and improvement. In: Change: The Magazine ofHigher Learning,44(4)
2kapiolani Community College. Office for Institutional Effectiveness.[EB/OL].[2013-3-5].http://ofie.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/
1Leimer, C.(2011): The Rise of Institutional Effectiveness. IR Competitor, Customer, Collaborator, or Replacement?AIR Professional File,120
1The Office of Institutional Effectiveness, The University of Southern Mississippi.[EB/OL].[2013-3-5].http://www.usm.edu/institutional-effectiveness/welcome-office-institutional-effectiveness
2The Office of Institutional Research, The University of Southern Mississippi [EB/OL].[2013-3-5].http://www.usm.edu/institutional-research/mission
1Patrick T. Terenzini(1999).. On the Nature of Institutional Research and the Knowledge and Skills It Requires. in J.Fredericks Volkwein and with Steven LaNasa. What Is Institutional Research All About? A Critical and ComprehensiveAssessment of the Profession. New Directions for Institutional Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,No.104:21-29
1Richard D. Howard(2001). Conceptual Models for Creating Useful Decision Support. in Richard D. Howard andKenneth W. Borland Jr. Balancing Qualititative and Quantitative Information for Effective Decision Support. NewDirections for Institutional Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,No.112:45-55
1[美]乔治·凯勒著.别敦荣主译.大学战略与规划：美国高等教育管理革命[M].青岛：中国海洋大学出版社.2005.200-201
1Brumbaugh, A. J.(1960). Research designed to improve institutions of higher learning. Washington, DC: AmericanCouncil on Education.
2Rourke, F. E.,&Brooks, G. E.(1966). The managerial revolution in higher education. Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press.44
1Sheehan, B. S.(1976, May). Presidential address: Know then thyself. In R. H. Fenske (Ed.),Conflicting pressures inpostsecondary education. Proceedings from the16thAnnual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, LosAngeles, CA.3–7
2Sheehan, B. S.,&Torrence, L. E.(1977). Institutional research. In A. S. Knowles (Ed.), International encyclopediaof education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.2184–2193
3Saupe, J. L.(1981). The Functions of Institutional Research. Tallahassee, FL: Association for Institutional Research.
4Saupe, J. L.(1990). The Functions of Institutional Research (2nd ed.). Tallahassee, FL: Association for InstitutionalResearch.
5我国第一本关于Analytics的专著将Analytics翻译为―证析‖，以区别于―分析‖（Analysis）。作者系统梳理了对Analytics的翻译，指出《数据分析竞争法》简体中译本中的译名为―数据分析法‖、―数据分析‖和―分析‖，台北繁体字中文版译名为―分析‖、―分析竞争力‖以及―检视分析法‖，日文版的译名为―分析力‖。（见郑毅著.证析——大数据与基于数据的决策[M].北京：华夏出版社,2012.5:前言）
1[美]托马斯·达文波特,珍妮·哈里斯著.康蓉,吴越译.数据分析竞争法——企业赢之道[M].商务印书馆,2009.8-9
2Peterson Marvin. A Serendipitous Search for A Career in Higher Education. in J.C. Smart. Higher Education:Handbook of Theory and Research. Great Britain: Spinger,2005:27
3Bichsel, Jacqueline. Analytics in Higher Education: Benefits, Barriers, Progress and Recommendation (ResearchReport). Louisville, CO: EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, August2012[EB/OL].[2013-4-3].http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERS1207/ers1207.pdf
4常桐善在首期“大学数据系统设计与分析”培训班上的讲座：美国院校研究——过去现在与未来（2012年8月7日）
1[美]约翰·希利·布朗,保罗·杜奎德著.王铁生,葛立成译.信息的社会层面[M].北京:商务印书馆2003.10:7
2[美]约翰·希利·布朗,保罗·杜奎德著.王铁生,葛立成译.信息的社会层面[M].北京:商务印书馆2003.10:19
3刘献君.院校研究论略[J].高等工程教育研究.2006(5):28-29
4赵炬明.管理咨询与院校研究[J].高等工程教育研究.2007(2):53-62
1Harrington, C. F., Christie, R. L.,&Chen, H. Y.(1996, May). Does Institutional Research Really Contribute toInstitutional Effectiveness? Perceptions of Institutional Research Effectiveness as Held by College and UniversityPresidents. Paper Presented at the36th AIR Annual Forum, Albuquerque, NM.
2美国院校研究会设主席（President）与执行主席（Executive Director）。其中执行主席没有任期限制，比如现任执行主席为兰迪·斯温博士，于2007年12月上任，执行主席相当于首席执行官（CEO）。执行主席下设执行办公室，位于佛罗里达的塔拉哈希（Tallahassee）。美国院校研究会提前一年提名与选举下一年的主席，每人只任一届，一年为一届。被提名为下一年的主席后，当年担任副主席，下一年正式担任主席，再下一年担任卸任主席（past president）。董事会任职时间为三年，分别为副主席、主席及卸任主席。比如罗伯特·塔库先2008-2009年任副主席，2009-2010年任主席，2010-2011年任卸任主席。
3文件原文：Moving beyond the perception of just being―data people‖. IR has not been part of the decision makingprocesses. How can we interpret better, how can we become more of a conduit for information?
4AIR Board Meeting September19,2008Minutes (FINAL).[EB/OL].[2013-02-21].http://www.airweb.org/AboutUs/LeadershipAndGovernance/GovernanceDocuments/Board%20Minutes/Archived%20Board%20Minutes/2008_2009BoardMeetingMinutes.pdf.感叹号为文件原文所加。
5AIR Board of Directors Meeting.Synopsis of February6-7,2009Action and Motion Items.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21].http://www.airweb.org/AboutUs/LeadershipAndGovernance/GovernanceDocuments/Board%20Minutes/Archived%20Board%20Minutes/2008_2009BoardMeetingMinutes.pdf
6John Milam (2008). The Role of Consultants in Institutional Research. in Tod R. Massa and Robert K. Toutkoushian.Conducting Institutional Research in Non-Campus-Based Settings. New Directions for Institutional Research.No.139:27-45.
1Pennsylvania State University. Office of Planning and Institutional Assessment[EB/OL].[2013-3-3].http://www.psu.edu/president/pia/about/consulting.htm
2University of California, Santa Barbara. Institutional Research Staff[EB/OL].[2013-3-3].http://bap.ucsb.edu/IR/IR-staff.html
3Notre Dame of Maryland University. Office of Institutional Research and Effectiveness[EB/OL].[2013-3-3].http://www.ndm.edu/about/institutional-research/
1John Milam (2008). The Role of Consultants in Institutional Research. in Tod R. Massa and Robert K. Toutkoushian.Conducting Institutional Research in Non-Campus-Based Settings. New Directions for Institutional Research..No.139:27-45.
2周明建,阮超.领导,首先意味着服务:服务型领导力回顾与展望[J].社会心理科学.2010(6):8-9
3[美]格林利夫.徐放,齐桂萍译[M].南昌:江西人民出版社.2007.63-93.
1该案例由阿什福德大学规划与效能副校长Christina Leimer提供。
2AIR Board Meeting September19,2008Minutes (FINAL).[EB/OL].[2012-12-22].http://www.airweb.org/AboutUs/LeadershipAndGovernance/GovernanceDocuments/Board%20Minutes/Archived%20Board%20Minutes/2008_2009BoardMeetingMinutes.pdf.
3Randy L. Swing (2009). Institutional Researchers as Change Agents. in Christina Leimer. Imagining the Future ofInstitutional Research. New Directions for Institutional Research. No.143:5-16.
1Leimer.C.(2012), What Does IR/IE Leadership Mean? A Not-So-Modest Proposal. Presentation at52th AnnualForum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Oleans, LA, US
2Leimer, C.(2012): Organizing for Evidence-Based Decision Making and Improvement. In: Change: The Magazineof Higher Learning,44(4).
3Leimer, C.(2010, July). Wave of the Future? Integrating Institutional Research, Outcomes Assessment, Planning,Program Review and Accreditation. Education Resources Information Center, ED521064.
1Leimer.C.(2012), What Does IR/IE Leadership Mean? A Not-So-Modest Proposal. Presentation at52thAnnualForum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Oleans, LA, US.
11Leimer, C.(2012): Organizing for Evidence-Based Decision Making and Improvement. In: Change: The Magazineof Higher Learning,44(4).
1Fincher, C. L.(1985). The Art and Science of Institutional Research. In M. Corcoran&M. W. Peterson (Eds.),Institutional Research in Transition (pp.17–37). New Directions for Institutional Research, No.46. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
2Terenzini, P. T.(1995, May). Evolution and Revolution in Institutional Research. Keynote address at35th AnnualForum of the Association for Institutional Research, Boston, MA.32012年美国院校研究会年会参会人员为1949人。
4Patrick T. Terenzini,(2013)―On the Nature of Institutional Research‖Revisited: Plus a Change…?, Research inHigher Education,54(2):137-148
1中国驻休斯敦总领馆教育组.美国联邦教育部拟建立全国大学生数据信息库[J].世界教育信息.2005(8)
1The Common Education Data Standards (CEDS).[EB/OL].[2013-04-04].http://ceds.ed.gov
1Knight, W. E.,&Leimer, C. L.(2010). Will IR Staff Stick? An Exploration of Institutional Researchers‘Intention toRemain In or Leave Their Jobs. Research in Higher Education,51(2):109-131.
1魏署光编译；美国院校研究协会2010年白皮书[J].大学(学术版),2011(7):75-83
1引自：余东升.―专题调查及数据库建设‖讲义.华中科技大学教科院.2013年4月.
2The Quality of National Data: IR Professionals‘Ratings. Association for Institutional Research.[EB/OL].[2013-05-01]. https://www.airweb.org/eAIR/Surveys/Pages/NationalDataQuality.aspx
3引自：余东升.―专题调查及数据库建设‖讲义.华中科技大学教科院.2013年4月.
1赵炬明.科学管理与院校研究[J].高等教育研究.2007(7):55-58
2Morest, V. S., and Jenkins, D. Institutional Research and the Culture of Evidence at Community Colleges. New York:Community College Research Center, Columbia University,2007.
1Ronald Yanosky, Institutional Data. Management in Higher Education. EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research.Volume8,2009.[R/OL].[2012-12-22]. http://www.educause.edu/ers0908
1J. Fredericks Volkwein. The Foundations and Evolution of Institutional Research. in Dawn Geronimo Terkla.Institutional Research: More Than Just Data. New Directions for Higher Education. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,No.141:5-20
1魏淑华,山显光.国外教师职业认同的研究现状[J].外国教育研究.2005(3):15-18
1陈敏,李守芳.我国院校研究数据系统建设现状及发展建议[J].高等教育研究,2012(5):51-55
1魏署光.加强管理信息系统建设推进院校研究规范发展——第四次全国院校研究学术研讨会暨中国高等教育学会院校研究分会2011年年会综述[J].高等教育研究.2011(08):106-109
2陈敏,李守芳.我国院校研究数据系统建设现状及发展建议[J].高等教育研究,2012(5):51-55
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2Stephen W. Thorpe(1999). The Mission of Institutional Resesarch. Paper presented at the26thConference of theNorth East Association for Institutional Research. November14-16
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2蒙哥马利是美国院校研究会1966-1967年的主席，索普是美国院校研究会1968-1969年的主席。
3Saupe, J. L.,&Montgomery, J. R.(1970). The nature and role of institutional research: Memo to a college oruniversity. Tallahassee, FL: The Association for Institutional Research.
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5Marvin W. Peterson(1999). The Role of Institutional Research: From Improvement to Redesign. in J. FredericksVolkwein, Steven LaNasa. What Is Institutional Research All About? A Critical and Comprehensive Assessment of theProfession. New Dircetions for Institutional Research.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,No.104:83-103
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4此次访学还得到佐治亚大学（University of George）和佛罗里达州立大学的支持和帮助，特此致谢。
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1美国院校研究会执行主席兰迪·斯温认为本研究是院校研究领域中一项非常重要的研究，以后肯定会被广泛引用。
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3威伦斯凯哈罗德（Wilensky L. Harold）（1923-2011），美国著名组织社会学家，曾任加州大学伯克利分校政治学教授，著有《组织智能：政府与产业中的知识与政策》一书，是最早提出组织智能的先驱性人物。参见：Wilensky Harold (1969). Organizational Intelligence: Knowledge and Policy in Government and Industry. Basic BooksInc.
4Fincher, Cameron(1978). Institutional Research as Organizational Intelligence. Research in Higher Education,8(2):189-192
1Patrick T. Terenzini(1999). On the Nature of Institutional Research and the Knowledge and Skills It Requires.NewDirections for Institutional Research, No.104:21–29
1Randy L. Swing(2009). Institutional Researchers As Change Agents.New Directions for Institutional Research,No.143:5–16
2William Knight(2012). Leadership Development Needs of Institutional Researchers: Results of a National Survey.Presentation at52th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Oleans, LA, US
3Christina Leimer(2012), What Does IR/IE Leadership Mean? A Not-So-Modest Proposal. Presentation at52thAnnual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Oleans, LA, US.
4Sayers, K. W.,&Ryan, J. F(2009). The institutional Research Option: Transforming Data, Information, and DecisionMaking for Institutions at Risk[C]. J. Martin&J. E. Samels et al. Turnaround: Leading Stressed Colleges andUniversities to Excellence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.211-220.
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1Delaney, A. M.(1997). The Role of Institutional Research in Higher Education: Enabling Researchers to Meet NewChallenges. Research in Higher Education,38(1),1-16
2Delaney, A. M.(2000, May). Institutional Researchers as Leaders in Policy: Perspectives and Possibilities. PaperPresented at the40th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Cincinnati, OH
1Knight, W. E., Moore, M. E.,&Coperthwaite, C. C.(1997). Institutional Research: Knowledge, Skills, andPerceptions of Effectiveness. Research in Higher Education,38(4):419-433
2《专业档案》（Professional Files）为美国院校研究会出版物，1978年创刊，电子刊物，每年四期，每期一篇文章，主要刊登院校研究实践及最新动向方面的文章。
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4Harrington, C. F., Christie, R. L.,&Chen, H. Y.(1996, May). Does Institutional Research Really Contribute toInstitutional Effectiveness? Perceptions of Institutional Research Effectiveness as Held by College and UniversityPresidents. Paper Presented at the36th AIR Annual Forum, Albuquerque, NM.
1Knight, W. E., Moore, M. E.,&Coperthwaite, C. C.(1997). Institutional Research: Knowledge, Skills, andPerceptions of Effectiveness. Research in Higher Education,38(4):419-433
1Terenzini, Patrick(2013).'On the Nature of Institutional Research' Revisited: Plus a Change? Research in HigherEducation.5(2):137
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1林聚任.林聚任讲默顿[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.172
2马林诺夫斯基著,费孝通译.文化论[M].北京:中国民间文艺出版社.1987:14
1林聚任.林聚任讲默顿[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.178-182
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1下文主要参考上海交通大学凯原法学院特别研究员刘思达的文章。我国对专业社会学的研究非常少，刘思达曾曾受教于芝加哥大学专业社会学大家AndrewAbbott，对专业社会学有很深的研究。参见：刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究,2006(1):173-220
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1Randy Swing(2012). Defining Institutional Research: Strategies for Bringing Data to the Decision-making Process.Keynote Speaking at the California Association for Institutional Reserach Annual Conference. Anaheim, CA.参见网址：http://www.cair.org/conferences/cair2012/pres/4_Swing.pdf
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1[美]詹姆斯J杜德施塔特著,郑旭东译,桑新民校.舵手的视界—在变革时代领导美国大学[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2010.125-129
2企业管理中，CBO称为首席商务官或商务总监。
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4时任美国教育部部长玛格丽特斯佩林斯（Margaret Spellings）自2005年上任就开始着手本国高等教育改革。当年9月19日，斯佩林斯宣布成立―高等教育未来委员会‖（Commission on the Future of Higher Education,又称―斯佩林斯委员会‖），由19名委员会组成，主要负责研究国家层面上的改革战略。一年之后，斯佩林斯委员会拿出了一份报告《对领导能力的检验：规划美国高等教育的未来》（ATest of Leadership:Charting the Future ofU.S.Higher Education），并于2006年9月26日对外公布。报告中明确提出：高等教育机构需要测量和报告有意义的学生学习成果。
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2美国教育理事会（American Council on Education），成立于1918年.ACE是美国高等教育系统中主要的协调及认证机构，代表美国1600多所学院以及大学，并与美国200多所机构及教育联盟有着密切的合作关系.
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1克瑞斯·阿吉里斯(Chris Argyris)，被誉为―当代管理理论的大师‖，是组织学习理论的主要代表人物之一。主要著作有《组织学习》、《个性与组织》等。
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3Trudy Bers，Randy Swing(2010). Championing the Assessment of Learning: The Role of Top Leaders. In Gary L.Kramer, Randy Swing. Higher Education Assessments: Leadership Matters (The American Council on EducationSeries on Higher Education). Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.22-23
1Inside Higher Ed. Jobs, Value and Affirmative Action: A Survey of Parents About College.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21].http://www.insidehighered.com/news/survey/jobs-value-and-affirmative-action-survey-parents-about-college.2013
1赵炬明,余东升主编.院校研究与现代大学管理讲演录[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2006.115-117.
2佛罗里达州立大学院校研究办公室主任Rick Burnette提供，2013年4月15日。
1[美]乔治凯勒著,别敦荣主译.大学战略与规划[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出社,2005.55
1刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究.2006(1):197-220
1刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究.2006(1):197-220
2William E. Knight(2003). The Primer for Institutional Research[M]. Tallahassee: Association for InstitutionalResearch.:introduction.
3Gary Rice (Project Coordinator), Mary Ann Coughlin&Richard Howard (Co-Editor)(2011). The Association forInstitutional Research: The First50Years. Tallahassee: Association for Institutional Research.28-29
1刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究.2006(1):197-220
2刘思达.职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评[J].社会学研究.2006(1):173
3美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学教育学院教授，是《How College Affects Students》的作者之一，曾担任过美国高等教育研究会（ASHE）主席。1993年提出院校研究组织智能（Organizational Intelligence）理论，极大地影响了院校研究专业的发展。曾担任《院校研究新方向》主编多年，获得过美国院校研究会杰出服务奖（OutstandingService Award）、最佳年会论文奖（Forum Best Paper Award）及杰出会员奖（Distinguished Member Award）
1Patrick Terenzini(2012).I have always been a student:a tale of two careers.Higher Education:Handbook of theory andresearch.No.27:15-16
3美国院校研究会网站仅能够查阅到2002年以来各届年会分论坛的主题。2002-2004年为五个主题，2005年开始，学生生活与学生学习分开成为两个分论坛主题，分别为学生生活、学生学习与成果。2002-2010年关于规划的分论坛主题为高校管理与规划，2011-2012年这一主题调整为―协作：连通学校内部与外部（Collaboration:Communicating Inside and Outside the Institution）‖。
4分别为第13、19、24、28、31、37、44、61、67、123、137期，见附录6。
5AIR Board Meeting September19,2008Minutes (FINAL)[EB/OL].[2013-03-21]http://www3.airweb.org/images/air%20board%20meeting%20sept%2019%202008%20minutes%20(final).pdf
1NIE Study Group on the Condition of Excellence in American Higher Education. Involvement in Learning:Realizing the Potential of American Higher Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1984
3Nichols, J. O.(1990, Summer). The Role of Institutional Research in Implementing Institutional Effectiveness orOutcomes Assessment. AIR Professional File,37.
1Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. The Principles of Accreditation:Foundations for Quality Enhancement.2012.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21]http://sacscoc.org/pdf/2012PrinciplesOfAcreditation.pdf
2Volkwein, J. F.(2011, September). Gaining Ground: The Role of Institutional Research in Assessing StudentOutcomes and Demonstrating Institutional Effectiveness (NILOA Occasional Paper No.11). Urbana, IL: University forIllinois and Indiana University, National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment.
3Rogers, B. H.,&Gentemann, K. M.(1989). The Value of IR in the Assessment of Educational Effectiveness.Research in Higher Education,30(3),345–355.
4Volkwein, J. F., Agrotes, M.,&Hannahs, D.(1989, October). The Structure and Function of Institutional ResearchOffices within NEAIR. Proceedings of the North East Association for Institutional Research16th Annual Conference,Pittsburgh, PA.
1Trudy H. Bers.The Role of Institutional Assessment in Assessing Student Learning Outcomes (pages31–39). DawnGeronimo Terkla.Institutional Research: More than Just Data. Volume2008, Issue141.但笔者近期查阅美国院校研究会网站，却没有发现Trudy Bers所说的―美国院校研究会是最早致力于推动学生学习测量的组织之一，也是最早使用学生评估研究提高高等教育效能的组织之一。‖
1刘思达.失落的城邦：当代中国法律职业变迁[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008.132-133
1该认证标准于1984年制定，1987年生效，持续到2003年底，2004年1月才开始采用新版本。认证标准中四处―必须‖的中译文与英文原文保持一致，采取加粗形式，以示强调作用。参见：SouthernAssociation of Collegesand Schools Commission on Colleges.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21]. http://www.sacscoc.org/pdf/1998%20Criteria.pdf
2Western Association of Schools and Colleges.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21]. http://www.wascsenior.org/
1Leimer, C.(2012): Organizing for evidence-based decision making and improvement. In: Change: The Magazine ofHigher Learning,44(4)
2kapiolani Community College. Office for Institutional Effectiveness.[EB/OL].[2013-3-5].http://ofie.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/
1Leimer, C.(2011): The Rise of Institutional Effectiveness. IR Competitor, Customer, Collaborator, or Replacement?AIR Professional File,120
1The Office of Institutional Effectiveness, The University of Southern Mississippi.[EB/OL].[2013-3-5].http://www.usm.edu/institutional-effectiveness/welcome-office-institutional-effectiveness
2The Office of Institutional Research, The University of Southern Mississippi [EB/OL].[2013-3-5].http://www.usm.edu/institutional-research/mission
1Patrick T. Terenzini(1999).. On the Nature of Institutional Research and the Knowledge and Skills It Requires. in J.Fredericks Volkwein and with Steven LaNasa. What Is Institutional Research All About? A Critical and ComprehensiveAssessment of the Profession. New Directions for Institutional Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,No.104:21-29
1Richard D. Howard(2001). Conceptual Models for Creating Useful Decision Support. in Richard D. Howard andKenneth W. Borland Jr. Balancing Qualititative and Quantitative Information for Effective Decision Support. NewDirections for Institutional Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,No.112:45-55
1[美]乔治·凯勒著.别敦荣主译.大学战略与规划：美国高等教育管理革命[M].青岛：中国海洋大学出版社.2005.200-201
1Brumbaugh, A. J.(1960). Research designed to improve institutions of higher learning. Washington, DC: AmericanCouncil on Education.
2Rourke, F. E.,&Brooks, G. E.(1966). The managerial revolution in higher education. Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press.44
1Sheehan, B. S.(1976, May). Presidential address: Know then thyself. In R. H. Fenske (Ed.),Conflicting pressures inpostsecondary education. Proceedings from the16thAnnual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, LosAngeles, CA.3–7
2Sheehan, B. S.,&Torrence, L. E.(1977). Institutional research. In A. S. Knowles (Ed.), International encyclopediaof education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.2184–2193
3Saupe, J. L.(1981). The Functions of Institutional Research. Tallahassee, FL: Association for Institutional Research.
4Saupe, J. L.(1990). The Functions of Institutional Research (2nd ed.). Tallahassee, FL: Association for InstitutionalResearch.
5我国第一本关于Analytics的专著将Analytics翻译为―证析‖，以区别于―分析‖（Analysis）。作者系统梳理了对Analytics的翻译，指出《数据分析竞争法》简体中译本中的译名为―数据分析法‖、―数据分析‖和―分析‖，台北繁体字中文版译名为―分析‖、―分析竞争力‖以及―检视分析法‖，日文版的译名为―分析力‖。（见郑毅著.证析——大数据与基于数据的决策[M].北京：华夏出版社,2012.5:前言）
1[美]托马斯·达文波特,珍妮·哈里斯著.康蓉,吴越译.数据分析竞争法——企业赢之道[M].商务印书馆,2009.8-9
2Peterson Marvin. A Serendipitous Search for A Career in Higher Education. in J.C. Smart. Higher Education:Handbook of Theory and Research. Great Britain: Spinger,2005:27
3Bichsel, Jacqueline. Analytics in Higher Education: Benefits, Barriers, Progress and Recommendation (ResearchReport). Louisville, CO: EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, August2012[EB/OL].[2013-4-3].http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERS1207/ers1207.pdf
4常桐善在首期“大学数据系统设计与分析”培训班上的讲座：美国院校研究——过去现在与未来（2012年8月7日）
1[美]约翰·希利·布朗,保罗·杜奎德著.王铁生,葛立成译.信息的社会层面[M].北京:商务印书馆2003.10:7
2[美]约翰·希利·布朗,保罗·杜奎德著.王铁生,葛立成译.信息的社会层面[M].北京:商务印书馆2003.10:19
3刘献君.院校研究论略[J].高等工程教育研究.2006(5):28-29
4赵炬明.管理咨询与院校研究[J].高等工程教育研究.2007(2):53-62
1Harrington, C. F., Christie, R. L.,&Chen, H. Y.(1996, May). Does Institutional Research Really Contribute toInstitutional Effectiveness? Perceptions of Institutional Research Effectiveness as Held by College and UniversityPresidents. Paper Presented at the36th AIR Annual Forum, Albuquerque, NM.
2美国院校研究会设主席（President）与执行主席（Executive Director）。其中执行主席没有任期限制，比如现任执行主席为兰迪·斯温博士，于2007年12月上任，执行主席相当于首席执行官（CEO）。执行主席下设执行办公室，位于佛罗里达的塔拉哈希（Tallahassee）。美国院校研究会提前一年提名与选举下一年的主席，每人只任一届，一年为一届。被提名为下一年的主席后，当年担任副主席，下一年正式担任主席，再下一年担任卸任主席（past president）。董事会任职时间为三年，分别为副主席、主席及卸任主席。比如罗伯特·塔库先2008-2009年任副主席，2009-2010年任主席，2010-2011年任卸任主席。
3文件原文：Moving beyond the perception of just being―data people‖. IR has not been part of the decision makingprocesses. How can we interpret better, how can we become more of a conduit for information?
4AIR Board Meeting September19,2008Minutes (FINAL).[EB/OL].[2013-02-21].http://www.airweb.org/AboutUs/LeadershipAndGovernance/GovernanceDocuments/Board%20Minutes/Archived%20Board%20Minutes/2008_2009BoardMeetingMinutes.pdf.感叹号为文件原文所加。
5AIR Board of Directors Meeting.Synopsis of February6-7,2009Action and Motion Items.[EB/OL].[2013-02-21].http://www.airweb.org/AboutUs/LeadershipAndGovernance/GovernanceDocuments/Board%20Minutes/Archived%20Board%20Minutes/2008_2009BoardMeetingMinutes.pdf
6John Milam (2008). The Role of Consultants in Institutional Research. in Tod R. Massa and Robert K. Toutkoushian.Conducting Institutional Research in Non-Campus-Based Settings. New Directions for Institutional Research.No.139:27-45.
1Pennsylvania State University. Office of Planning and Institutional Assessment[EB/OL].[2013-3-3].http://www.psu.edu/president/pia/about/consulting.htm
2University of California, Santa Barbara. Institutional Research Staff[EB/OL].[2013-3-3].http://bap.ucsb.edu/IR/IR-staff.html
3Notre Dame of Maryland University. Office of Institutional Research and Effectiveness[EB/OL].[2013-3-3].http://www.ndm.edu/about/institutional-research/
1John Milam (2008). The Role of Consultants in Institutional Research. in Tod R. Massa and Robert K. Toutkoushian.Conducting Institutional Research in Non-Campus-Based Settings. New Directions for Institutional Research..No.139:27-45.
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1该案例由阿什福德大学规划与效能副校长Christina Leimer提供。
2AIR Board Meeting September19,2008Minutes (FINAL).[EB/OL].[2012-12-22].http://www.airweb.org/AboutUs/LeadershipAndGovernance/GovernanceDocuments/Board%20Minutes/Archived%20Board%20Minutes/2008_2009BoardMeetingMinutes.pdf.
3Randy L. Swing (2009). Institutional Researchers as Change Agents. in Christina Leimer. Imagining the Future ofInstitutional Research. New Directions for Institutional Research. No.143:5-16.
1Leimer.C.(2012), What Does IR/IE Leadership Mean? A Not-So-Modest Proposal. Presentation at52th AnnualForum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Oleans, LA, US
2Leimer, C.(2012): Organizing for Evidence-Based Decision Making and Improvement. In: Change: The Magazineof Higher Learning,44(4).
3Leimer, C.(2010, July). Wave of the Future? Integrating Institutional Research, Outcomes Assessment, Planning,Program Review and Accreditation. Education Resources Information Center, ED521064.
1Leimer.C.(2012), What Does IR/IE Leadership Mean? A Not-So-Modest Proposal. Presentation at52thAnnualForum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Oleans, LA, US.
11Leimer, C.(2012): Organizing for Evidence-Based Decision Making and Improvement. In: Change: The Magazineof Higher Learning,44(4).
1Fincher, C. L.(1985). The Art and Science of Institutional Research. In M. Corcoran&M. W. Peterson (Eds.),Institutional Research in Transition (pp.17–37). New Directions for Institutional Research, No.46. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
2Terenzini, P. T.(1995, May). Evolution and Revolution in Institutional Research. Keynote address at35th AnnualForum of the Association for Institutional Research, Boston, MA.32012年美国院校研究会年会参会人员为1949人。
4Patrick T. Terenzini,(2013)―On the Nature of Institutional Research‖Revisited: Plus a Change…?, Research inHigher Education,54(2):137-148
1中国驻休斯敦总领馆教育组.美国联邦教育部拟建立全国大学生数据信息库[J].世界教育信息.2005(8)
1The Common Education Data Standards (CEDS).[EB/OL].[2013-04-04].http://ceds.ed.gov
1Knight, W. E.,&Leimer, C. L.(2010). Will IR Staff Stick? An Exploration of Institutional Researchers‘Intention toRemain In or Leave Their Jobs. Research in Higher Education,51(2):109-131.
1魏署光编译；美国院校研究协会2010年白皮书[J].大学(学术版),2011(7):75-83
1引自：余东升.―专题调查及数据库建设‖讲义.华中科技大学教科院.2013年4月.
2The Quality of National Data: IR Professionals‘Ratings. Association for Institutional Research.[EB/OL].[2013-05-01]. https://www.airweb.org/eAIR/Surveys/Pages/NationalDataQuality.aspx
3引自：余东升.―专题调查及数据库建设‖讲义.华中科技大学教科院.2013年4月.
1赵炬明.科学管理与院校研究[J].高等教育研究.2007(7):55-58
2Morest, V. S., and Jenkins, D. Institutional Research and the Culture of Evidence at Community Colleges. New York:Community College Research Center, Columbia University,2007.
1Ronald Yanosky, Institutional Data. Management in Higher Education. EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research.Volume8,2009.[R/OL].[2012-12-22]. http://www.educause.edu/ers0908
1J. Fredericks Volkwein. The Foundations and Evolution of Institutional Research. in Dawn Geronimo Terkla.Institutional Research: More Than Just Data. New Directions for Higher Education. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,No.141:5-20
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1魏署光.加强管理信息系统建设推进院校研究规范发展——第四次全国院校研究学术研讨会暨中国高等教育学会院校研究分会2011年年会综述[J].高等教育研究.2011(08):106-109
2陈敏,李守芳.我国院校研究数据系统建设现状及发展建议[J].高等教育研究,2012(5):51-55
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