云南高原湖泊特有鱼类的生物学与遗传多样性研究
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摘要
本实验以云南高原湖泊特有鱼类云南倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus yunnanensis)和抚仙金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus tingi)作为研究对象,研究了抚仙湖云南倒刺鲃和抚仙金线鲃的年龄、生长、繁殖特征;用PCR产物直接测序法测定了抚仙金线鲃三个群体共33个个体的线粒体D-loop区部分片段的序列,结合冯建国(2002)提供的滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)七个群体共175个个体的D-loop区部分序列进行分析,探讨了抚仙金线鲃的遗传多样性;根据七个云南高原湖泊近年渔获物的变化情况,探讨了云南土著鱼类的变化特征和濒危的原因。实验的结果和结论如下:
1.云南倒刺鲃的年龄可以通过鳞片、耳石、背鳍条上的年轮特征来鉴定。年轮每年形成一次,主要形成时间是10月至次年的3月份。2-3龄云南倒刺鲃在鳞片和背鳍条磨片上较规律地出现副轮的现象可能与其食性的转换有关。全长-体重关系为W=9×10-6TL3.0424 ,其Von Bertalanffy生长方程: Lt =950.573[1-e-0.105(t+0.218)],Wt=10352.83[1-e-0.105(t+0.218)] 3.0424。与倒刺鲃属其他鱼类比较,云南倒刺鲃生长速度更为缓慢,反映了抚仙湖营养贫乏的环境条件特征。
2.抚仙金线鲃的年龄可通过鳞片、背鳍条上的年轮特征来鉴定,但6龄以上个体年龄不适合用鳞片来判断。年轮每年形成一次,主要形成时间是3-5月份。全长-体重关系: W=2×10-6TL3.3257。其Von Bertalanffy生长方程:Lt=352.383[1-e-0.094(t+0.886)],Wt=591.07[1-e-0.094(t+0.886)] 3.3257。
3.云南倒刺鲃的繁殖季节为每年的5-8月份,6-7月为繁殖盛期。性成熟群体的性体指数一年只有一个峰值,出现在5-7月。产卵类型为分批同步型。其卵巢一年成熟一次。绝对繁殖力1909-13834粒,相对繁殖力为3-29粒/g。雄性初次性成熟全长238 mm,相应年龄为3龄,雌性初次性成熟全长317 mm,相应年龄为4龄。
4.抚仙金线鲃的繁殖时间为11月至次年4月,12-2月为繁殖盛期。性成熟群体的性体指数一年只有一个峰值,出现在11-12月。产卵类型为一次产卵类型。其卵巢一年成熟一次。抚仙金线鲃的平均绝对繁殖力为3087,平均相对繁殖力为68粒/g。雄性初次性成熟全长103 mm,相应年龄为3龄,雌性初次性成熟全长126 mm,相应年龄为4龄。
The native fishes of Lake Fuxian, Spinibarbus yunnanensis, and Sinocyclocheilus tingi were selected as the experimental fishes in this paper. Age, growth and reproduction of S. yunnanensis and S. tingi in Lake Fuxian were investigated. 454 bp DNA sequences of mitochondrial D-loop gene were sequenced from 33 samples of S. tingi and 175 samples of Sinocyclocheilus grahami to analyse their genetic diversity. Fish species composition in seven Lakes of the Yunnan Plateau from 1990s to 2004 were compared to investigate variation and reasons for endangered native fishes. The main results were following:
1. The ages of S. yunnanensis can be identified through the characteristics of the annual rings of the scales, otoliths and dorsal fin spines. The annul rings are formed once a year, mainly from October to March. The formation of false annuli, which regularly arose on scales and dorsal fin spines during the juvenile stage, may be caused by shift diet during development. The relationship of body weight to total length for all samples is W=9×10-6TL3.0424. The Von Bertalanffy growth equation for all samples is Lt=950.573[1-e-0.105(t+0.218)],Wt=10352.83[1-e-0.105(t+0.218)] 3.0424. Compared with other Spinibarbus, growth of S. yunnanensis is slower. The apparent stunted growth of the S. yunnanensis in Fuxian Lake may indicate the extreme oligotrophic conditions, commercial over-fishing, or both.
2. The ages of S. tingi can be identified through the characteristics of the annual rings of the scales and dorsal fin spines. But the scales are unsuitable for age identification for samples 6 years or older. The annul rings are formed once a year, mainly from March to May. The relationship of body weight to total length for all samples is W=2×10-6TL3.3257. The Von Bertalanffy growth equation for all samples is
1.云南倒刺鲃的年龄可以通过鳞片、耳石、背鳍条上的年轮特征来鉴定。年轮每年形成一次,主要形成时间是10月至次年的3月份。2-3龄云南倒刺鲃在鳞片和背鳍条磨片上较规律地出现副轮的现象可能与其食性的转换有关。全长-体重关系为W=9×10-6TL3.0424 ,其Von Bertalanffy生长方程: Lt =950.573[1-e-0.105(t+0.218)],Wt=10352.83[1-e-0.105(t+0.218)] 3.0424。与倒刺鲃属其他鱼类比较,云南倒刺鲃生长速度更为缓慢,反映了抚仙湖营养贫乏的环境条件特征。
2.抚仙金线鲃的年龄可通过鳞片、背鳍条上的年轮特征来鉴定,但6龄以上个体年龄不适合用鳞片来判断。年轮每年形成一次,主要形成时间是3-5月份。全长-体重关系: W=2×10-6TL3.3257。其Von Bertalanffy生长方程:Lt=352.383[1-e-0.094(t+0.886)],Wt=591.07[1-e-0.094(t+0.886)] 3.3257。
3.云南倒刺鲃的繁殖季节为每年的5-8月份,6-7月为繁殖盛期。性成熟群体的性体指数一年只有一个峰值,出现在5-7月。产卵类型为分批同步型。其卵巢一年成熟一次。绝对繁殖力1909-13834粒,相对繁殖力为3-29粒/g。雄性初次性成熟全长238 mm,相应年龄为3龄,雌性初次性成熟全长317 mm,相应年龄为4龄。
4.抚仙金线鲃的繁殖时间为11月至次年4月,12-2月为繁殖盛期。性成熟群体的性体指数一年只有一个峰值,出现在11-12月。产卵类型为一次产卵类型。其卵巢一年成熟一次。抚仙金线鲃的平均绝对繁殖力为3087,平均相对繁殖力为68粒/g。雄性初次性成熟全长103 mm,相应年龄为3龄,雌性初次性成熟全长126 mm,相应年龄为4龄。
The native fishes of Lake Fuxian, Spinibarbus yunnanensis, and Sinocyclocheilus tingi were selected as the experimental fishes in this paper. Age, growth and reproduction of S. yunnanensis and S. tingi in Lake Fuxian were investigated. 454 bp DNA sequences of mitochondrial D-loop gene were sequenced from 33 samples of S. tingi and 175 samples of Sinocyclocheilus grahami to analyse their genetic diversity. Fish species composition in seven Lakes of the Yunnan Plateau from 1990s to 2004 were compared to investigate variation and reasons for endangered native fishes. The main results were following:
1. The ages of S. yunnanensis can be identified through the characteristics of the annual rings of the scales, otoliths and dorsal fin spines. The annul rings are formed once a year, mainly from October to March. The formation of false annuli, which regularly arose on scales and dorsal fin spines during the juvenile stage, may be caused by shift diet during development. The relationship of body weight to total length for all samples is W=9×10-6TL3.0424. The Von Bertalanffy growth equation for all samples is Lt=950.573[1-e-0.105(t+0.218)],Wt=10352.83[1-e-0.105(t+0.218)] 3.0424. Compared with other Spinibarbus, growth of S. yunnanensis is slower. The apparent stunted growth of the S. yunnanensis in Fuxian Lake may indicate the extreme oligotrophic conditions, commercial over-fishing, or both.
2. The ages of S. tingi can be identified through the characteristics of the annual rings of the scales and dorsal fin spines. But the scales are unsuitable for age identification for samples 6 years or older. The annul rings are formed once a year, mainly from March to May. The relationship of body weight to total length for all samples is W=2×10-6TL3.3257. The Von Bertalanffy growth equation for all samples is
引文
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