基于供应链管理的资源争夺战略研究
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摘要
最近几年铁矿石价格疯涨,国内众多钢铁企业陷入“资源之困”,中小钢厂陆续倒闭,大型钢厂的生存环境面临挑战。分析其原因,从宏观角度来看,铁矿石作为国际大宗商品,其定价机制是非常复杂的,不能简单地用供需关系来解释。国际铁矿石资源处于高度垄断的状态,铁矿石的定价权掌握在少数几个国家手中。我们不了解其中的游戏规则,不懂得如何进行资源的战略部署,不能够通过股权分红补偿损失,致使供应链下游的我国大量钢铁企业受制于人;从微观角度来看,与日本等钢铁强国相比,我国钢铁产业的成本结构不合理,吨钢能耗高,产品附加值低,国际竞争力不强,因此,要提高整体的竞争优势,企业必须依靠科技进步,提高产品的技术含量,建立一整套供应链的合作机制,实现资金流、物流、技术发展在各部门之间的流动和融合。
更深刻的启示是,通过钢铁产业目前的困境,意识到“未雨绸缪”的重要性,按资源基础理论的说法是路径依赖性:先做了,后来者就很困难。透过中国钢铁企业所遭遇的资源之困、以及类似的案例能给我们带来什么启发,使我国其他的企业避免重蹈覆辙、并在未来的竞争中占据主导地位。通过钢铁产业的案例揭示一些规律,对国际贸易规则的深刻把握以及对未来趋势的准确判断,在现在和未来我国仍然有许多产业和企业会面临像目前我国钢铁企业同样的问题,启示未来我们的很多产业发展再不要做“马后炮”。通过此课题的研究总结出一些产业发展的规律、产业竞争局势演变的规律,总结出可被我国企业借鉴的成功经验与失败教训,使我国的企业在未来的竞争中处于主动地位。
In recent years,the price of iron ore skyrocketing,many domestic steel companies struck into "a storm of resource", small and medium steel mills closing down one after another, challenged the living environment of large steel mills. Analysis of the reasons, from a macro perspective, as an international commodity, the iron ore and its pricing mechanism is very complicated, can not be explained by a simple supply and demand. The resources of international iron ore are in a high state of monopoly, iron ore pricing power rests in the hands of a few developed countries. We do not know what the rules of the game, and how the strategic deployment of resources, and can not compensate for losses through equity dividends, making the supply chain of large iron and steel enterprises controlled by others; From the microscopic point of view, compared with Japan and other power steel state, the structure of the steel industry of China is irrational, and high energy consumption per ton steel, and low value-added products, and the international competitiveness are not strong, to improve the overall competitive advantage, companies must rely on scientific and technological progress, improving product technology content, and establish a set of supply chain collaboration mechanisms to achieve cash flow, logistics, technology flows among the various departments and integration.
More profound insights are that by the current plight of the steel industries, realized that the importance of the "rainy day", as the resource base said that the path dependence theory: do first, and the later were very difficult. Through the resources of the difficulties encountered, Chinese steel companies and similar cases how to avoid the same mistakes in the future to dominate the competition. Revealed some law by the case of the steel industries, and the profound grasp of international trade rules and accurately determine the future trends. In the present and future of China, there are still many industries and enterprises will face the same problem as the iron and steel enterprises faces in China, inspired that the future development of our industries can not be the "belated effort". From the research of this subject, we can conclude some laws of industrial development, and industrial competition law evolution of the situation, and we can sum up some experience and business failures of China's enterprises, so that our enterprises can compete with others in the driving position in the future.
更深刻的启示是,通过钢铁产业目前的困境,意识到“未雨绸缪”的重要性,按资源基础理论的说法是路径依赖性:先做了,后来者就很困难。透过中国钢铁企业所遭遇的资源之困、以及类似的案例能给我们带来什么启发,使我国其他的企业避免重蹈覆辙、并在未来的竞争中占据主导地位。通过钢铁产业的案例揭示一些规律,对国际贸易规则的深刻把握以及对未来趋势的准确判断,在现在和未来我国仍然有许多产业和企业会面临像目前我国钢铁企业同样的问题,启示未来我们的很多产业发展再不要做“马后炮”。通过此课题的研究总结出一些产业发展的规律、产业竞争局势演变的规律,总结出可被我国企业借鉴的成功经验与失败教训,使我国的企业在未来的竞争中处于主动地位。
In recent years,the price of iron ore skyrocketing,many domestic steel companies struck into "a storm of resource", small and medium steel mills closing down one after another, challenged the living environment of large steel mills. Analysis of the reasons, from a macro perspective, as an international commodity, the iron ore and its pricing mechanism is very complicated, can not be explained by a simple supply and demand. The resources of international iron ore are in a high state of monopoly, iron ore pricing power rests in the hands of a few developed countries. We do not know what the rules of the game, and how the strategic deployment of resources, and can not compensate for losses through equity dividends, making the supply chain of large iron and steel enterprises controlled by others; From the microscopic point of view, compared with Japan and other power steel state, the structure of the steel industry of China is irrational, and high energy consumption per ton steel, and low value-added products, and the international competitiveness are not strong, to improve the overall competitive advantage, companies must rely on scientific and technological progress, improving product technology content, and establish a set of supply chain collaboration mechanisms to achieve cash flow, logistics, technology flows among the various departments and integration.
More profound insights are that by the current plight of the steel industries, realized that the importance of the "rainy day", as the resource base said that the path dependence theory: do first, and the later were very difficult. Through the resources of the difficulties encountered, Chinese steel companies and similar cases how to avoid the same mistakes in the future to dominate the competition. Revealed some law by the case of the steel industries, and the profound grasp of international trade rules and accurately determine the future trends. In the present and future of China, there are still many industries and enterprises will face the same problem as the iron and steel enterprises faces in China, inspired that the future development of our industries can not be the "belated effort". From the research of this subject, we can conclude some laws of industrial development, and industrial competition law evolution of the situation, and we can sum up some experience and business failures of China's enterprises, so that our enterprises can compete with others in the driving position in the future.
引文
[1] http://finance.sina.com.cn/focus/iron_2010/index.shtml
[2] http://ubun.cn/news/tiekuangshitanpan/
[3]王骏,杨波,余子鹏.中国铁矿石供需战略分析[J].经济学家.2005.(4)
[4]李海波.铁矿石国际定价的最后通牒博弈分析[ J].国际经济与贸易,2008,11:(75-76)
[5]陈乐君.我国铁矿石高价进口的原因分析[J].沿海企业与科技,2008,(2):16-20
[6]徐鑫.国际铁矿石谈判影响因素及对策分析[J].价格理论与实践,2009,3:(27-28)
[7]梁娟.国际铁矿石价格谈判机制演变[N].经济参政报,2010.4
[8]刘洋.铁矿石之战[J].中国金属通报,2009.(24)
[9]江涌.论国际资源争夺中的金融战[J].现代国际关系,2006,(7):38-43
[10]廖隆国,陆岩,马续香.国外主要产钢国钢铁产业政策[J].冶金管理,2002.(9)
[11]哈里森,范赫克.物流管理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006 :172– 1731
[12]白益民.三井帝国在行动—揭开日本财团的中国布局[M].北京,中国经济出版社,2008,5-18
[13]钱成,方媛,张纪.世界铁矿石寡头垄断供应格局的形成和发展[J].现代矿业,2009,8(8)
[14]姜军.我国在世界铁矿石贸易中的定价博弈及策略[J].新西部,2009:(22-24)
[15]迈克尔·波特,陈小悦(译) .竞争优势[M].华夏出版社.1997,(7)
[16]王明宇.中国钢企陷铁矿石困局,缺失国际价格”话语权”[N].中国经济周刊,2007.4
[17]傅培华.供应链管理[M].浙江大学出版社,2009.9
[18] http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5
[19]于蕾.“微笑曲线”与中国经济增长困境[J].广东财经职业学院学报,2007.6
[20]毛艳丽,胡俊鸽,陈研.美国钢铁业的并购与发展[J].冶金丛刊,2008.10
[21]赵瑞荣,王青,徐小荷.世界铁矿石资源开发现状与中国铁矿石企业生存环境分析[J].资源科学,2005.3
[22]杜立辉,刘加军,刘航.日本企业兼并概况及对我国钢铁行业的启示[J].借鉴与思考,2008,5:(40-42)
[23]潘贻芳,刘子先,门峰.钢铁成本对钢铁工业国际竞争力的影响[J].中国冶金,2007,5:(3-7)
[24]陶魄.世界钢铁业并购发展的规律对中国钢铁业发展的启示[J].江苏冶金,2008.10
[25]程锦锥.从铁矿石进口看我国钢铁业的整合[J],中州大学学报,2009.2:(44-47)
[26]厉以宁.西方经济学[N].高等教育出版社,2003.5
[27] Ernst Worrell :Advanced technologies and energy efficiency in the iron and steel industry in China, Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume 2 No.4,1995.11
[28]窦彬.中日韩钢铁工业能源强度的比较研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008.3
[29] Daniel Sperling,Ryan W. McCarthy. Assessing reliability in energy supply systems[J].Energy Policy,1999.(6):2151-2162.
[30] Ang B W.Decompositon Methodology in Industrial Energy Demand Analysis[J], Energy,1995,20(11) :1081-1096
[31] Stefan Lechtenbohmer. Security of Energy Supply-Potentials and Reserves of Various Energy Sources;Technologies Furthering Self-rliance and the Impact of Policy Choices[J].Wuppertal Research,2006,(10):153-164
[32]陈乐君.我国铁矿石高价进口的原因分析[J].沿海企业与科技,2008,02:16-20
[33]王文峰.2004-2010中国在铁矿石谈判中的败退路径[N].第一财经日报,2010.5.4:10
[34]钱成,刘宇.铁矿石定价机制和价格波动研究—与其它大宗商品价格波动比较[J].现代矿业,2009.5:(142-145)
[35] Chase-Dunn,C.,Kawano,Y. and Brewer,B(2000) Trade Globalization since 1795:Waves of Integration in the World-System,American Sociological Review 65:77-95
[36]赖丹.基于价值链的钢铁集团公司管理模式优化研究[J].中国管理信息化,2009.7(94-96)
[37]王明宇.铁矿石:定价权与产业安全[J].新财经,2009.8:(66-69)
[38]刑少文.“潜伏”铁矿石:谁的利益?[J].中国学术期刊,2009.7(16)
[39]马苏,严鸽群.钢铁行业的核心能力及宝钢的战略措施—以钻石模型为基础的分析[J,冶金经济与管理,2006.2:(29-31)
[40] Worrell E,Price L,Martin N,Farla J,Schaeffer R,Energy Intensity in the Iron and Steel Industry :a Comparison of Physical and Economic Indicators[J],Energy Policy,1997,25(7-9):727-744
[41]王森勋,胡宗恩,李真一.从产业链视角看中国钢铁企业的战略选择[J].商场现代化,2008.12
[42] Paul Crompton :《THE COMPETITIVE POSITION OF AUSTRALIAN IRON ORE PRODUCTERS:A GLOBAL IRON ORE SUPPLY MODEL》,School of Economics and Commerce University of Western Australia Nedlands,Western Australia,2006.8
[43]袁涛.对中国在国际铁矿石贸易中应对涨价、提高话语权的几点思考[J].国际贸易.2006.9:(217-219)
[44] University of Minnesota Department of Economics:《THE EFFECT OF GROWING IRON ORE DEMAND IN CHINA ON UNITED STATES IRON ORE》,Minnesota Iron Ore,2005.5
[45] D Pearce. How to Keep Energy Supply Safe[J].Energy Policy,1990.5
[46]宋继军.资源战略已成为钢铁业首要战略[J].现代物流报,2008.5
[47]龚臣.资源战争之谜[M].光明日报出版社,2009:46-55
[48]方虹,沈东亮.国际铁矿石价格机制下的中国铁矿石贸易及对策研究[J],宏观经济研究,2008.4
[49]唐卫宇,马摄平.产业政策的国际比较及启示[J].北方经济,2001.10
[50] U.S. Department of the Interior,US Geology Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries[R]. Washington.D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office,2000-2005
[51]陈荣,芮静.物流能力与钢铁企业竞争优势价值工程[J]. 2009.2
[52]方虹,沈东亮.国际铁矿石价格机制下的中国铁矿石贸易及对策研究[J].宏观经济研究.2008.4
[2] http://ubun.cn/news/tiekuangshitanpan/
[3]王骏,杨波,余子鹏.中国铁矿石供需战略分析[J].经济学家.2005.(4)
[4]李海波.铁矿石国际定价的最后通牒博弈分析[ J].国际经济与贸易,2008,11:(75-76)
[5]陈乐君.我国铁矿石高价进口的原因分析[J].沿海企业与科技,2008,(2):16-20
[6]徐鑫.国际铁矿石谈判影响因素及对策分析[J].价格理论与实践,2009,3:(27-28)
[7]梁娟.国际铁矿石价格谈判机制演变[N].经济参政报,2010.4
[8]刘洋.铁矿石之战[J].中国金属通报,2009.(24)
[9]江涌.论国际资源争夺中的金融战[J].现代国际关系,2006,(7):38-43
[10]廖隆国,陆岩,马续香.国外主要产钢国钢铁产业政策[J].冶金管理,2002.(9)
[11]哈里森,范赫克.物流管理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006 :172– 1731
[12]白益民.三井帝国在行动—揭开日本财团的中国布局[M].北京,中国经济出版社,2008,5-18
[13]钱成,方媛,张纪.世界铁矿石寡头垄断供应格局的形成和发展[J].现代矿业,2009,8(8)
[14]姜军.我国在世界铁矿石贸易中的定价博弈及策略[J].新西部,2009:(22-24)
[15]迈克尔·波特,陈小悦(译) .竞争优势[M].华夏出版社.1997,(7)
[16]王明宇.中国钢企陷铁矿石困局,缺失国际价格”话语权”[N].中国经济周刊,2007.4
[17]傅培华.供应链管理[M].浙江大学出版社,2009.9
[18] http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5
[19]于蕾.“微笑曲线”与中国经济增长困境[J].广东财经职业学院学报,2007.6
[20]毛艳丽,胡俊鸽,陈研.美国钢铁业的并购与发展[J].冶金丛刊,2008.10
[21]赵瑞荣,王青,徐小荷.世界铁矿石资源开发现状与中国铁矿石企业生存环境分析[J].资源科学,2005.3
[22]杜立辉,刘加军,刘航.日本企业兼并概况及对我国钢铁行业的启示[J].借鉴与思考,2008,5:(40-42)
[23]潘贻芳,刘子先,门峰.钢铁成本对钢铁工业国际竞争力的影响[J].中国冶金,2007,5:(3-7)
[24]陶魄.世界钢铁业并购发展的规律对中国钢铁业发展的启示[J].江苏冶金,2008.10
[25]程锦锥.从铁矿石进口看我国钢铁业的整合[J],中州大学学报,2009.2:(44-47)
[26]厉以宁.西方经济学[N].高等教育出版社,2003.5
[27] Ernst Worrell :Advanced technologies and energy efficiency in the iron and steel industry in China, Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume 2 No.4,1995.11
[28]窦彬.中日韩钢铁工业能源强度的比较研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008.3
[29] Daniel Sperling,Ryan W. McCarthy. Assessing reliability in energy supply systems[J].Energy Policy,1999.(6):2151-2162.
[30] Ang B W.Decompositon Methodology in Industrial Energy Demand Analysis[J], Energy,1995,20(11) :1081-1096
[31] Stefan Lechtenbohmer. Security of Energy Supply-Potentials and Reserves of Various Energy Sources;Technologies Furthering Self-rliance and the Impact of Policy Choices[J].Wuppertal Research,2006,(10):153-164
[32]陈乐君.我国铁矿石高价进口的原因分析[J].沿海企业与科技,2008,02:16-20
[33]王文峰.2004-2010中国在铁矿石谈判中的败退路径[N].第一财经日报,2010.5.4:10
[34]钱成,刘宇.铁矿石定价机制和价格波动研究—与其它大宗商品价格波动比较[J].现代矿业,2009.5:(142-145)
[35] Chase-Dunn,C.,Kawano,Y. and Brewer,B(2000) Trade Globalization since 1795:Waves of Integration in the World-System,American Sociological Review 65:77-95
[36]赖丹.基于价值链的钢铁集团公司管理模式优化研究[J].中国管理信息化,2009.7(94-96)
[37]王明宇.铁矿石:定价权与产业安全[J].新财经,2009.8:(66-69)
[38]刑少文.“潜伏”铁矿石:谁的利益?[J].中国学术期刊,2009.7(16)
[39]马苏,严鸽群.钢铁行业的核心能力及宝钢的战略措施—以钻石模型为基础的分析[J,冶金经济与管理,2006.2:(29-31)
[40] Worrell E,Price L,Martin N,Farla J,Schaeffer R,Energy Intensity in the Iron and Steel Industry :a Comparison of Physical and Economic Indicators[J],Energy Policy,1997,25(7-9):727-744
[41]王森勋,胡宗恩,李真一.从产业链视角看中国钢铁企业的战略选择[J].商场现代化,2008.12
[42] Paul Crompton :《THE COMPETITIVE POSITION OF AUSTRALIAN IRON ORE PRODUCTERS:A GLOBAL IRON ORE SUPPLY MODEL》,School of Economics and Commerce University of Western Australia Nedlands,Western Australia,2006.8
[43]袁涛.对中国在国际铁矿石贸易中应对涨价、提高话语权的几点思考[J].国际贸易.2006.9:(217-219)
[44] University of Minnesota Department of Economics:《THE EFFECT OF GROWING IRON ORE DEMAND IN CHINA ON UNITED STATES IRON ORE》,Minnesota Iron Ore,2005.5
[45] D Pearce. How to Keep Energy Supply Safe[J].Energy Policy,1990.5
[46]宋继军.资源战略已成为钢铁业首要战略[J].现代物流报,2008.5
[47]龚臣.资源战争之谜[M].光明日报出版社,2009:46-55
[48]方虹,沈东亮.国际铁矿石价格机制下的中国铁矿石贸易及对策研究[J],宏观经济研究,2008.4
[49]唐卫宇,马摄平.产业政策的国际比较及启示[J].北方经济,2001.10
[50] U.S. Department of the Interior,US Geology Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries[R]. Washington.D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office,2000-2005
[51]陈荣,芮静.物流能力与钢铁企业竞争优势价值工程[J]. 2009.2
[52]方虹,沈东亮.国际铁矿石价格机制下的中国铁矿石贸易及对策研究[J].宏观经济研究.2008.4