浙江地区典型环境友好型农业技术研究
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摘要
本论文以浙江地区农业发展现状为背景,以浙江地区典型农业中畜禽养殖、农田科学合理施肥、特色水果加工业为研究对象。研究了畜禽粪便快速发酵、水稻科学合理施肥、杨梅深加工废弃物资源化等浙江地区典型环境友好型农业技术,主要研究结果如下：
1.在畜禽粪便处理中,将猪粪与蘑菇泥混合堆肥。通过研究,优化了堆肥的最佳原料配比,即以固体纯猪粪占60-62%,蘑菇泥占28-30%,发酵老料8-12%配比,使物料C/N比22-27,平均含水量达到62-65%,不仅能快速启动还能减少堆肥过程中的氮素损失；后又将制成的有机无机复混肥应用于梨树、水稻等作物后,结果表明：施有机无机复混肥与等价菜饼、鸡粪相比,梨树亩增产分别为1.89%、8.48%,增产效果明显优于施等价鸡粪,梨的品质得到一定程度的改善。对于玉米及水稻等作物也有增产作用,但是应用在水稻上面增产作用不明显。
2.在水稻合理科学施肥应用中,根据当地测土配方施肥量,对肥料总量控制,对氮肥分次施用。结果发现,水稻在一基三追模式下,氮肥的利用率可以达到38.63%。比传统施肥模式一基二追提高了34.93%,减小了农田氮面源污染的风险；不同施肥模式条件下水稻施肥处理稻米的品质没有明显降低,可以保证粳米二级；在本次试验条件下,种植单季水稻效益最高可以达到1131.96元/亩,比传统的模式可以增收176.75元/亩,效益显著。在水稻生育后期喷施叶面肥后,结果发现,水稻均有5-50kg/亩的增产幅度,且这些叶面肥料中以氨基酸钙加芸苔素内酯效果最好,不仅有50kg左右的增产,且品质都比其他处理要好。
3.在特色水果深加工产业中,以杨梅深加工废弃物为研究对象。在分析了深加工废弃物的主要成分的基础之上。提出了将杨梅果渣制成杨梅果渣膳食纤维,从杨梅核提取核仁油,利用杨梅核制取保健酒,利用杨梅香精及蒸馏水开发抗菌产品等技术。同时还评价了相关的产品,其中杨梅果渣纤维素中可溶性膳食纤维为34.5%,符合食用纤维的标准；杨梅核仁油不饱和脂肪酸含量高达85.73%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量为35.86%,优于山核桃核仁油,其清除自由基能力较山核桃及香榧要好,对DPPH自由基半数清除率时其核仁油的浓度为61.34μg/ml,对羟自由基达到半数清除率为91.83μg/ml；同时在杨梅香精中共鉴定出59种化合物,含量最高的为3壬烯醇,其相对含量为30.29%；杨梅香精对植物源病原菌抑制效果明显,杨梅香精对小麦赤霉病菌的抑制效果最好,其抑菌圈直径达到0.943cm；杨梅果汁冷凝水的抑菌效果除了对小麦赤霉病病菌和玉米小纹病病菌有效果,其余菌种都没抑制作用。
This article take the development of Zhejiang agriculture as the background, and according to the typical agriculture technology in Zhejiang Province, we take the livestock breading, fram rational fertilization, special fruit processing industry as the study object. And we study the typical technologies in environmentally-friendly agricultural just like rapid fermentation of manure, how to fertilize on rice scientificly and rationally, how to make full use of by product of yangberry. The key restults are fllowing:
1. In the processing of livestock and poultry manure, pig manure and mushroom mug were mixed for composting. The study optimized the raw material ratio of compost:the solid pig manure occupied60-62%, the mushroom mud28-30%and the fermentation old material8-12%. The C/N ratio of the material was22-27, and the average moisture content reached62-65%. It was started quickly and the nitrogen loss was reduced. The organic-inorganic complex fertilizer was subsequently applied to pear trees and rice. The results indicated that the yield of pear tree increased by1.89%and8.48%in comparison with the equal amount of vegetable fertilizer and chicken manure, respectively. The effect of yield increasing was obviously superior to chicken manure. Meanwhile, the pear quality was also improved. The complex fertilizer also had effect of yield increasing on corn and rice, but not very obvious for the latter.
2. With the principle of scientific and reasonable application of fertilizer on rice farmlands, the total amount of the fertilizer was controlled according to the fertilizing amount suggested by local soil testing. Meanwhile, the nitrogen fertilizer was applied in several batches. The results showed that in the model of "one time of basic fertilizer and three times of additional fertilizer", the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer reached38.63%. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer of this model was34.93%higher than the traditional model of "one time of basic fertilizer and two times of additional fertilizer", and the risk of non-point source pollution of nitrogen in farmlands was reduced. Under different fertilization models, the rice quality was not lowered obviously. The quality of the rice in all treatments met the requirement of Level Ⅱ of Japonica Rice. Under the conditions of the present study, the maximum profit of single cropping rice reached1131.96yuan/mu, which was an increase by176.75yuan/mu in comparison with the traditional model. The economic benefit was remarkable. After the spraying application of the foliar fertilizers at the later stage of the reproduction of rice, the yield of rice had an increase of5-50kg per mu. In the foliar fertilizers, the compound of amino acid calcium plus brassinolide had the best effects. This fertilizer obtained a yield increase by50kg and a better quality than the other treatments.
3. In the deep processing industry of featured fruit, the deep processing waste of red bayberry was used as the object of study. On the basis of the analysis of the main components of the deep processing waste, new technologies were put forward, including the fabrication of dietary fiber from red bayberry residues, the extraction of kernel oil and the fabrication of healthcare liquor from red bayberry kernels, and the development of antibacterial products by bayberry flavorant and distilled water. Meanwhile, related products were evaluated in the study. The soluble dietary fiber reached34.5%in the cellulose of red bayberry residue, which was in conformity with the standard of dietary fibers. The unsaturated fatty acid content reached85.73%in the red bayberry kernel oil, while its polyunsaturated fatty acid content was35.86%, which showed superiority to the pecan kernel oil. It is also better than the pecan and Torreya grandis in its ability of free radical scavenging, with the concentration of red bayberry kernel oil of61.34μg/ml while reaching the half scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals, and91.83μg/ml while reaching the half scavening rate of hydroxyl radicals. In the red bayberry flavorant, a total of59compounds were identified, with3-nonenol as the richest component, occupying30.29%. The red bayberry flavorant had an obvious inhibition of plant-pathogenic bacteria, while it had the best inhibition effect on Fusarium graminearum, with the bacteriostatic diameter reaching0.943cm. The cooled red bayberry juice had no inhibition effect on other bacteria except for the Fusarium graminearum and Bipolaris maydis.
1.在畜禽粪便处理中,将猪粪与蘑菇泥混合堆肥。通过研究,优化了堆肥的最佳原料配比,即以固体纯猪粪占60-62%,蘑菇泥占28-30%,发酵老料8-12%配比,使物料C/N比22-27,平均含水量达到62-65%,不仅能快速启动还能减少堆肥过程中的氮素损失；后又将制成的有机无机复混肥应用于梨树、水稻等作物后,结果表明：施有机无机复混肥与等价菜饼、鸡粪相比,梨树亩增产分别为1.89%、8.48%,增产效果明显优于施等价鸡粪,梨的品质得到一定程度的改善。对于玉米及水稻等作物也有增产作用,但是应用在水稻上面增产作用不明显。
2.在水稻合理科学施肥应用中,根据当地测土配方施肥量,对肥料总量控制,对氮肥分次施用。结果发现,水稻在一基三追模式下,氮肥的利用率可以达到38.63%。比传统施肥模式一基二追提高了34.93%,减小了农田氮面源污染的风险；不同施肥模式条件下水稻施肥处理稻米的品质没有明显降低,可以保证粳米二级；在本次试验条件下,种植单季水稻效益最高可以达到1131.96元/亩,比传统的模式可以增收176.75元/亩,效益显著。在水稻生育后期喷施叶面肥后,结果发现,水稻均有5-50kg/亩的增产幅度,且这些叶面肥料中以氨基酸钙加芸苔素内酯效果最好,不仅有50kg左右的增产,且品质都比其他处理要好。
3.在特色水果深加工产业中,以杨梅深加工废弃物为研究对象。在分析了深加工废弃物的主要成分的基础之上。提出了将杨梅果渣制成杨梅果渣膳食纤维,从杨梅核提取核仁油,利用杨梅核制取保健酒,利用杨梅香精及蒸馏水开发抗菌产品等技术。同时还评价了相关的产品,其中杨梅果渣纤维素中可溶性膳食纤维为34.5%,符合食用纤维的标准；杨梅核仁油不饱和脂肪酸含量高达85.73%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量为35.86%,优于山核桃核仁油,其清除自由基能力较山核桃及香榧要好,对DPPH自由基半数清除率时其核仁油的浓度为61.34μg/ml,对羟自由基达到半数清除率为91.83μg/ml；同时在杨梅香精中共鉴定出59种化合物,含量最高的为3壬烯醇,其相对含量为30.29%；杨梅香精对植物源病原菌抑制效果明显,杨梅香精对小麦赤霉病菌的抑制效果最好,其抑菌圈直径达到0.943cm；杨梅果汁冷凝水的抑菌效果除了对小麦赤霉病病菌和玉米小纹病病菌有效果,其余菌种都没抑制作用。
This article take the development of Zhejiang agriculture as the background, and according to the typical agriculture technology in Zhejiang Province, we take the livestock breading, fram rational fertilization, special fruit processing industry as the study object. And we study the typical technologies in environmentally-friendly agricultural just like rapid fermentation of manure, how to fertilize on rice scientificly and rationally, how to make full use of by product of yangberry. The key restults are fllowing:
1. In the processing of livestock and poultry manure, pig manure and mushroom mug were mixed for composting. The study optimized the raw material ratio of compost:the solid pig manure occupied60-62%, the mushroom mud28-30%and the fermentation old material8-12%. The C/N ratio of the material was22-27, and the average moisture content reached62-65%. It was started quickly and the nitrogen loss was reduced. The organic-inorganic complex fertilizer was subsequently applied to pear trees and rice. The results indicated that the yield of pear tree increased by1.89%and8.48%in comparison with the equal amount of vegetable fertilizer and chicken manure, respectively. The effect of yield increasing was obviously superior to chicken manure. Meanwhile, the pear quality was also improved. The complex fertilizer also had effect of yield increasing on corn and rice, but not very obvious for the latter.
2. With the principle of scientific and reasonable application of fertilizer on rice farmlands, the total amount of the fertilizer was controlled according to the fertilizing amount suggested by local soil testing. Meanwhile, the nitrogen fertilizer was applied in several batches. The results showed that in the model of "one time of basic fertilizer and three times of additional fertilizer", the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer reached38.63%. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer of this model was34.93%higher than the traditional model of "one time of basic fertilizer and two times of additional fertilizer", and the risk of non-point source pollution of nitrogen in farmlands was reduced. Under different fertilization models, the rice quality was not lowered obviously. The quality of the rice in all treatments met the requirement of Level Ⅱ of Japonica Rice. Under the conditions of the present study, the maximum profit of single cropping rice reached1131.96yuan/mu, which was an increase by176.75yuan/mu in comparison with the traditional model. The economic benefit was remarkable. After the spraying application of the foliar fertilizers at the later stage of the reproduction of rice, the yield of rice had an increase of5-50kg per mu. In the foliar fertilizers, the compound of amino acid calcium plus brassinolide had the best effects. This fertilizer obtained a yield increase by50kg and a better quality than the other treatments.
3. In the deep processing industry of featured fruit, the deep processing waste of red bayberry was used as the object of study. On the basis of the analysis of the main components of the deep processing waste, new technologies were put forward, including the fabrication of dietary fiber from red bayberry residues, the extraction of kernel oil and the fabrication of healthcare liquor from red bayberry kernels, and the development of antibacterial products by bayberry flavorant and distilled water. Meanwhile, related products were evaluated in the study. The soluble dietary fiber reached34.5%in the cellulose of red bayberry residue, which was in conformity with the standard of dietary fibers. The unsaturated fatty acid content reached85.73%in the red bayberry kernel oil, while its polyunsaturated fatty acid content was35.86%, which showed superiority to the pecan kernel oil. It is also better than the pecan and Torreya grandis in its ability of free radical scavenging, with the concentration of red bayberry kernel oil of61.34μg/ml while reaching the half scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals, and91.83μg/ml while reaching the half scavening rate of hydroxyl radicals. In the red bayberry flavorant, a total of59compounds were identified, with3-nonenol as the richest component, occupying30.29%. The red bayberry flavorant had an obvious inhibition of plant-pathogenic bacteria, while it had the best inhibition effect on Fusarium graminearum, with the bacteriostatic diameter reaching0.943cm. The cooled red bayberry juice had no inhibition effect on other bacteria except for the Fusarium graminearum and Bipolaris maydis.
引文
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