集群企业知识转移影响因素实证研究
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摘要
全球产业分工呈“全球分散+区域集中”格局中，产业集群日益支配着世界经济版图，以知识为主要生产要素的知识经济时代，集群企业如何通过知识转移完善自身知识系统、提升知识能力并获取竞争优势已成为学者们关注的焦点。
本研究融合知识管理理论与传统的产业集群理论，突破传统的“生产系统”思维，将产业集群整体、集群企业个体都视为“知识系统”，研究该系统中影响集群企业知识转移的主/客观因素、直接/间接作用及影响强度。在文献梳理和实地访谈的基础上，提出假设、设计变量、选取量表并构造出了集群企业知识转移影响因素的概念模型，具体分为知识属性、知识转移主体（发送方、接收方）、知识转移方式、集群情境因素（邻近性、关系网络、知识分布）等共14个解释变量，以及反映各个潜在变量关系的36个假设。然后进行小样本预调研，通过各种数据检验方法，测量问卷和数据的质量，删除效果不好的测量题项，净化并修正问卷，形成最终的分量表和问卷。
在对数个不同制造业产业集群中的企业做大规模问卷调查后，收回288份有效问卷。对集群企业知识转移影响因素概念模型的拟合验证和相关假设的证明中使用了Amos18.0统计分析软件做结构方程分析。在对各解释变量之间、解释变量与被解释变量的作用关系进行分析后有30个假设得到了实证结果的支持，6个假设未能通过，其中一条与原假设方向相反，且显著，本研究尝试性地对未能通过的假设作了分析。实证研究拟合结果表明，产业集群整体知识系统为异质性的集群企业个体提供了知识转移的平台，对知识转移中的知识获得绩效、知识利用能力都有直接或间接的促进作用；知识转移主体的意愿、能力与转移的绩效存在正相关关系；知识属性与集群企业知识转移绩效存在负相关关系；部分没通过的假设，在中国制造业产业集群的现实情境中能找到合理的解释。
综合比较分析后，找出了影响集群企业知识转移绩效的关键因素：知识嵌入性、企业学习和集群关系网络。同时也发现了一些与传统理论观点不一致的现象，这些发现在我国类似的产业集群中都有一定的现实合理性和真实性，对具有地区特质的、内生型产业集群中企业知识转移的部分现象和规律有了新的认识。
本研究旨在通过研究集群情境中企业知识转移的影响因素，为集群企业的知识管理决策，政府区域创新系统的构建、集群战略的规划等经济、社会决策提供理论参考，同时对中国情境的集群研究也是一个有益的补充。
In the “global scattered and regional concentration” pattern of the globalindustrial division，the industrial cluster increasingly dominates the layout of worldeconomic. In the knowledge economy times，knowledge is the main production factor，the cluster enterprises how to improve their own knowledge system throughknowledge transfer and promote knowledge ability to obtain competitive advantagehas been the focus of attention of academia.
This paper broke traditional approach of “production system”，but integrated thetheory of knowledge management and traditional industrial cluster，thought theindustry cluster and individual cluster enterprises as “knowledge system”，thenstudied the subjective and objective factors which influence knowledge transfer, andthe direct or indirect effect，to what extent. On the basis of literature review and fieldinterview，this paper put forward hypothesis，designed the variables，selected the scaleand constructed the conceptual model. The conceptual model was divided intofourteen explanatory variations，including knowledge attribute，the main body ofknowledge transfer (senders and receivers)，knowledge transfer mode，cluster contextfactors (adjacent，relationships network，knowledge distribution)，and thirty-sixhypothesis which reflect the relationship between the various potential variable. Andthen did a small sample analysis，measured the quality of the questionnaire and data，through the various data inspection method，refined the questionnaire by deleting thebad measurement items，formed the final item-subscale and questionnaire.
After large scale survey of enterprises，withdraw288valid questionnaires，covering different kinds of manufacturing industry clusters. In the structural equationanalysis，used Amos18.0statistical analysis software to fitting validation of theconceptual model and certifying relevant hypothesis. Thirty hypothesizes got thesupport of empirical results， six hypothesizes were not passed and one ofhypothesizes got opposite result，but significant effect. The empirical research fittingresults show that the whole knowledge system of industrial cluster provided knowledge transfer platform for heterogeneous enterprise and could promoteknowledge obtaining performances and knowledge using abilities directly orindirectly in the knowledge transfer. There existed positive correlation between thewill of knowledge transfer bodies and knowledge transfer performance. There existednegative correlation between knowledge attribute and knowledge transferperformance. Some hypothesizes didn't pass but it could find reasonable explanationunder the reality background of Chinese manufacturing industry cluster.
After comprehensive comparison analysis，this paper found out the key factorsthat influenced cluster enterprises knowledge transfer performance includingknowledge embedding，enterprise learning and cluster relation network. Also foundsome phenomena that were out of tune with traditional theory. These findings havecertain practical rationality and authenticity in our country similar industry cluster，have a new understanding of enterprise knowledge transfer’s phenomenon andregulation in industrial cluster with region qualities or endogenous type of industrialcluster.
This paper aims to research the factors，which influence enterprise knowledgetransfer in situations of cluster，and provide the theory reference to the clusterenterprises’ knowledge management decision，the governments’ economic and socialdecisions about the construction of the regional innovation system，and the clusterstrategy planning and so on. Also it is a useful supplement to the cluster research inChinese context.
本研究融合知识管理理论与传统的产业集群理论，突破传统的“生产系统”思维，将产业集群整体、集群企业个体都视为“知识系统”，研究该系统中影响集群企业知识转移的主/客观因素、直接/间接作用及影响强度。在文献梳理和实地访谈的基础上，提出假设、设计变量、选取量表并构造出了集群企业知识转移影响因素的概念模型，具体分为知识属性、知识转移主体（发送方、接收方）、知识转移方式、集群情境因素（邻近性、关系网络、知识分布）等共14个解释变量，以及反映各个潜在变量关系的36个假设。然后进行小样本预调研，通过各种数据检验方法，测量问卷和数据的质量，删除效果不好的测量题项，净化并修正问卷，形成最终的分量表和问卷。
在对数个不同制造业产业集群中的企业做大规模问卷调查后，收回288份有效问卷。对集群企业知识转移影响因素概念模型的拟合验证和相关假设的证明中使用了Amos18.0统计分析软件做结构方程分析。在对各解释变量之间、解释变量与被解释变量的作用关系进行分析后有30个假设得到了实证结果的支持，6个假设未能通过，其中一条与原假设方向相反，且显著，本研究尝试性地对未能通过的假设作了分析。实证研究拟合结果表明，产业集群整体知识系统为异质性的集群企业个体提供了知识转移的平台，对知识转移中的知识获得绩效、知识利用能力都有直接或间接的促进作用；知识转移主体的意愿、能力与转移的绩效存在正相关关系；知识属性与集群企业知识转移绩效存在负相关关系；部分没通过的假设，在中国制造业产业集群的现实情境中能找到合理的解释。
综合比较分析后，找出了影响集群企业知识转移绩效的关键因素：知识嵌入性、企业学习和集群关系网络。同时也发现了一些与传统理论观点不一致的现象，这些发现在我国类似的产业集群中都有一定的现实合理性和真实性，对具有地区特质的、内生型产业集群中企业知识转移的部分现象和规律有了新的认识。
本研究旨在通过研究集群情境中企业知识转移的影响因素，为集群企业的知识管理决策，政府区域创新系统的构建、集群战略的规划等经济、社会决策提供理论参考，同时对中国情境的集群研究也是一个有益的补充。
In the “global scattered and regional concentration” pattern of the globalindustrial division，the industrial cluster increasingly dominates the layout of worldeconomic. In the knowledge economy times，knowledge is the main production factor，the cluster enterprises how to improve their own knowledge system throughknowledge transfer and promote knowledge ability to obtain competitive advantagehas been the focus of attention of academia.
This paper broke traditional approach of “production system”，but integrated thetheory of knowledge management and traditional industrial cluster，thought theindustry cluster and individual cluster enterprises as “knowledge system”，thenstudied the subjective and objective factors which influence knowledge transfer, andthe direct or indirect effect，to what extent. On the basis of literature review and fieldinterview，this paper put forward hypothesis，designed the variables，selected the scaleand constructed the conceptual model. The conceptual model was divided intofourteen explanatory variations，including knowledge attribute，the main body ofknowledge transfer (senders and receivers)，knowledge transfer mode，cluster contextfactors (adjacent，relationships network，knowledge distribution)，and thirty-sixhypothesis which reflect the relationship between the various potential variable. Andthen did a small sample analysis，measured the quality of the questionnaire and data，through the various data inspection method，refined the questionnaire by deleting thebad measurement items，formed the final item-subscale and questionnaire.
After large scale survey of enterprises，withdraw288valid questionnaires，covering different kinds of manufacturing industry clusters. In the structural equationanalysis，used Amos18.0statistical analysis software to fitting validation of theconceptual model and certifying relevant hypothesis. Thirty hypothesizes got thesupport of empirical results， six hypothesizes were not passed and one ofhypothesizes got opposite result，but significant effect. The empirical research fittingresults show that the whole knowledge system of industrial cluster provided knowledge transfer platform for heterogeneous enterprise and could promoteknowledge obtaining performances and knowledge using abilities directly orindirectly in the knowledge transfer. There existed positive correlation between thewill of knowledge transfer bodies and knowledge transfer performance. There existednegative correlation between knowledge attribute and knowledge transferperformance. Some hypothesizes didn't pass but it could find reasonable explanationunder the reality background of Chinese manufacturing industry cluster.
After comprehensive comparison analysis，this paper found out the key factorsthat influenced cluster enterprises knowledge transfer performance includingknowledge embedding，enterprise learning and cluster relation network. Also foundsome phenomena that were out of tune with traditional theory. These findings havecertain practical rationality and authenticity in our country similar industry cluster，have a new understanding of enterprise knowledge transfer’s phenomenon andregulation in industrial cluster with region qualities or endogenous type of industrialcluster.
This paper aims to research the factors，which influence enterprise knowledgetransfer in situations of cluster，and provide the theory reference to the clusterenterprises’ knowledge management decision，the governments’ economic and socialdecisions about the construction of the regional innovation system，and the clusterstrategy planning and so on. Also it is a useful supplement to the cluster research inChinese context.
引文
⑤Bentler和Chou（1987）指出，对包括多变量的模型，完全达到一般认定的适配度标准是比较困难的。参见：Bentler P M, Chou C P.1987.Practical issues in structural equation modeling. SociologicalMethods&Research,16:78~117。
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