HTA应用研究及其多通道工具的设计实现
摘要
HTA(Hierarchical Task Analysis),即层次任务分析。它是HCI领域的核心技术,被誉为“几乎可以用于任何环境”及“最著名”的任务分析技术,是一种描述目标及其子目标层次体系的方法,通常用于分析人类要完成的目标或者机器系统要完成的任务,已经被广泛研究和应用了近40年。本文围绕HTA的应用以及HTA的计算机辅助工具展开了一系列工作,主要有:
首先,本文对HTA方法及其应用研究现状进行了梳理、总结及简要介绍。在此基础上,分析了HTA计算机辅助工具的用户群以及HTA多通道工具的必要性。
其次,本文就HTA方法在UI可用性评估领域中的应用进行了深入研究。结合HTA在该领域的应用研究现状,针对低保真原型以及一些因实验条件有限无法进行正式的用户测试或满意度评估的系统,本文给出了一种基于HTA的UI可用性评估方法:HUGE,并以包裹单填写系统为例实践验证了HUGE,实践在一定程度上表明了HUGE的可行性及有效性。在HUGE实践过程中,本文根据评估结果对包裹单填写系统原UI进行了升级,新UI经评估具有较好的可用性。由于HUGE利用HTA层次图输出对UI可用性评估中的用户满意度及有效性进行了量化,故该实践也间接说明了HTA对于用户满意度及有效性的可用性评估在一定程度上是有效的。
最后,根据对HTA方法的研究,结合HTA计算机辅助工具的相关分析,本文设计了纸笔隐喻界面与桌面隐喻界面相结合的HTA多通道工具UI,并据此实现了一个支持HTA方法的多通道工具原型。它既通过笔和语音输入、人类熟悉的命令手势完成HTA层次图以拓宽人机(HTA分析人员与计算机)交互带宽,又通过网络远程沟通以增强人与人(HTA分析人员与被分析对象)之间的信息交流带宽。原型系统支撑HTA方法,而HUGE是以HTA为理论基础的应用研究,故原型系统也支持HUGE中HTA层次图的制作。
HTA(Hierarchical Task Analysis)is a core technique of HCI,and is "used in almost every circumstance"and the "best known" task analysis technique,and is a method to describe the hierarchical system of the goal and its sub-goal,and is often used to analyse the goals of human beings or the tasks of the machine systems,and has been widely researched and used for about 40 years.This paper focuses on the application of the HTA and the HTA computer-aided tool as follow:
Firstly,the paper summarizes and briefly introduces the HTA method and the status of the research on its applications,and also analyses the user groups of the HTA computer-aided tool and the necessity of the HTA Multi-modal tool.
Secondly,the paper studies the HTA application in UI usability evaluation field.Based on the current status of this field,for low-fidelity prototypes and some systems which can not be evaluated by the formal user testing and user satisfaction evaluation,the paper gives an HTA-based UI usability evaluation method:HUGE, and validates the HUGE by the practice with an example of the post package bill filling system.This practice indicates the feasibility and the validity of the HUGE to a certain extent.In the practice,the paper updates the existing UI of the post package bill filling system,and the new UI provides better usability after evaluations.Because that the HUGE scales the user satisfaction and effectiveness based on the HTA hierarchical output,this practice indirectly indicates that HTA is useful to a certian extent in the effectiveness and user satisfaction related usability evaluations.
Lastly,based on the research of the HTA method,with the analysis of the HTA computer-aided tool,the paper designs the HTA Multi-modal tool prototype UI with the paper-based metaphor and the desk-based metaphor,and implements the HTA Multi-modal tool prototype which expands the human-machine(HTA analyzers and computers)interaction bandwidth by finishing the HTA hierarchical outputs with the pen and voice input and the familiar command gestures of human beings,and enhances the human-human(HTA analyzers and people analysed)information exchange bandwidth by the network remote communications.The HTA Multi-modal tool prototype supports the HTA method,but the HUGE method is the application based on the HTA method,so this prototype also supports to make the HTA. hierarchical outputs of the HUGE method.
首先,本文对HTA方法及其应用研究现状进行了梳理、总结及简要介绍。在此基础上,分析了HTA计算机辅助工具的用户群以及HTA多通道工具的必要性。
其次,本文就HTA方法在UI可用性评估领域中的应用进行了深入研究。结合HTA在该领域的应用研究现状,针对低保真原型以及一些因实验条件有限无法进行正式的用户测试或满意度评估的系统,本文给出了一种基于HTA的UI可用性评估方法:HUGE,并以包裹单填写系统为例实践验证了HUGE,实践在一定程度上表明了HUGE的可行性及有效性。在HUGE实践过程中,本文根据评估结果对包裹单填写系统原UI进行了升级,新UI经评估具有较好的可用性。由于HUGE利用HTA层次图输出对UI可用性评估中的用户满意度及有效性进行了量化,故该实践也间接说明了HTA对于用户满意度及有效性的可用性评估在一定程度上是有效的。
最后,根据对HTA方法的研究,结合HTA计算机辅助工具的相关分析,本文设计了纸笔隐喻界面与桌面隐喻界面相结合的HTA多通道工具UI,并据此实现了一个支持HTA方法的多通道工具原型。它既通过笔和语音输入、人类熟悉的命令手势完成HTA层次图以拓宽人机(HTA分析人员与计算机)交互带宽,又通过网络远程沟通以增强人与人(HTA分析人员与被分析对象)之间的信息交流带宽。原型系统支撑HTA方法,而HUGE是以HTA为理论基础的应用研究,故原型系统也支持HUGE中HTA层次图的制作。
HTA(Hierarchical Task Analysis)is a core technique of HCI,and is "used in almost every circumstance"and the "best known" task analysis technique,and is a method to describe the hierarchical system of the goal and its sub-goal,and is often used to analyse the goals of human beings or the tasks of the machine systems,and has been widely researched and used for about 40 years.This paper focuses on the application of the HTA and the HTA computer-aided tool as follow:
Firstly,the paper summarizes and briefly introduces the HTA method and the status of the research on its applications,and also analyses the user groups of the HTA computer-aided tool and the necessity of the HTA Multi-modal tool.
Secondly,the paper studies the HTA application in UI usability evaluation field.Based on the current status of this field,for low-fidelity prototypes and some systems which can not be evaluated by the formal user testing and user satisfaction evaluation,the paper gives an HTA-based UI usability evaluation method:HUGE, and validates the HUGE by the practice with an example of the post package bill filling system.This practice indicates the feasibility and the validity of the HUGE to a certain extent.In the practice,the paper updates the existing UI of the post package bill filling system,and the new UI provides better usability after evaluations.Because that the HUGE scales the user satisfaction and effectiveness based on the HTA hierarchical output,this practice indirectly indicates that HTA is useful to a certian extent in the effectiveness and user satisfaction related usability evaluations.
Lastly,based on the research of the HTA method,with the analysis of the HTA computer-aided tool,the paper designs the HTA Multi-modal tool prototype UI with the paper-based metaphor and the desk-based metaphor,and implements the HTA Multi-modal tool prototype which expands the human-machine(HTA analyzers and computers)interaction bandwidth by finishing the HTA hierarchical outputs with the pen and voice input and the familiar command gestures of human beings,and enhances the human-human(HTA analyzers and people analysed)information exchange bandwidth by the network remote communications.The HTA Multi-modal tool prototype supports the HTA method,but the HUGE method is the application based on the HTA method,so this prototype also supports to make the HTA. hierarchical outputs of the HUGE method.
引文
[1]Alan Dix,Janet Finlay等,人机交互,北京,电子工业出版社,2006
[2]Neville A.Stanton,Hierarchical Task Analysis:Development,applications,and extensions,Applied Ergonomics,2006,55-79
[3]赵忠雷,覃征,用户界面设计中任务建模方法研究,计算机应用研究,2006
[4]Paul Salmon,Neville Stanton,Chris Baber,Guy Walker,Damian Green,Human Factors Design & Evaluation Methods Review,Report of Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre,2004
[5]John R.Frederiksen,Barbara Y.White,An approach to trainingbased upon principled task decompositon,Acta Psychologica,1989
[6]Martijn van Welie,Task-based User Interface Design,SIKS Dissertation Series No.2001-6
[7]Alistair G.Sutcliffe,Sri Kurniawan,Jae-Eun Shin,Amethod and advisor tool for multimedia user interface design,Int.J.Human-Computer Studies 64,2006,375-392
[8]G.P Hodgkinson,C.M.Crawshaw,Hierarchical task analysis for ergonomics research,Applied Ergonomics,1985,16.4,289-299
[9]Preben Hansen,A Exploratory Study of IR Interaction for User Interface Design,20th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval,Philadelphia,PA,USA,1997
[10]Peter Wright,Andy Dearden,Bob Fields,Function allocation:a perspective from studies of work practice,International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,2000,335-355(21)
[11]John Houterman,Kristine E.Henriksen,Balancing the Elements in Job Aid Design,http://www.stc.org/confproceed/1997/PDFs/0209.PDF,STC Proceedings,1997
[12]C.L.Turner,T.E.Braudt,Job aid methodology:A critical tool for knowledge transfer:A job aid is always a procedure;A procedure is not necessarily a job aid,IAEA-CN-153/2/P/20
[13]John Annett,Recent developments in hierarchical task analysis,Contemporary Ergonomics,1996,pp:263-268
[14]John Annett,Theoretical and pragmatic influences on task analysis methods,Ergonomics Major Writings,2005,pp:280-292
[15]C.Baber,N.A.Stanton,Human error identification techniques applied to public technology:predictions compared with observed use,Applied Ergonomics,1996,119-131
[16]PF Merrill,Job and Task Analysis,Instructional Technology:Foundations,1987,141-145
[17]Phillip H.Chung,Jiajie Zhang,Todd R.Johnson,Vimla L.Patel,An Extended Hierarchical Task Analysis for Error Prediction in Medical Devices,AMIA 2003 Symposium Proceedings,165-169
[18]Ian Lu,Applying Task Analysis to People's Visiting Experience in a Museum,www.dis.unimelb.edu.au/staff/sandrine/supervision/,2006
[19]Cem Kaner,Jack Falk,Hung Quoc Nguyen,计算机软件测试,北京,机械工业出版社,2004,33-162
[20]A.Shepherd,HTA as a framework for task analysis,Ergonomics,1998,1537-1552
[21]Gitte Lindgaard,Richard Dillon,Patricia Trbovich,Rachel White,Gary Fernandes,Sonny Lundahl,Anu Pinnamaneni,User Needs Analysis and requirements engineering:Theory and practice,Interacting with Computers 18,2006,47-70
[22]Lonneke Spinhof,Licia Calvi,User and task analysis in a home care environment,20th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telecommunication,France,2006
[23]吴昌旭,张侃,人-计算机界面可用性评价方法,心理学报(24),2001
[24]葛燕,周荣刚,张侃,界面可用性评价之启发式评价法,人类工效学(11),2005
[25]周荣刚,张侃,界面可用性评价之认知过程走查法,人类工程学(9),2003
[26]Jennifer Preece,Yvonne Rogers,Helen Sharp,交互设计-超越人机交互,北京,电子工业出版社,2003
[27]赖祥伟,面向用户行为模型的软件可用性研究,西南大学博士论文,2007
[28]石庆磐,孙向红,张侃,可用性评价的焦点小组法,人类工效学(11),2005
[29]呼健,人机交互界面设计与评估技术的研究和应用,山东大学硕士论文,2005
[30]周荣刚,张侃,可用性测试中的出声思考法,人类工效学(11),2005
[31]Erik Lijiegren,Usability in a medical technology context assessment of methods for usability evaluation of medical equipment,International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 36,2006,345-352
[32]白赣洪,张朝良,火清宁,朱鸿,郑国梁,一个支持软件需求测试任务分析方法的工具,计算机工程与应用,2000
[33]Shaw M,Garlan D,Software Architecture:Perspectives on an emerging discipline,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1996
[34]Noam Tractinsky,Joachim Meyer,Task structure and the apparent duration of hierarchical search,Int.J.Human-Computer Studies(55),2001,845-860
[35]华庆一,以用户为中心的系统分析、建模与设计过程研究,西北大学优秀博士论文,2006
[36]John Stuart,Richard Penn,TaskArchitect:Taking the work out of Task Analysis,ACM International Conference Proceeding Series,2004
[37]I.S.MacLeod,G.N.Hone,A.J.Farmilo,The HTA tool[Hierarchical Task Analysis],IEEE and MOD HFI DTC Symposium on People and Systems -Who are we Designing for?,2005,pp117-118
[38]董士海,陈敏,罗军,林应明,蒋宇全,多通道用户界面的模型、方法及实例,北京大学学报(自然科学版)34,1998,
[39]马卫娟,方志刚,人机交互风格及其发展趋势,航空计算技术(29),1999
[40]方志刚,计算机手势输入及其在人机交互技术中的应用,小型微型计算机系统,1999
[41]栗阳,笔式用户界面研究-理论、方法和实现,中科院优秀博士论文,2002
[42]田丰,牟书,戴国忠,王宏安,Post-WIMP环境下笔式交互范式的研究,计算机学报(27),2004
[43]普建涛,陈文广,王衡,董士海,多通道用户界面关键技术和未来发展趋势研究,计算机研究与发展(38),2001年6月
[44]田丰,秦严严,王晓春,敖翔,王宏安,戴国忠,PIBG Toolkit:一个笔式界面工具箱的分析与设计,计算机学报(28),2005年6月
[45]SITT SEN CHOK,KIM MARRIOTT,Automatic Generation of Intelligent Diagram Editors,ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,2003
[46]Fonseca M J,Jorge Joaquim A,Using Fuzzy Logic to Recognize Geometric Shapes Interactively,Proc.9th IEEE Conf.on Fuzzy Systems,2000,291-296
[47]徐礼爽,程铁刚,田丰,戴国忠,意义性笔手势的分类及其实验评估,软件学报,2006年11月,46-56
[48]Dean Rubine,Integrating Gesture Recognition and Direct Manipulation,In Proceedings of the Summer 91 USENIX Technical Conference,1991.6,pp:95-100
[49]何阳清,基于几何特征的手势识别算法研究,上海海事大学硕士论文,2004
[50]L.Cinque,C.Di Maggio,A BSP realisation of Jarvis' algorithm,Pattern Recognition Letters 22,2001,147-155
[51]张小亮,手绘流程图的在线识别研究,西北工业大学硕士论文,2007.3
[52]李禹材,基于Speech SDK的语音控制应用程序的设计与实现,计算机应用(24),2004年6月
[53]杜欣,基于CSCW的多媒体远程教育系统,计算机应用(23),2003年9月
[54]钟晓东,胡晓亮,张永红,张菊鹏,白净,基于CSCW的分布式多媒体远程合作会诊系统的设计与实现,电子学报(11),2003年11月
[55]孙磊,协同工具系统的研究与设计,西南交通大学硕士论文,2002年5月
[56]宋学义,一个基于笔的概念图编辑器的设计与实现,西北大学优秀硕士论文,2007年7月
[2]Neville A.Stanton,Hierarchical Task Analysis:Development,applications,and extensions,Applied Ergonomics,2006,55-79
[3]赵忠雷,覃征,用户界面设计中任务建模方法研究,计算机应用研究,2006
[4]Paul Salmon,Neville Stanton,Chris Baber,Guy Walker,Damian Green,Human Factors Design & Evaluation Methods Review,Report of Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre,2004
[5]John R.Frederiksen,Barbara Y.White,An approach to trainingbased upon principled task decompositon,Acta Psychologica,1989
[6]Martijn van Welie,Task-based User Interface Design,SIKS Dissertation Series No.2001-6
[7]Alistair G.Sutcliffe,Sri Kurniawan,Jae-Eun Shin,Amethod and advisor tool for multimedia user interface design,Int.J.Human-Computer Studies 64,2006,375-392
[8]G.P Hodgkinson,C.M.Crawshaw,Hierarchical task analysis for ergonomics research,Applied Ergonomics,1985,16.4,289-299
[9]Preben Hansen,A Exploratory Study of IR Interaction for User Interface Design,20th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval,Philadelphia,PA,USA,1997
[10]Peter Wright,Andy Dearden,Bob Fields,Function allocation:a perspective from studies of work practice,International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,2000,335-355(21)
[11]John Houterman,Kristine E.Henriksen,Balancing the Elements in Job Aid Design,http://www.stc.org/confproceed/1997/PDFs/0209.PDF,STC Proceedings,1997
[12]C.L.Turner,T.E.Braudt,Job aid methodology:A critical tool for knowledge transfer:A job aid is always a procedure;A procedure is not necessarily a job aid,IAEA-CN-153/2/P/20
[13]John Annett,Recent developments in hierarchical task analysis,Contemporary Ergonomics,1996,pp:263-268
[14]John Annett,Theoretical and pragmatic influences on task analysis methods,Ergonomics Major Writings,2005,pp:280-292
[15]C.Baber,N.A.Stanton,Human error identification techniques applied to public technology:predictions compared with observed use,Applied Ergonomics,1996,119-131
[16]PF Merrill,Job and Task Analysis,Instructional Technology:Foundations,1987,141-145
[17]Phillip H.Chung,Jiajie Zhang,Todd R.Johnson,Vimla L.Patel,An Extended Hierarchical Task Analysis for Error Prediction in Medical Devices,AMIA 2003 Symposium Proceedings,165-169
[18]Ian Lu,Applying Task Analysis to People's Visiting Experience in a Museum,www.dis.unimelb.edu.au/staff/sandrine/supervision/,2006
[19]Cem Kaner,Jack Falk,Hung Quoc Nguyen,计算机软件测试,北京,机械工业出版社,2004,33-162
[20]A.Shepherd,HTA as a framework for task analysis,Ergonomics,1998,1537-1552
[21]Gitte Lindgaard,Richard Dillon,Patricia Trbovich,Rachel White,Gary Fernandes,Sonny Lundahl,Anu Pinnamaneni,User Needs Analysis and requirements engineering:Theory and practice,Interacting with Computers 18,2006,47-70
[22]Lonneke Spinhof,Licia Calvi,User and task analysis in a home care environment,20th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telecommunication,France,2006
[23]吴昌旭,张侃,人-计算机界面可用性评价方法,心理学报(24),2001
[24]葛燕,周荣刚,张侃,界面可用性评价之启发式评价法,人类工效学(11),2005
[25]周荣刚,张侃,界面可用性评价之认知过程走查法,人类工程学(9),2003
[26]Jennifer Preece,Yvonne Rogers,Helen Sharp,交互设计-超越人机交互,北京,电子工业出版社,2003
[27]赖祥伟,面向用户行为模型的软件可用性研究,西南大学博士论文,2007
[28]石庆磐,孙向红,张侃,可用性评价的焦点小组法,人类工效学(11),2005
[29]呼健,人机交互界面设计与评估技术的研究和应用,山东大学硕士论文,2005
[30]周荣刚,张侃,可用性测试中的出声思考法,人类工效学(11),2005
[31]Erik Lijiegren,Usability in a medical technology context assessment of methods for usability evaluation of medical equipment,International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 36,2006,345-352
[32]白赣洪,张朝良,火清宁,朱鸿,郑国梁,一个支持软件需求测试任务分析方法的工具,计算机工程与应用,2000
[33]Shaw M,Garlan D,Software Architecture:Perspectives on an emerging discipline,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1996
[34]Noam Tractinsky,Joachim Meyer,Task structure and the apparent duration of hierarchical search,Int.J.Human-Computer Studies(55),2001,845-860
[35]华庆一,以用户为中心的系统分析、建模与设计过程研究,西北大学优秀博士论文,2006
[36]John Stuart,Richard Penn,TaskArchitect:Taking the work out of Task Analysis,ACM International Conference Proceeding Series,2004
[37]I.S.MacLeod,G.N.Hone,A.J.Farmilo,The HTA tool[Hierarchical Task Analysis],IEEE and MOD HFI DTC Symposium on People and Systems -Who are we Designing for?,2005,pp117-118
[38]董士海,陈敏,罗军,林应明,蒋宇全,多通道用户界面的模型、方法及实例,北京大学学报(自然科学版)34,1998,
[39]马卫娟,方志刚,人机交互风格及其发展趋势,航空计算技术(29),1999
[40]方志刚,计算机手势输入及其在人机交互技术中的应用,小型微型计算机系统,1999
[41]栗阳,笔式用户界面研究-理论、方法和实现,中科院优秀博士论文,2002
[42]田丰,牟书,戴国忠,王宏安,Post-WIMP环境下笔式交互范式的研究,计算机学报(27),2004
[43]普建涛,陈文广,王衡,董士海,多通道用户界面关键技术和未来发展趋势研究,计算机研究与发展(38),2001年6月
[44]田丰,秦严严,王晓春,敖翔,王宏安,戴国忠,PIBG Toolkit:一个笔式界面工具箱的分析与设计,计算机学报(28),2005年6月
[45]SITT SEN CHOK,KIM MARRIOTT,Automatic Generation of Intelligent Diagram Editors,ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,2003
[46]Fonseca M J,Jorge Joaquim A,Using Fuzzy Logic to Recognize Geometric Shapes Interactively,Proc.9th IEEE Conf.on Fuzzy Systems,2000,291-296
[47]徐礼爽,程铁刚,田丰,戴国忠,意义性笔手势的分类及其实验评估,软件学报,2006年11月,46-56
[48]Dean Rubine,Integrating Gesture Recognition and Direct Manipulation,In Proceedings of the Summer 91 USENIX Technical Conference,1991.6,pp:95-100
[49]何阳清,基于几何特征的手势识别算法研究,上海海事大学硕士论文,2004
[50]L.Cinque,C.Di Maggio,A BSP realisation of Jarvis' algorithm,Pattern Recognition Letters 22,2001,147-155
[51]张小亮,手绘流程图的在线识别研究,西北工业大学硕士论文,2007.3
[52]李禹材,基于Speech SDK的语音控制应用程序的设计与实现,计算机应用(24),2004年6月
[53]杜欣,基于CSCW的多媒体远程教育系统,计算机应用(23),2003年9月
[54]钟晓东,胡晓亮,张永红,张菊鹏,白净,基于CSCW的分布式多媒体远程合作会诊系统的设计与实现,电子学报(11),2003年11月
[55]孙磊,协同工具系统的研究与设计,西南交通大学硕士论文,2002年5月
[56]宋学义,一个基于笔的概念图编辑器的设计与实现,西北大学优秀硕士论文,2007年7月