基坑土钉支护机理与事故分析
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摘要
随着城市建设的不断发展，高层建筑的兴起和地下空间的开发利用，基坑开挖工程日益增多。土钉支护由于施工速度快、成本低而在基坑工程中得到广泛的应用。但土钉支护技术毕竟是一种新事物，在使用过程中也发生过各种事故，因此需要对该技术进行进一步的总结和研究。
本文首先简要回顾了土钉支护技术的发展历程，对土钉支护的定义、分类、适用范围做了较详细的说明，对土钉支护技术与传统支护技术做了分析比较，并介绍了复合土钉支护技术的发展现状。
然后，对土钉的作用机理、土钉的界面粘结性能、水土作用的机理进行了较详细的分析。并根据现有的工程实践和分析计算，对土钉支护水平位移与拉力的分布规律、破坏模式、边坡稳定性进行了归纳总结。进而通过对基坑土钉支护工程的典型事故，如软土基坑事故、水土作用事故、复合土钉支护事故以及综合原因导致的基坑事故的发生、经过及处理措施进行详细的分析，总结出不恰当的勘察、设计、施工以及水土作用等是导致基坑土钉支护事故的主要原因。
最后，针对基坑土钉支护工程提出了如何通过正确的勘察、设计、施工、监测措施来预防事故的发生。对于水土作用对土钉支护结构的危害，也提出了具体的防治措施。
With the continuous developments of the urban construction, the springing up of the high buildings and the opening up of the underground space, the deep excavation project is increasing greatly. As an effective retaining technique, soil nailing is widely used for its quickly construction and low cost. However, there are still many accidents occurring in excavation of soil nailing. Therefore, it is significant to make further studies on soil nailing.
In this thesis, the development of soil nailing and its definition, classifications and scope for application are summarized and illustrated. The differences between soil nailing and traditional bracing techniques of foundation pit are compared, and the development of composite soil nailing technique is introduced.
Secondly, the work mechanism and the shear strength between soil and nail as well as the action of water to soil are studied. Based on the available soil nailing cases and relevant computations, the development laws of horizontal displacement and tensile force of soil nails, the failure configurations, the stability of slope and its analysis methods are summarized. Further more, through the investigations and analyses for the process and treatment of some typical accidents of soil nailing, including the one occurred in soft soil foundation pit, the one induced by the action of water, the one happened in composite soil nailing, and the one caused by multiple factors, it is shown that the incorrect exploration, design, construction and the action of water to soil are the main factors leading to accidents of soil nailing.
Finally, the proper principle and method in exploration, design, construction and monitoring of soil nailing to avoid accident of soil nailing are proposed. The concrete method to prevent the accident concerned with the action of water to soil is also proposed.
本文首先简要回顾了土钉支护技术的发展历程，对土钉支护的定义、分类、适用范围做了较详细的说明，对土钉支护技术与传统支护技术做了分析比较，并介绍了复合土钉支护技术的发展现状。
然后，对土钉的作用机理、土钉的界面粘结性能、水土作用的机理进行了较详细的分析。并根据现有的工程实践和分析计算，对土钉支护水平位移与拉力的分布规律、破坏模式、边坡稳定性进行了归纳总结。进而通过对基坑土钉支护工程的典型事故，如软土基坑事故、水土作用事故、复合土钉支护事故以及综合原因导致的基坑事故的发生、经过及处理措施进行详细的分析，总结出不恰当的勘察、设计、施工以及水土作用等是导致基坑土钉支护事故的主要原因。
最后，针对基坑土钉支护工程提出了如何通过正确的勘察、设计、施工、监测措施来预防事故的发生。对于水土作用对土钉支护结构的危害，也提出了具体的防治措施。
With the continuous developments of the urban construction, the springing up of the high buildings and the opening up of the underground space, the deep excavation project is increasing greatly. As an effective retaining technique, soil nailing is widely used for its quickly construction and low cost. However, there are still many accidents occurring in excavation of soil nailing. Therefore, it is significant to make further studies on soil nailing.
In this thesis, the development of soil nailing and its definition, classifications and scope for application are summarized and illustrated. The differences between soil nailing and traditional bracing techniques of foundation pit are compared, and the development of composite soil nailing technique is introduced.
Secondly, the work mechanism and the shear strength between soil and nail as well as the action of water to soil are studied. Based on the available soil nailing cases and relevant computations, the development laws of horizontal displacement and tensile force of soil nails, the failure configurations, the stability of slope and its analysis methods are summarized. Further more, through the investigations and analyses for the process and treatment of some typical accidents of soil nailing, including the one occurred in soft soil foundation pit, the one induced by the action of water, the one happened in composite soil nailing, and the one caused by multiple factors, it is shown that the incorrect exploration, design, construction and the action of water to soil are the main factors leading to accidents of soil nailing.
Finally, the proper principle and method in exploration, design, construction and monitoring of soil nailing to avoid accident of soil nailing are proposed. The concrete method to prevent the accident concerned with the action of water to soil is also proposed.
引文
1．龚晓南主编，深基坑工程设计施工手册，中国建筑工业出版社，1998
2．陈肇元、崔京浩主编，土钉支护在基坑工程中的应用，2000
3．曾宪民、黄久松、王作民等编著，土钉支护设计与施工手册，中国建筑工业出版社，2000
4．高浪，深基坑开挖土钉墙支护性状分析，浙江大学硕士学位论文，1998
5．王滨、贺可强、赵民，土钉支护工程水作用机理分析，工程勘察，2002第2期：14～16
6．李继业、刘福臣编著，建筑施工质量问题与防治措施，中国建筑工业出版社，2003
7．卢肇均、吴肖茗、孙玉珍、尹巍，膨胀力在非饱利土强度理论中的作用，岩土工程学报，1997．Vol．19 No．5：20～27
8．杨茜、刘蓉华、张明聚，土钉支护设计方法综述研究，石家庄铁道学院学报．2003．Vol．16 No．2：10～14
9．唐业清、李启民、崔江余编著，基坑工程事故分析与处理，中国建筑工业出版社，1999
10．杭州市建设委员会主编，工程建设实践与研究，中国建筑工业出版社，2003
11．杭州市建筑业管理局主编，建筑业10项新技术实践与研究，中国建筑工业出版社，2000
12．龚晓南著，地基处理新技术，陕西科学技术出版社，1997
13．龚晓南著．高等土力学，浙江大学出版社，1996
14．余志成、施文华编著，深基坑支护设计与施工，中国建筑工业出版社，1997
15．张晁、郑俊杰、辛凯，土钉支护技术在软土基坑中的应用，岩石力学与工程学报，2002 Vol．21．No．6：923～925
16．屠毓敏、张雪松，某深基坑土钉墙塌滑原因分析及加固设计，中国市政工程，2002年第3期：14～17
17．张忠炎，土钉技术在软土基坑围护中的实践，电力建设，2002 Vol．23，No．5：14～15
18．樊惠敏，土钉墙支护技术在软土基坑中的应用，住宅科技，2002．第9期：18～20
19．张建．新型土钉墙技术在基坑支护工程中的应用，江苏地质，2002 Vol．16，No．4：221～224
20．张同民．土钉支护替代地下墙模板技术及应用，有色矿山，2002 Vol．31，No．1：44～46
21．张志忠，预应力土钉墙设计施工实例，岩土工程界 Vol．5，No．7：31～32
22．王志勇、李培铮，土钉墙作用机理及其与传统支护的比较，西部探矿工程，2003．11：49～50
23．孔宪宾、任青文，土钉墙技术及其发展，水利水电科技进展，2002 Vol．20．No．2：24～27
24．秦四清、王建党，土钉支护机理与优化设计，地质出版社，1999
25．曾宪明、林润德、易平编著，基坑与边坡事故警世录，中国建筑工业出版社，1999
26．阎莫明、徐祯祥、苏自约主编，岩土锚固技术的新进展，人民交通出版社，2000
27．顾正维，软土地基基坑工程事故原因分析，浙江大学硕士学位论文，2000
28．陈良奎、范景伦、韩军、许建平著，岩土锚固，中国建筑工业出版社，2003
29．佘诗刚译，土钉墙设计施工与监测手册，中国科学技术出版社，2000
30. Sabhahit N,et al.Generalized Procedure for the Optimum Design of Nailed Soil Slopes, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. Vol. 19 No. 6, June 1995
31. Smith I M and Su N.Three-dimensional FE analysis of a Nailed Soil Wall Curved in Plan. Int. J. Number. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 1997
32. Tabrizi S K,3-D finite Element Modelling of Soil-nailed Walls (a doctoral dissertation) .The State University, of New Brunswick.New Jersey, 1996
33. Johnson J G, Card G B.The Use of Soil Nails for the Construction and Repair of Retaining WalIs,TRL Report 373,1998
34. Yin Kwong chu,Failure Case Historie of Deep Excavation.The Second International symposium on Structures and Foundations in Civil Engingering. 1997.Hong Kong.
2．陈肇元、崔京浩主编，土钉支护在基坑工程中的应用，2000
3．曾宪民、黄久松、王作民等编著，土钉支护设计与施工手册，中国建筑工业出版社，2000
4．高浪，深基坑开挖土钉墙支护性状分析，浙江大学硕士学位论文，1998
5．王滨、贺可强、赵民，土钉支护工程水作用机理分析，工程勘察，2002第2期：14～16
6．李继业、刘福臣编著，建筑施工质量问题与防治措施，中国建筑工业出版社，2003
7．卢肇均、吴肖茗、孙玉珍、尹巍，膨胀力在非饱利土强度理论中的作用，岩土工程学报，1997．Vol．19 No．5：20～27
8．杨茜、刘蓉华、张明聚，土钉支护设计方法综述研究，石家庄铁道学院学报．2003．Vol．16 No．2：10～14
9．唐业清、李启民、崔江余编著，基坑工程事故分析与处理，中国建筑工业出版社，1999
10．杭州市建设委员会主编，工程建设实践与研究，中国建筑工业出版社，2003
11．杭州市建筑业管理局主编，建筑业10项新技术实践与研究，中国建筑工业出版社，2000
12．龚晓南著，地基处理新技术，陕西科学技术出版社，1997
13．龚晓南著．高等土力学，浙江大学出版社，1996
14．余志成、施文华编著，深基坑支护设计与施工，中国建筑工业出版社，1997
15．张晁、郑俊杰、辛凯，土钉支护技术在软土基坑中的应用，岩石力学与工程学报，2002 Vol．21．No．6：923～925
16．屠毓敏、张雪松，某深基坑土钉墙塌滑原因分析及加固设计，中国市政工程，2002年第3期：14～17
17．张忠炎，土钉技术在软土基坑围护中的实践，电力建设，2002 Vol．23，No．5：14～15
18．樊惠敏，土钉墙支护技术在软土基坑中的应用，住宅科技，2002．第9期：18～20
19．张建．新型土钉墙技术在基坑支护工程中的应用，江苏地质，2002 Vol．16，No．4：221～224
20．张同民．土钉支护替代地下墙模板技术及应用，有色矿山，2002 Vol．31，No．1：44～46
21．张志忠，预应力土钉墙设计施工实例，岩土工程界 Vol．5，No．7：31～32
22．王志勇、李培铮，土钉墙作用机理及其与传统支护的比较，西部探矿工程，2003．11：49～50
23．孔宪宾、任青文，土钉墙技术及其发展，水利水电科技进展，2002 Vol．20．No．2：24～27
24．秦四清、王建党，土钉支护机理与优化设计，地质出版社，1999
25．曾宪明、林润德、易平编著，基坑与边坡事故警世录，中国建筑工业出版社，1999
26．阎莫明、徐祯祥、苏自约主编，岩土锚固技术的新进展，人民交通出版社，2000
27．顾正维，软土地基基坑工程事故原因分析，浙江大学硕士学位论文，2000
28．陈良奎、范景伦、韩军、许建平著，岩土锚固，中国建筑工业出版社，2003
29．佘诗刚译，土钉墙设计施工与监测手册，中国科学技术出版社，2000
30. Sabhahit N,et al.Generalized Procedure for the Optimum Design of Nailed Soil Slopes, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. Vol. 19 No. 6, June 1995
31. Smith I M and Su N.Three-dimensional FE analysis of a Nailed Soil Wall Curved in Plan. Int. J. Number. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 1997
32. Tabrizi S K,3-D finite Element Modelling of Soil-nailed Walls (a doctoral dissertation) .The State University, of New Brunswick.New Jersey, 1996
33. Johnson J G, Card G B.The Use of Soil Nails for the Construction and Repair of Retaining WalIs,TRL Report 373,1998
34. Yin Kwong chu,Failure Case Historie of Deep Excavation.The Second International symposium on Structures and Foundations in Civil Engingering. 1997.Hong Kong.