施钾水平对烤烟钾高效基因型新品系生长发育及产质量的影响
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摘要
为了探明施钾量对烤烟钾高效基因型新品系生长发育和产质量的影响,本试验以烤烟品种K326(对照),GK2、GK8(钾高效基因型新品系)为供试材料,于2009年在湖南农业大学烟草基地进行大田试验,分析比较了烟株的生育期、农艺性状、干物质积累量、生理生化特性、烤后烟叶的经济性状及内在化学成分在不同供钾水平下的差异。研究结果表明：
1.施钾对烤烟钾高效基因型新品系生育期有明显影响。不施钾肥的烟株前期生长较慢,现蕾较迟；中后期烟叶缺钾症状明显,顶叶落黄较快,大田生育期明显缩短；不同品种(系)间GK2、GK8的大田生育期比K326略早。
2.施钾可以明显改善烤烟钾高效基因型新品系生物学性状,促进烟株株高、茎围、叶片大小及单株叶数的增加。团棵期不同供钾水平下烟株的长相长势基本一致,进入旺长期后,施钾240 kg/hm2时,烟株长势最好,不同品种(系)间表现为：GK8>GK2>K326。
3.烤烟钾高效基因型新品系根、茎、叶的干物质积累量随着施钾量的增加而增加。不同生育期烟株各器官干物质积累量表现为：叶>茎>根,不同供钾水平间表现为：T3>T2>T1；成熟期K326、GK2、GK8的T3处理与T1处理相比,烟叶干物质积累量分别增加了35.93%,36.45%,42.71%,不同品种(系)间表现为：GK8>GK2>K326。
4.施钾促进了烤烟钾高效基因型新品系生长前期合成叶绿素的能力,提高了烤烟钾高效基因型新品系硝酸还原酶的活性,并对过氧化物酶活性有一定的调节作用。
5.施钾对烤烟钾高效基因型新品系的经济性状影响明显,增施钾肥能够提高烟叶的产量、产值和中上等烟的比例。施钾240 kg/hm2时产量最高,K326、GK2、GK8分别达到2353.02 kg/hm2,2422.57 kg/hm2,2478.09 kg/hm2,烤烟产值分别比不施钾处理高出69.92%,64.30%,69.97%,中上等烟比例K326(88.14%)表现最好。
6.烤后烟叶化学成分测定结果表明,烤烟钾高效基因型新品系烟叶总糖、还原糖、钾含量随着供钾水平的提高而增加,烟叶总氮、烟碱、氯离子含量则减少；在施钾240 kg/hm2时,K326、GK2、GK8烟叶钾含量分别达到2.05%,2.46%,2.37%,糖碱比、钾氯比、糖氮比适宜,烟叶品质最好。
In order to investigate the effects of potassium application rate on the growth and yield and quality of new strains of flue-cured tobacco genotypes with high potassium efficiency. Field experiments with flue-cured tobacco K326(CK)and GK2,GK8(flue-cured tobacco genotypes with high potassium efficiency)were conducted in tobacco cultivation base of Hunan Agricultural University in 2009.The experiments analyzed the difference of growth period, agronomical traits, dry matter accumulation of tobacco, physiological and biochemical characteristics, economic characteristics of tobacco and chemical composition of cured leaves in different potassium application rate. The results showed that:
1. The growth period of new strains of flue-cured tobacco genotypes with high potassium efficiency was obviously affected by potassium application. The tobacco without potassium fertilizer grew slowly and the bud appeared later; The symptoms of potassium deficiency was obvious,the leaves yellowing faster in late and the field growth period was Significantly shortened; The field growth period of the GK2 and GK8 slightly earlier than the K326.
2. Potassium application could significantly improve the biological properties of the new strains, promote the increase of plant height, stem thickness, leaf size and leaf number. Growing tobacco looked basically the same under different potassium levels in the rosette stage.The tobacco plants grew best under the potassium level of 240 kg/hm2 in the vigorous growing period, in different genotypes showed:GK8>GK2>K326。
3. The dry matter accumulation of the new strains roots, stems and leaves increased with potassium application rate increased. Amount of dry matter accumulation in different organs showed:leaf>stem>root, between the different potassium levels showed: T3>T2>T1. T3compared with T1, the dry matter accumulation of leaves of K326,GK2 and GK8 respectively increased by 35.93%,36.45%,42.71% in the mature stage. In different genotypes showed:GK8>GK2>K326。
4. Potassium application could promote the ability of chlorophyll synthesis, increase the activity of NR, adjust the activity of POD to some extent.
5. Economic characteristics of the new strains significantly affected by potassium application. Potassium fertilizer could increase the yield, output and proportion of upper-middle of the new strains. The new strains in the highest yield under the potassium level of 240 kg/hm2 and K326,GK2,GK8 respectively reached 2353.02 kg/hm2,2422.57 kg/hm2,2478.09 kg/hm2. The tobacco production of K326, GK2 and GK8 under the potassium level of 240 kg/hm2 were higher than the treatment without potassium fertilizer to 69.92%,64.30%,69.97%. The proportion of mid-upper leaves of K326 achieved the best performance of 88.14%.
6. Determination of chemical composition of cured leaves showed that the content of total sugar, reducing sugar, potassium of the new strains increased with potassium application rate increased, the content of nitrogen, nicotine, chloride of the new strains decreased with potassium application rate increased; The potassium content of K326,GK2 and GK8 respectively reached 2.05%,2.46%,2.37%;The ratio of reducing sugar and nicotine, potassium and chloride, total sugar and nitrogen were all proper; The quality of tobacco is the best under the potassium level of 240 kg/hm2.
1.施钾对烤烟钾高效基因型新品系生育期有明显影响。不施钾肥的烟株前期生长较慢,现蕾较迟；中后期烟叶缺钾症状明显,顶叶落黄较快,大田生育期明显缩短；不同品种(系)间GK2、GK8的大田生育期比K326略早。
2.施钾可以明显改善烤烟钾高效基因型新品系生物学性状,促进烟株株高、茎围、叶片大小及单株叶数的增加。团棵期不同供钾水平下烟株的长相长势基本一致,进入旺长期后,施钾240 kg/hm2时,烟株长势最好,不同品种(系)间表现为：GK8>GK2>K326。
3.烤烟钾高效基因型新品系根、茎、叶的干物质积累量随着施钾量的增加而增加。不同生育期烟株各器官干物质积累量表现为：叶>茎>根,不同供钾水平间表现为：T3>T2>T1；成熟期K326、GK2、GK8的T3处理与T1处理相比,烟叶干物质积累量分别增加了35.93%,36.45%,42.71%,不同品种(系)间表现为：GK8>GK2>K326。
4.施钾促进了烤烟钾高效基因型新品系生长前期合成叶绿素的能力,提高了烤烟钾高效基因型新品系硝酸还原酶的活性,并对过氧化物酶活性有一定的调节作用。
5.施钾对烤烟钾高效基因型新品系的经济性状影响明显,增施钾肥能够提高烟叶的产量、产值和中上等烟的比例。施钾240 kg/hm2时产量最高,K326、GK2、GK8分别达到2353.02 kg/hm2,2422.57 kg/hm2,2478.09 kg/hm2,烤烟产值分别比不施钾处理高出69.92%,64.30%,69.97%,中上等烟比例K326(88.14%)表现最好。
6.烤后烟叶化学成分测定结果表明,烤烟钾高效基因型新品系烟叶总糖、还原糖、钾含量随着供钾水平的提高而增加,烟叶总氮、烟碱、氯离子含量则减少；在施钾240 kg/hm2时,K326、GK2、GK8烟叶钾含量分别达到2.05%,2.46%,2.37%,糖碱比、钾氯比、糖氮比适宜,烟叶品质最好。
In order to investigate the effects of potassium application rate on the growth and yield and quality of new strains of flue-cured tobacco genotypes with high potassium efficiency. Field experiments with flue-cured tobacco K326(CK)and GK2,GK8(flue-cured tobacco genotypes with high potassium efficiency)were conducted in tobacco cultivation base of Hunan Agricultural University in 2009.The experiments analyzed the difference of growth period, agronomical traits, dry matter accumulation of tobacco, physiological and biochemical characteristics, economic characteristics of tobacco and chemical composition of cured leaves in different potassium application rate. The results showed that:
1. The growth period of new strains of flue-cured tobacco genotypes with high potassium efficiency was obviously affected by potassium application. The tobacco without potassium fertilizer grew slowly and the bud appeared later; The symptoms of potassium deficiency was obvious,the leaves yellowing faster in late and the field growth period was Significantly shortened; The field growth period of the GK2 and GK8 slightly earlier than the K326.
2. Potassium application could significantly improve the biological properties of the new strains, promote the increase of plant height, stem thickness, leaf size and leaf number. Growing tobacco looked basically the same under different potassium levels in the rosette stage.The tobacco plants grew best under the potassium level of 240 kg/hm2 in the vigorous growing period, in different genotypes showed:GK8>GK2>K326。
3. The dry matter accumulation of the new strains roots, stems and leaves increased with potassium application rate increased. Amount of dry matter accumulation in different organs showed:leaf>stem>root, between the different potassium levels showed: T3>T2>T1. T3compared with T1, the dry matter accumulation of leaves of K326,GK2 and GK8 respectively increased by 35.93%,36.45%,42.71% in the mature stage. In different genotypes showed:GK8>GK2>K326。
4. Potassium application could promote the ability of chlorophyll synthesis, increase the activity of NR, adjust the activity of POD to some extent.
5. Economic characteristics of the new strains significantly affected by potassium application. Potassium fertilizer could increase the yield, output and proportion of upper-middle of the new strains. The new strains in the highest yield under the potassium level of 240 kg/hm2 and K326,GK2,GK8 respectively reached 2353.02 kg/hm2,2422.57 kg/hm2,2478.09 kg/hm2. The tobacco production of K326, GK2 and GK8 under the potassium level of 240 kg/hm2 were higher than the treatment without potassium fertilizer to 69.92%,64.30%,69.97%. The proportion of mid-upper leaves of K326 achieved the best performance of 88.14%.
6. Determination of chemical composition of cured leaves showed that the content of total sugar, reducing sugar, potassium of the new strains increased with potassium application rate increased, the content of nitrogen, nicotine, chloride of the new strains decreased with potassium application rate increased; The potassium content of K326,GK2 and GK8 respectively reached 2.05%,2.46%,2.37%;The ratio of reducing sugar and nicotine, potassium and chloride, total sugar and nitrogen were all proper; The quality of tobacco is the best under the potassium level of 240 kg/hm2.
引文
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