城市策划体系及其制度建议
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摘要
随着我国经济实力的不断发展壮大,我国的城市化率不断上升。城市的快速成长扩大以及城市发展过程中对于资源的需求不断加大,导致了城市与城市之间的竞争关系愈演愈烈。但是在竞争中,很多城市并没有对本身进行明确的定位,规划建设的过程只是对于其他城市的已有模式进行一味模仿,导致了千城一面,没有特色以及缺少核心竞争力等种种问题。
本文试图在理论与实践的双重背景下,探索城市策划在城市战略与战术衔接之间的地位与作用。文章结合了制度经济学、公共政策学、社会学、行政管理学等学科背景,利用比较归纳、适度演绎、理论联合实际的分析方法,对城市策划的体系要素、原则、成果特点进行定性分析讨论。城市策划是一门操作性的工作,文章同时讨论了其运作程序包括战略目标以及策划主题的明确;城市内部利益分析;分析策划环境;组织编写策划方案;组织评估,动态修正;执行与监测等。文章指出对于城市策划的运作需要关注它的向前与向后的关联性,城市策划的向前向后一体化使得城市策划能够更好的与战略和战术相融合,达到更好的、更全面的运作效果。
城市策划的良好运作需要一定的保证手段,本文在基于西方新制度经济学的基础上,对城市策划制度的建设方法与途径进行了探讨。分析了城市策划作为“非法定规划”在正式制度与非正式制度的双重影响与作用下的组织、运行与监督;提出了利用行业内部的共同观念、共识与管理理念等非正式制度,结合政府推进运作的政策等正式制度的模式维护运作;分析了公共政策学手段和城市行政管理手段两方面制度建设的途径。并且着重探讨了在城市策划过程中,公众参与的方法与参与的阶段,包括开始阶段的知情性形式参与;决策过程中的实质性参与权利;以及实施过程中参与监督的权利等。
文章的最后一部分利用四川遂宁物流港策划的实际项目,总结了城市策划的运作方式、编制与表达以及战略战术上的衔接分析,总结了遂宁物流港策划在方式方法上的创新,以及制度建议,从实践上对城市策划的理论进行了检验。
With the continuous improvement of the economical power, the urbanization rate in China is increased a lot, and the quality of urban living environment is declining which may result from the rapid growing of the urbans. The increasing demanded for resources during the urbanization process leads to more serious competitive relationship between different urbans. Toady a number of urbans however have no clear urban orientation, and the urban planning process just blindly imitate the existing conduct of other ones, so that many problems occurred such as lack of their own distinguishing feature and core competence.
Based on the both sides of theory and practice backgrounds, the status of role of urban programming in the urban convergence between strategies and tactics were discussed in this paper, as well as the programming system elements, principle and the achievement characteristics were analyzed. The urban programming is a kind of interoperability work, whose operational procedures include the definitude of strategic objectives and planning themes, the urban interests’analysis, the programming environment, the preparation of the planning program, the estimate and dynamic correction, the implementation and monitoring and so on. The forward and backward linkages of the urban programming need to be focused on, which can make better integration of the strategy and the tactics, and more comprehensive operational results.
The urban programming process needed some method to ensure its practice. In this paper, the Western New Institutional Economics was also opted to discuss the ways of building the urban programming system, and the organization, operation and supervision of the urban programming, which as a non-statutory planning ,were analyzed under the dual impact of the formal system and informal system. Some informal institution and formal institution were proposed in this paper, which include the common sense, and the policy combined with the operation of the government. Besides, two ways of system buildings include public policy and urban school administration system was analyzed. In this paper, the public participation and its participation stage during the urban programming were focused on to discuss, which include the privities participation at the beginning, the right to substantively participate in the decision-making process and the right to participate in the monitoring of the implementation process and so on.
The last part of this paper was the summary of the practice of urban programming in Suining, Sichuan province. In this part, the operation mode was summarized, as well as the establishment and expression of the urban programming, the analysis of the convergence between the strategies and tactics analysis was summed up. It also summarized the innovation in programming ways and the institution suggestion. It proved the theory through practicing.
本文试图在理论与实践的双重背景下,探索城市策划在城市战略与战术衔接之间的地位与作用。文章结合了制度经济学、公共政策学、社会学、行政管理学等学科背景,利用比较归纳、适度演绎、理论联合实际的分析方法,对城市策划的体系要素、原则、成果特点进行定性分析讨论。城市策划是一门操作性的工作,文章同时讨论了其运作程序包括战略目标以及策划主题的明确;城市内部利益分析;分析策划环境;组织编写策划方案;组织评估,动态修正;执行与监测等。文章指出对于城市策划的运作需要关注它的向前与向后的关联性,城市策划的向前向后一体化使得城市策划能够更好的与战略和战术相融合,达到更好的、更全面的运作效果。
城市策划的良好运作需要一定的保证手段,本文在基于西方新制度经济学的基础上,对城市策划制度的建设方法与途径进行了探讨。分析了城市策划作为“非法定规划”在正式制度与非正式制度的双重影响与作用下的组织、运行与监督;提出了利用行业内部的共同观念、共识与管理理念等非正式制度,结合政府推进运作的政策等正式制度的模式维护运作;分析了公共政策学手段和城市行政管理手段两方面制度建设的途径。并且着重探讨了在城市策划过程中,公众参与的方法与参与的阶段,包括开始阶段的知情性形式参与;决策过程中的实质性参与权利;以及实施过程中参与监督的权利等。
文章的最后一部分利用四川遂宁物流港策划的实际项目,总结了城市策划的运作方式、编制与表达以及战略战术上的衔接分析,总结了遂宁物流港策划在方式方法上的创新,以及制度建议,从实践上对城市策划的理论进行了检验。
With the continuous improvement of the economical power, the urbanization rate in China is increased a lot, and the quality of urban living environment is declining which may result from the rapid growing of the urbans. The increasing demanded for resources during the urbanization process leads to more serious competitive relationship between different urbans. Toady a number of urbans however have no clear urban orientation, and the urban planning process just blindly imitate the existing conduct of other ones, so that many problems occurred such as lack of their own distinguishing feature and core competence.
Based on the both sides of theory and practice backgrounds, the status of role of urban programming in the urban convergence between strategies and tactics were discussed in this paper, as well as the programming system elements, principle and the achievement characteristics were analyzed. The urban programming is a kind of interoperability work, whose operational procedures include the definitude of strategic objectives and planning themes, the urban interests’analysis, the programming environment, the preparation of the planning program, the estimate and dynamic correction, the implementation and monitoring and so on. The forward and backward linkages of the urban programming need to be focused on, which can make better integration of the strategy and the tactics, and more comprehensive operational results.
The urban programming process needed some method to ensure its practice. In this paper, the Western New Institutional Economics was also opted to discuss the ways of building the urban programming system, and the organization, operation and supervision of the urban programming, which as a non-statutory planning ,were analyzed under the dual impact of the formal system and informal system. Some informal institution and formal institution were proposed in this paper, which include the common sense, and the policy combined with the operation of the government. Besides, two ways of system buildings include public policy and urban school administration system was analyzed. In this paper, the public participation and its participation stage during the urban programming were focused on to discuss, which include the privities participation at the beginning, the right to substantively participate in the decision-making process and the right to participate in the monitoring of the implementation process and so on.
The last part of this paper was the summary of the practice of urban programming in Suining, Sichuan province. In this part, the operation mode was summarized, as well as the establishment and expression of the urban programming, the analysis of the convergence between the strategies and tactics analysis was summed up. It also summarized the innovation in programming ways and the institution suggestion. It proved the theory through practicing.
引文
①John Lang. Urban design: the American experience. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994:386,转引自唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007
①深圳市规划国土局,深圳市城市设计研究院城市设计研究所,深圳经济特区整体城市设计研究报告,唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007
①卢现祥,西方新制度经济学,北京:中国发展出版社,2003:72
①钱再见,现代公共政策学,南京:南京师范大学出版社,2007.4:295
①彭宗超,课堂讲义,清华大学,转引自,唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007
[1]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2008.背景:中国统计出版社.2008 [2]倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告.北京:社会科学文献出版社.2008 [3]刘全波.英国城乡规划立法.城市规划.1990,04:54~57 [4]罗震东.张京祥.英国大都市战略规划指引机制及其对中国的启示.国外城市规划.2001.6:29~32 [5]周游,提高城市规划科学性和可操作性的对策建议——新加坡经验借鉴,城市规划, 2007.05:72~77 [6]唐礼来,新加坡的城市规划体系,城市规划, 2000.01:42~45 [7]林兰源.韩笋生.新加坡的土地利用规划.国外城市规划.1998.01:17~21 [8]张占录.李世云.香港城市规划管理与发展控制体制.北京房地产.2005.04:94~97 [9]宋家明,香港城市规划体系与制度(下).北京规划建设.2003.01:59~62 [10] ASCE, Urban Planning Guide (Revised Edition), ASCE-MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE-NO. 49, New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1986 [11]崔功豪.都市区规划一一地域空间规划的新趋势.国外城市规划,2001,(5: 1. [12]韦湘民,共同合作:温哥华的区域发展战略,城市规划, 2003.01:34~35 [13]曾法龄(恩其),论战略规划,国外城市规划1992.01 [14]罗震东;赵民;试论城市发展的战略研究及战略规划的形成,城市规划, 2003.01 [15]张兵,关于“概念规划”方法的初步研究[J].城市规划,2001, 25 (3): 53~58. [16]赵燕箐,探索新的范型:概念规划的理论与方法[J]城市规划,2001, 25 (3): 38~52 [17]王蒙徽,段险峰,田莉,等,广州城市总体发展概念规划的探索与实践[J],城市规划,2001, 2.5(3): 5~11. [18]魏清泉;吴超;概念规划的特点、原则和方法,规划师, 2003.08 [19]唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007 [20] Florian Steinberg, Strategic Urban Planning in Latin America: Experiences of Building and Managing the Future, Support to Implementation of National Plans of Action (SINPA) Municipality of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia and Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, November 2002 [21]程冀,陆华,城市策划与城市规划,城乡建设2004.3:47~48 [22]陈放,城市策划五大板块,魅力中国.2007.8:62~65 [23]吴灿,策划学,背景:中国人民大学出版社,2004
[24]王山河,陈烈,西方城市营销理论研究进展,经济地理,2008.1(28):100~104
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[30]曾兴.策划学概论.北京:中国广播电视出版社.2008.10
[31] Brian Jacob. Strategy ande partnership in cities and regions. Antony Rowe Ltd: Wiltshire, 2000:26,转引自唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007
[32] Hudson B.M. Comparison of current planning theories and contradictions, Journal of the American Planning Association, 1979, 45:387~398.转引自, Cliff Moughtin, Rafael Cuesta, etc. Urban design: method ande techniques. Great Britain: Oxford, 1999,转引自唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007
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①深圳市规划国土局,深圳市城市设计研究院城市设计研究所,深圳经济特区整体城市设计研究报告,唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007
①卢现祥,西方新制度经济学,北京:中国发展出版社,2003:72
①钱再见,现代公共政策学,南京:南京师范大学出版社,2007.4:295
①彭宗超,课堂讲义,清华大学,转引自,唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007
[1]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2008.背景:中国统计出版社.2008 [2]倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告.北京:社会科学文献出版社.2008 [3]刘全波.英国城乡规划立法.城市规划.1990,04:54~57 [4]罗震东.张京祥.英国大都市战略规划指引机制及其对中国的启示.国外城市规划.2001.6:29~32 [5]周游,提高城市规划科学性和可操作性的对策建议——新加坡经验借鉴,城市规划, 2007.05:72~77 [6]唐礼来,新加坡的城市规划体系,城市规划, 2000.01:42~45 [7]林兰源.韩笋生.新加坡的土地利用规划.国外城市规划.1998.01:17~21 [8]张占录.李世云.香港城市规划管理与发展控制体制.北京房地产.2005.04:94~97 [9]宋家明,香港城市规划体系与制度(下).北京规划建设.2003.01:59~62 [10] ASCE, Urban Planning Guide (Revised Edition), ASCE-MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE-NO. 49, New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1986 [11]崔功豪.都市区规划一一地域空间规划的新趋势.国外城市规划,2001,(5: 1. [12]韦湘民,共同合作:温哥华的区域发展战略,城市规划, 2003.01:34~35 [13]曾法龄(恩其),论战略规划,国外城市规划1992.01 [14]罗震东;赵民;试论城市发展的战略研究及战略规划的形成,城市规划, 2003.01 [15]张兵,关于“概念规划”方法的初步研究[J].城市规划,2001, 25 (3): 53~58. [16]赵燕箐,探索新的范型:概念规划的理论与方法[J]城市规划,2001, 25 (3): 38~52 [17]王蒙徽,段险峰,田莉,等,广州城市总体发展概念规划的探索与实践[J],城市规划,2001, 2.5(3): 5~11. [18]魏清泉;吴超;概念规划的特点、原则和方法,规划师, 2003.08 [19]唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007 [20] Florian Steinberg, Strategic Urban Planning in Latin America: Experiences of Building and Managing the Future, Support to Implementation of National Plans of Action (SINPA) Municipality of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia and Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, November 2002 [21]程冀,陆华,城市策划与城市规划,城乡建设2004.3:47~48 [22]陈放,城市策划五大板块,魅力中国.2007.8:62~65 [23]吴灿,策划学,背景:中国人民大学出版社,2004
[24]王山河,陈烈,西方城市营销理论研究进展,经济地理,2008.1(28):100~104
[25]王正刚,陈伯超,郭志奇,城市策划:在市场经济体制下经营城市的必经之路.建筑创作.2007.11:167~170
[26] John Lang. Urban design: the American experience. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994:386,转引自唐燕.我国城市运作的制度与制度环境:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2007
[27]刘宛,作为社会实践的城市设计——理论,实践,评价[博士学位论文],北京:清华大学,2000: 98
[28]林钦荣,都市设计在台湾,台北:创兴出版社1995: 185
[29]深圳市规划国土局,深圳市城市设计研究院城市设计研究所,深圳经济特区整体城市设计研究报告,1998,10
[30]曾兴.策划学概论.北京:中国广播电视出版社.2008.10
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