新疆塔额垦区野生香料植物资源调查及开发利用研究
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摘要
新疆幅员辽阔,地理位置特殊,地形地貌复杂,气候变化大,生态系统及生物物种复杂多样,特殊的生境条件孕育了十分丰富的野生香料植物资源,尤以新疆北疆地区蕴量丰富、种类繁多,是我国天然野生香料植物大区。塔额垦区位于新疆的西北边缘、欧亚大陆的中心,是新疆重要的农牧生产基地,但经济相对落后。由于其气候较温和、湿润,降水量相对丰富,与天然香料的著名产地----地中海的气候相似,境内野生香料植物资源十分丰富,然而开发利用状况混乱,缺乏系统的调查和开发利用策略。随着西部开发进程的推进,新疆迫切需要找到新的经济增长点和突破口,面对国内外香料市场的快速发展,对新疆塔额垦区进行野生香料植物资源调查和开发利用研究,对保护新疆野生种质资源,促进新疆及塔额垦区的产业结构调整,加快资源优势向经济优势转化,实现地区经济持续快速发展具有现实的指导意义。
论文在借鉴国内外关于野生植物资源开发利用经验的基础上,围绕新疆塔额垦区野生香料植物资源采用实地调研、引种驯化试验和精油提取试验研究,调查该地区野生香料植物资源种类和开发利用现状,分析其开发利用价值,结合该地区经济发展需求,对新疆塔额垦区野生香料植物资源的合理开发利用提出了指导思想、开发思路和对策,研究得出如下主要结论:
(1)调查结果表明,塔额垦区约有野生香料植物资源20多科60余种。野生香料植物主要有神香草、野薄荷、苦艾蒿、鼠尾草、新塔花、多种青兰、多种鸢尾、牛至、百里香、红景天、金银花、益母草、大黄、蔷薇、树莓、新疆白藓、阿魏、荆芥、龙胆、甘草、糙苏、新疆缬草、巴旦杏、单花郁金香、野罂粟、赤芍等。
(2)野生神香草的引种驯化试验结果表明,野生神香草喜光,在塔额平原地区发芽适温为15-25℃,对土壤适应的范围比较广。春季可以直播但需要充分保墒。春秋两季还可移栽。生育期为229天左右,发芽天数为1-2周。萌芽期移植的二年生植株,其耐寒、抗旱、抗病虫害性能良好,在塔额平原能够自然越冬越夏,肥料要求不高,能够适应塔额平原地区的气候条件,适宜栽培。
(3)通过对野生神香草、新塔花进行的精油提取试验,获得了神香草、新塔花的精油。并测得其精油得率分别为0.5-0.7%和0.4%左右。通过分析化验,发现塔额垦区野生神香草精油主要成分为松香芹酮、β-蒎烯。
(4)塔额垦区野生香料植物开发利用应依托当地野生香料植物资源优势,因地制宜,加大合理开发利用的力度,不断培育出拥有新疆特色和自主知识产权的名、特、优香料新品种,以市场为导向,围绕科技、经济、生态目标,加大资金投入力度,突出重点,合理布局,实行资源保护与开发利用相结合,有重点地开发利用野生香料植物资源,加强资源保护和管理,促进可持续发展,建立野生香料植物人工种植基地,实现资源可持续利用。
With a vast territory, Xinjiang has particular geographical location, complex topography, changeable climate and various biological species. Unique habitat condition has made rich wild perfume plant resources in xinjiang, especially in the northern of xinjiang which is the important wild perfume plant area of china.
Ta’e area is situated on the northwest edge of xinjiang and the center of Eurasia. It is an important production base of agriculture and animal husbandry in xinjiang. However, its economy is relatively backward. its climatic condition which is mild, humid and richer precipitation is similar to Mediterranean region which is the famous producing area of wild perfume in the world. There are rich wild perfume resources in Ta’e area. However, these resources are not utilized yet. With the development of the western region, Xinjiang urgently need to find a new economic growth point and a breakthrough. Facing the rapid development of domestic and international perfume market, the research on the wild perfume plant resources and developing utilization in Ta’e area has a practical guiding significance to promote the adjustment of industrial structure, develop the resources advantages, achieve sustained and rapid economic development of the region.
Based on experience from both domestic and abroad about the research on the wild plant resources and developing utilization, for the wild plant resources of Ta’e area, by field work, naturalization and essential oils’abstraction, this research got the species quantity and the state of wild perfume plant resources in Ta’e area, and put forward the guiding ideology, the development ideas and measures about developing utilization. The main conclusions emerging from the study are as follows:
(1) The survey results show that there are about more than 20 kinds, 60 families of wild perfume plant resources in Ta’e area. The main kinds are Hyssopus cuspidatus, Mentha haplocalyx, Artemisia velgaris, Salvia deserta, Ziziphora clinopodioidles, Dracocephalums, Irises, Origanum vulgare, Thymus mongolicus, Rhodiola rosea, Flos lonicerae, Leonurus Artemisia(Lour.)S.Y.Hu, Rheum ssp., Rose, Rubus idaeus, Dictamnus angustifolius, Ferula soongarica Pall., Nepeta cataria, Gentiana grandiflora Laxm., Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Phlomis pratensis, Valeriana fedtschenkoi,Amygdalus ledebouriana Schlecht.,Tulip iliensis Regel, Papaver nudicaule L.,Paeonia anomala L.Mant. and so on.
(2) The results of wild Hyssopus’s naturalization and domestication show that the wild Hyssopus is photophilic. In plain regions of Ta’e area, for Hyssopus, the germination suitable temperature is 15-25℃. The agrotype range which Hyssopus can adapt to is comprehensive. In spring, it can directly seed but need to preserve the moisture of the soil. Spring and autumn can be transplanted. The growth season is about 229 days. The germination days is1-2 weeks. Plants, which have taken two growing seasons and be transplanted in germination stage, have great resistance to cold, drought, pest and disease. In the plain region of Ta’e area, It can safely live through winter and summer, and have no high requirement for fertilizer. The results show that Hyssopus can adapt to the climatic condition of Ta’e area, and be suitable to be cultivated.
(3) The writer got Hyssopus’s essential oil and Ziziphora clinopodioidles’by oil extraction experiments. Their essential oil yields are 0.5-0.7% and 0.4%. After chemical analysis, the writer found that the main component of this kind of Hyssopus’s essential oil is pinocarvone andβ-pinene.
(4) The developing utilization of wild perfume plants in Ta’e area should be based on local resource advantages of wild perfume plants, according to local conditions, enhance the rational development and utilization, then cultivate unique, excellent new varieties with Xinjiang feature and own their intellectual property rights. The writer think that the local government should prioritizing key issues during the development and utilization process, and establish wild perfume plant base, and realize the sustainable utilization of wild resources.
论文在借鉴国内外关于野生植物资源开发利用经验的基础上,围绕新疆塔额垦区野生香料植物资源采用实地调研、引种驯化试验和精油提取试验研究,调查该地区野生香料植物资源种类和开发利用现状,分析其开发利用价值,结合该地区经济发展需求,对新疆塔额垦区野生香料植物资源的合理开发利用提出了指导思想、开发思路和对策,研究得出如下主要结论:
(1)调查结果表明,塔额垦区约有野生香料植物资源20多科60余种。野生香料植物主要有神香草、野薄荷、苦艾蒿、鼠尾草、新塔花、多种青兰、多种鸢尾、牛至、百里香、红景天、金银花、益母草、大黄、蔷薇、树莓、新疆白藓、阿魏、荆芥、龙胆、甘草、糙苏、新疆缬草、巴旦杏、单花郁金香、野罂粟、赤芍等。
(2)野生神香草的引种驯化试验结果表明,野生神香草喜光,在塔额平原地区发芽适温为15-25℃,对土壤适应的范围比较广。春季可以直播但需要充分保墒。春秋两季还可移栽。生育期为229天左右,发芽天数为1-2周。萌芽期移植的二年生植株,其耐寒、抗旱、抗病虫害性能良好,在塔额平原能够自然越冬越夏,肥料要求不高,能够适应塔额平原地区的气候条件,适宜栽培。
(3)通过对野生神香草、新塔花进行的精油提取试验,获得了神香草、新塔花的精油。并测得其精油得率分别为0.5-0.7%和0.4%左右。通过分析化验,发现塔额垦区野生神香草精油主要成分为松香芹酮、β-蒎烯。
(4)塔额垦区野生香料植物开发利用应依托当地野生香料植物资源优势,因地制宜,加大合理开发利用的力度,不断培育出拥有新疆特色和自主知识产权的名、特、优香料新品种,以市场为导向,围绕科技、经济、生态目标,加大资金投入力度,突出重点,合理布局,实行资源保护与开发利用相结合,有重点地开发利用野生香料植物资源,加强资源保护和管理,促进可持续发展,建立野生香料植物人工种植基地,实现资源可持续利用。
With a vast territory, Xinjiang has particular geographical location, complex topography, changeable climate and various biological species. Unique habitat condition has made rich wild perfume plant resources in xinjiang, especially in the northern of xinjiang which is the important wild perfume plant area of china.
Ta’e area is situated on the northwest edge of xinjiang and the center of Eurasia. It is an important production base of agriculture and animal husbandry in xinjiang. However, its economy is relatively backward. its climatic condition which is mild, humid and richer precipitation is similar to Mediterranean region which is the famous producing area of wild perfume in the world. There are rich wild perfume resources in Ta’e area. However, these resources are not utilized yet. With the development of the western region, Xinjiang urgently need to find a new economic growth point and a breakthrough. Facing the rapid development of domestic and international perfume market, the research on the wild perfume plant resources and developing utilization in Ta’e area has a practical guiding significance to promote the adjustment of industrial structure, develop the resources advantages, achieve sustained and rapid economic development of the region.
Based on experience from both domestic and abroad about the research on the wild plant resources and developing utilization, for the wild plant resources of Ta’e area, by field work, naturalization and essential oils’abstraction, this research got the species quantity and the state of wild perfume plant resources in Ta’e area, and put forward the guiding ideology, the development ideas and measures about developing utilization. The main conclusions emerging from the study are as follows:
(1) The survey results show that there are about more than 20 kinds, 60 families of wild perfume plant resources in Ta’e area. The main kinds are Hyssopus cuspidatus, Mentha haplocalyx, Artemisia velgaris, Salvia deserta, Ziziphora clinopodioidles, Dracocephalums, Irises, Origanum vulgare, Thymus mongolicus, Rhodiola rosea, Flos lonicerae, Leonurus Artemisia(Lour.)S.Y.Hu, Rheum ssp., Rose, Rubus idaeus, Dictamnus angustifolius, Ferula soongarica Pall., Nepeta cataria, Gentiana grandiflora Laxm., Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Phlomis pratensis, Valeriana fedtschenkoi,Amygdalus ledebouriana Schlecht.,Tulip iliensis Regel, Papaver nudicaule L.,Paeonia anomala L.Mant. and so on.
(2) The results of wild Hyssopus’s naturalization and domestication show that the wild Hyssopus is photophilic. In plain regions of Ta’e area, for Hyssopus, the germination suitable temperature is 15-25℃. The agrotype range which Hyssopus can adapt to is comprehensive. In spring, it can directly seed but need to preserve the moisture of the soil. Spring and autumn can be transplanted. The growth season is about 229 days. The germination days is1-2 weeks. Plants, which have taken two growing seasons and be transplanted in germination stage, have great resistance to cold, drought, pest and disease. In the plain region of Ta’e area, It can safely live through winter and summer, and have no high requirement for fertilizer. The results show that Hyssopus can adapt to the climatic condition of Ta’e area, and be suitable to be cultivated.
(3) The writer got Hyssopus’s essential oil and Ziziphora clinopodioidles’by oil extraction experiments. Their essential oil yields are 0.5-0.7% and 0.4%. After chemical analysis, the writer found that the main component of this kind of Hyssopus’s essential oil is pinocarvone andβ-pinene.
(4) The developing utilization of wild perfume plants in Ta’e area should be based on local resource advantages of wild perfume plants, according to local conditions, enhance the rational development and utilization, then cultivate unique, excellent new varieties with Xinjiang feature and own their intellectual property rights. The writer think that the local government should prioritizing key issues during the development and utilization process, and establish wild perfume plant base, and realize the sustainable utilization of wild resources.
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