基于RS和GIS技术的济南市绿地景观格局分析与生态绿地系统规划研究
|
摘要
城市生态绿地系统是生态城市建设的核心内容,是改善维持城市生态环境,提高舒适和谐的人居环境质量的重要保障。城市绿地景观格局分析、城市绿地生态补偿能力测算以及城市生态绿地网络体系构建的研究是科学合理的进行城市生态绿地系统规划和城市规划及建设的前提和基础。
本研究以济南市为例,应用生态学、景观生态学和城市生态绿地系统规划的相关理论,以RS和GIS技术为支撑,对济南市绿地生态补偿能力及景观格局进行了分析研究,并提出了济南市各行政区加强生态补偿能力的绿地建设方案；构建了济南市生态绿地网络体系规划架构。
1.生态补偿能力分析
采用“绿当量”方法,对济南市槐荫区、历下区、市中区、历城区以及天桥区五个++
行政区的生态补偿能力进行测算。结果表明：济南市建成区的总体绿量水平很高。各行政区从整体上二维绿量水平较高,但具体到各个行政区之间,则差异较大。
其中,历下区人均二维绿量面积仅为22.20m2/人,低于25m2/人的城市居民正常生活底线；市中区、槐荫区、天桥区人均二维绿量分别为151.12m2/人、116.63m2/人、255.1m2/人,都高出25 m2/人的居民正常生活底线,且盈余较大,能够较好的满足居民的日常生活需要；历城区人均二维绿量为908.99m2/人,远超出25m2/人的居民正常生活底线,历城区绿地的生态补偿能力最强。
2.济南市景观格局分析
济南市建成区生态绿地系统的内部结构状况以及空间分布为：槐荫区和天桥区两区的绿地景观多样性和均匀度较高,破碎度较高,而景观优势度处于较低的水平；历下区和市中区的景观多样性指数较低,均匀度较低,破碎化程度较小,优势度较高；各类型绿地的景观分维数普遍处于较低的水平,在1.5以下,绿地景观斑块形状普遍较为规则简单,说明各区各类型绿地受人为干扰情况较为严重。
3.济南市生态绿地系统规划
(1)生态补偿能力的绿地建设方案：历下区的现人均二维绿量(22.2m2/人)低于的最低人均二维绿量水平(25 m2/人),需要通过绿地建设补足欠缺的2.8 m2/人的人均二维绿量,或增加草坪1610820.4m2、或增加阔叶林805410.2m2、或增加针叶林5369401.3m2、或增加灌木林1073880.27m2。
(2)济南市生态绿地网络体系构建
采用以核心公园为城市绿心、放射状绿带为轴线、市级公园为结点、环城绿带为结合部的多绿心、环网状的城市绿地系统模式,形成“一心、三环、六带、七廊、七区、多楔、多点”的绿地生态网络格局,使济南市形成圈层式、放射状,心、环、网、片相交融的“环状+楔形”的城市生态绿地网络体系。
Urban green space system plays key role in eco-city construction, in improving or maintaining urban ecological environment, enhancing comforttable and harmonious living environment quality. Landscape pattern analysis, ecological compensation capacity calculation and urban ecological green network system construction are the premise and foundation of scientific and reasonable urban green space planning and even the whole urban planning and construction.
Based upon RS and GIS technology, landscape ecology and urban green space system planning theory, this research, taking Jinan City as an example, studies ecological compensation capabilities and the landscape pattern, and the stidy proposes a program for district administrative organization to strengthen compensation capacity of constructing greening space in Jinan City.
1. Capacity of ecological compensation
Ecological compensation is measured for Huaiyin District, Tianqiao District, Lixia District, Shizhong District and Licheng District By using "green equivalent" method. The result showes that the green biomass of the direction of Jinan City is in ahigh level. But there is a apparent difference between each two administrative regions.
For all districts, the two-dimensional green biomass of Lixia District is only 22.20m2 Per capita less than 25m2 Per capita, the bottom line of the normal life to urban people; the biomass figures in Shizhong District, Huaiyin District and Tianqiao District, are 151.12m2,116.63m and 255.1m2 respectively, all much higher than 25m2,the bottom line figure, which better meet the daily needs of residents. And Licheng District reaches 908.99 m2 Per capita, far exceeding 25m2 Per capita, normal life criterion.Thus, Licheng District, bears the highest green ecological compensation capacity.
2.Landscape pattern analysis in Jinan City
As follows are some characteristic of the internal green space systems and space distribution in built-up area of Jinan City:There exist landscape diversity and evenness in Huaiyin District and Tianqiao District but with high fragment index, thus in no landscape dominance. In contrast, landscape diversity and evenness in Lixia Distric and Shizhong District are of high dominance but with less fragment. Variety of fractal landscape dimension generally is at a lower level, all below 1.5 index, and regular landscape Patch shape as green landscape is, it appears regular and simple, which indicates extensive artificial interference.
3. Green space system planning of Jinan City
(1) Greening program is as follows in regard to ecological compensation capacity:The per capita two-dimensional green biomass(22.2m2) is below the minimum level(25m2), and 2.8m2 per capita need to be made up for, or lawn of 1610820.4m2 to be increased, or broad-leaved forest of 805410.2m2 requires to be produced, or alternative coniferous forest of 5369401.3m2 to be planted or shrubbery of 1073880.27m2 to be patched..
(2) System construction of ecological green network in Jinan City
An ring network of urban green space system will be formed with park as core, green belt as radial axis, municipal park as nodes, green belt around the city as junction, thus coming into being an urban ecological green system with one core, three rings six belts, seven galleries, seven areas, multi-wedges and multi-dotted model, So, Jinan will be a city with a combination of green system characteristic of radial-shaped, ring-shaped, centre-rounded, ring plus wedged ecological system.
本研究以济南市为例,应用生态学、景观生态学和城市生态绿地系统规划的相关理论,以RS和GIS技术为支撑,对济南市绿地生态补偿能力及景观格局进行了分析研究,并提出了济南市各行政区加强生态补偿能力的绿地建设方案；构建了济南市生态绿地网络体系规划架构。
1.生态补偿能力分析
采用“绿当量”方法,对济南市槐荫区、历下区、市中区、历城区以及天桥区五个++
行政区的生态补偿能力进行测算。结果表明：济南市建成区的总体绿量水平很高。各行政区从整体上二维绿量水平较高,但具体到各个行政区之间,则差异较大。
其中,历下区人均二维绿量面积仅为22.20m2/人,低于25m2/人的城市居民正常生活底线；市中区、槐荫区、天桥区人均二维绿量分别为151.12m2/人、116.63m2/人、255.1m2/人,都高出25 m2/人的居民正常生活底线,且盈余较大,能够较好的满足居民的日常生活需要；历城区人均二维绿量为908.99m2/人,远超出25m2/人的居民正常生活底线,历城区绿地的生态补偿能力最强。
2.济南市景观格局分析
济南市建成区生态绿地系统的内部结构状况以及空间分布为：槐荫区和天桥区两区的绿地景观多样性和均匀度较高,破碎度较高,而景观优势度处于较低的水平；历下区和市中区的景观多样性指数较低,均匀度较低,破碎化程度较小,优势度较高；各类型绿地的景观分维数普遍处于较低的水平,在1.5以下,绿地景观斑块形状普遍较为规则简单,说明各区各类型绿地受人为干扰情况较为严重。
3.济南市生态绿地系统规划
(1)生态补偿能力的绿地建设方案：历下区的现人均二维绿量(22.2m2/人)低于的最低人均二维绿量水平(25 m2/人),需要通过绿地建设补足欠缺的2.8 m2/人的人均二维绿量,或增加草坪1610820.4m2、或增加阔叶林805410.2m2、或增加针叶林5369401.3m2、或增加灌木林1073880.27m2。
(2)济南市生态绿地网络体系构建
采用以核心公园为城市绿心、放射状绿带为轴线、市级公园为结点、环城绿带为结合部的多绿心、环网状的城市绿地系统模式,形成“一心、三环、六带、七廊、七区、多楔、多点”的绿地生态网络格局,使济南市形成圈层式、放射状,心、环、网、片相交融的“环状+楔形”的城市生态绿地网络体系。
Urban green space system plays key role in eco-city construction, in improving or maintaining urban ecological environment, enhancing comforttable and harmonious living environment quality. Landscape pattern analysis, ecological compensation capacity calculation and urban ecological green network system construction are the premise and foundation of scientific and reasonable urban green space planning and even the whole urban planning and construction.
Based upon RS and GIS technology, landscape ecology and urban green space system planning theory, this research, taking Jinan City as an example, studies ecological compensation capabilities and the landscape pattern, and the stidy proposes a program for district administrative organization to strengthen compensation capacity of constructing greening space in Jinan City.
1. Capacity of ecological compensation
Ecological compensation is measured for Huaiyin District, Tianqiao District, Lixia District, Shizhong District and Licheng District By using "green equivalent" method. The result showes that the green biomass of the direction of Jinan City is in ahigh level. But there is a apparent difference between each two administrative regions.
For all districts, the two-dimensional green biomass of Lixia District is only 22.20m2 Per capita less than 25m2 Per capita, the bottom line of the normal life to urban people; the biomass figures in Shizhong District, Huaiyin District and Tianqiao District, are 151.12m2,116.63m and 255.1m2 respectively, all much higher than 25m2,the bottom line figure, which better meet the daily needs of residents. And Licheng District reaches 908.99 m2 Per capita, far exceeding 25m2 Per capita, normal life criterion.Thus, Licheng District, bears the highest green ecological compensation capacity.
2.Landscape pattern analysis in Jinan City
As follows are some characteristic of the internal green space systems and space distribution in built-up area of Jinan City:There exist landscape diversity and evenness in Huaiyin District and Tianqiao District but with high fragment index, thus in no landscape dominance. In contrast, landscape diversity and evenness in Lixia Distric and Shizhong District are of high dominance but with less fragment. Variety of fractal landscape dimension generally is at a lower level, all below 1.5 index, and regular landscape Patch shape as green landscape is, it appears regular and simple, which indicates extensive artificial interference.
3. Green space system planning of Jinan City
(1) Greening program is as follows in regard to ecological compensation capacity:The per capita two-dimensional green biomass(22.2m2) is below the minimum level(25m2), and 2.8m2 per capita need to be made up for, or lawn of 1610820.4m2 to be increased, or broad-leaved forest of 805410.2m2 requires to be produced, or alternative coniferous forest of 5369401.3m2 to be planted or shrubbery of 1073880.27m2 to be patched..
(2) System construction of ecological green network in Jinan City
An ring network of urban green space system will be formed with park as core, green belt as radial axis, municipal park as nodes, green belt around the city as junction, thus coming into being an urban ecological green system with one core, three rings six belts, seven galleries, seven areas, multi-wedges and multi-dotted model, So, Jinan will be a city with a combination of green system characteristic of radial-shaped, ring-shaped, centre-rounded, ring plus wedged ecological system.
引文
[1]鲁敏,刘佳,李亚男.济南市生态园林绿地系统构建的途径与策略[J].山东建筑大学学报,2008(5)：377-380
[2]陈春来,石纯,俞小明.RS、GIS技术在城市绿地综合效益研究中的应用现状及展望[J].中国测绘,2006(5)：44-45
[3]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5)：454-462.
[4]肖笃宁主编.景观生态学理论、方法及应用[M].北京中国林业出版社,1991.
[5]胡忠行.城市景观空间格局及景观生态规划与设计研究[D].福建师范大学,2003
[6]肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性[J].生态学报,1997,17(5)：453-461
[7]王宪礼,胡远满,布仁仓.辽河三角洲湿地的景观变化分析[J].地理科学,1996,16(3)：260-265
[8]赵晓燕.基于GIS的西安市城市景观格局分析及其优化对策[D].西北大学,2007,6
[9]吴人伟.培育生物多样化—城市绿地系统规划专题研究[J].中国园林,1998,14(4)：4-8.
[10]吴耀兴,康文星.城市绿地系统的生态功能探讨[J].园艺园林科学,2008,6(6)：335-337
[11]严玲璋.发挥上海绿色空间优势的思考[J].中国园林,2001,17(2)：57-59.
[12]黄湘.乌鲁木齐市城市绿地生态系统研究[D].新疆师范大学2004,5[13]I.B.Mountjoy,1989,世界城市化进程,地理译报,1：63-64
[14]王颖.城市绿地系统结构的生态学分析——以珠海市绿地系统规划为例[D].北京林业大学,2006,5
[15]Gordan A.Bradley. Urban Forest Landscapes:Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives.University of Washington Press,1995(25):100
[16]姜允芳.城市绿地系统规划理论与方法[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[17]许浩.国外城市绿地系统规划[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[18]刘力.国外城市生态研究的主要方向与研究进展[J].世界地理研究,2001,9
[19]徐文辉.城市园林绿地系统规划[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007.8
[20]李昌浩,朱晓东.国外绿色通道建设进展及其对我国城市建设的启示[J].世界林业研究,2007,20(3)：34-39
[21]陈爽,张皓.国威现代城市规划理论中的绿色思考[J].规划师,2003,4(19)：71-74
[22]高峻,宋永昌.基于遥感和GIS的城乡交错带景观演变研究——以上海西南地区为例[J].生态学报,2003(4)
[23]车生泉.上海城市绿地景观异质性分析[J].上海环境科学,2001(11)
[24]车生泉,宋永昌.上海城市公园绿地景观格局分析[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2002(4)
[25]胡勇,赵媛.南京城市绿地景观格局之初步分析[J].中国园林,2004(11)
[26]肖荣波,周志翔,王鹏程,叶贞清,郭尔祥,冀广超.3S技术在城市绿地生态研究中的应用[J].生态学,2004(6)
[27]李铮生.城市园林绿地规划与设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[28]贾建中.城市绿地规划设计[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2000.9
[29]管恩翠.基于GIS武汉市中心城区二维绿量测算[D].华中农业大学2007,6
[30]刘立民,刘明.绿量—城市绿化评估的新概念[J].中国园林,2000(6)：32
[31]周廷刚.基于遥感与GIS的城市绿量研究[M].西南师范大学出版社,2001
[32]田华林.现代城市绿化—立体绿化初探.贵州林业科技[J].2001.3：62-64
[33]王永安,恭映壁.计算城市绿化面积的碳氧平衡法[J].绿色经济2002(3)：62-63
[34]董雅文.城市生态的氧平衡[J].城市环境与城市生态,1995(1)：15-18
[35]叶文虎,魏斌.城市生态补偿能力衡量和应用[J].中国环境科学,1998(4)：298-301
[36]王岩,李洁,王红瑞,丁晓雯,曹旭萌.城市绿地补偿价值计算方法及其应用[J].北京师范大学学报,2005(6),41
[37]邹振扬,黄天其.试论城乡开发自然生态补偿的植被还原原理[J].重庆环境科学,1992(1)：12-19
[38]陈芳,周志翔,肖荣波,王鹏程,李海防,郭尔祥.城市工业区绿地生态服务功能的计量评价—以武汉钢铁公司厂区绿地为例[J].生态学报,2006(7)：2230-223
[39]Forman, R. T. T.. Some general pirnciples of landscape ecology[M]. Landscape Ecology,1995, 10(3):133-142
[40]肖笃宁.景观生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003
[41]王雪,赵宪文.基于遥感和GIS的城市绿地景观格局分析[J].地理学报,2006(4)：81
[42]刘茂松,张明娟.景观生态学原理与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004
[43]傅伯杰,陈利项,马克明,王仰麟.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2001
[44]沈一,陈涛.城市景观生态绿地系统网络规划的研究[J].四川建筑,2004,24(6)：11-12
[45]江泽慧.构建中国森林生态网络体系的系统思考[J].林业经济,2001(10)：3-6
[46]刘先根.中国森林生态网络建设研究在理论与实践上取得突出成果[J].中国林业,2003,7(B)：39-40
[47]Jongman R H G,Kulvik M,Kristiansen I. Europe ecologicaland greenways[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,68:305-319
[48]鲁敏,李英杰.城市生态绿地系统建设——植物种选择与绿化工程构建[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2005
[49]Dawson,D.,AreHabitat Corridors Conduit for Animals and Plants in a Fragmented Landscape A review of the scientific evi-dence.English Nature Research Report No.94,Peterborough,English Nature,1994
[50]Forman,R.T.T..Corridors in a Landscape[J]. Their ecological structure and function. Ekologia,1983.2(3):375-387
[51]张庆费.城市绿色网络及其构建框架[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(1)：75-76
[52]鲁敏,李英杰.园林景观设计[M].北京：科学出版社,2004
[53]黄艺,陈晖,黄志基,等.利用廊道网络构建城市绿地生态系统——以东营市西城区为例[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9)：1683-1687
[54]马志宇,黄耀志.城市生态廊道建设探讨[J].山西建筑,2007,33(13)：6-7
[2]陈春来,石纯,俞小明.RS、GIS技术在城市绿地综合效益研究中的应用现状及展望[J].中国测绘,2006(5)：44-45
[3]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5)：454-462.
[4]肖笃宁主编.景观生态学理论、方法及应用[M].北京中国林业出版社,1991.
[5]胡忠行.城市景观空间格局及景观生态规划与设计研究[D].福建师范大学,2003
[6]肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性[J].生态学报,1997,17(5)：453-461
[7]王宪礼,胡远满,布仁仓.辽河三角洲湿地的景观变化分析[J].地理科学,1996,16(3)：260-265
[8]赵晓燕.基于GIS的西安市城市景观格局分析及其优化对策[D].西北大学,2007,6
[9]吴人伟.培育生物多样化—城市绿地系统规划专题研究[J].中国园林,1998,14(4)：4-8.
[10]吴耀兴,康文星.城市绿地系统的生态功能探讨[J].园艺园林科学,2008,6(6)：335-337
[11]严玲璋.发挥上海绿色空间优势的思考[J].中国园林,2001,17(2)：57-59.
[12]黄湘.乌鲁木齐市城市绿地生态系统研究[D].新疆师范大学2004,5[13]I.B.Mountjoy,1989,世界城市化进程,地理译报,1：63-64
[14]王颖.城市绿地系统结构的生态学分析——以珠海市绿地系统规划为例[D].北京林业大学,2006,5
[15]Gordan A.Bradley. Urban Forest Landscapes:Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives.University of Washington Press,1995(25):100
[16]姜允芳.城市绿地系统规划理论与方法[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[17]许浩.国外城市绿地系统规划[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[18]刘力.国外城市生态研究的主要方向与研究进展[J].世界地理研究,2001,9
[19]徐文辉.城市园林绿地系统规划[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007.8
[20]李昌浩,朱晓东.国外绿色通道建设进展及其对我国城市建设的启示[J].世界林业研究,2007,20(3)：34-39
[21]陈爽,张皓.国威现代城市规划理论中的绿色思考[J].规划师,2003,4(19)：71-74
[22]高峻,宋永昌.基于遥感和GIS的城乡交错带景观演变研究——以上海西南地区为例[J].生态学报,2003(4)
[23]车生泉.上海城市绿地景观异质性分析[J].上海环境科学,2001(11)
[24]车生泉,宋永昌.上海城市公园绿地景观格局分析[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2002(4)
[25]胡勇,赵媛.南京城市绿地景观格局之初步分析[J].中国园林,2004(11)
[26]肖荣波,周志翔,王鹏程,叶贞清,郭尔祥,冀广超.3S技术在城市绿地生态研究中的应用[J].生态学,2004(6)
[27]李铮生.城市园林绿地规划与设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[28]贾建中.城市绿地规划设计[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2000.9
[29]管恩翠.基于GIS武汉市中心城区二维绿量测算[D].华中农业大学2007,6
[30]刘立民,刘明.绿量—城市绿化评估的新概念[J].中国园林,2000(6)：32
[31]周廷刚.基于遥感与GIS的城市绿量研究[M].西南师范大学出版社,2001
[32]田华林.现代城市绿化—立体绿化初探.贵州林业科技[J].2001.3：62-64
[33]王永安,恭映壁.计算城市绿化面积的碳氧平衡法[J].绿色经济2002(3)：62-63
[34]董雅文.城市生态的氧平衡[J].城市环境与城市生态,1995(1)：15-18
[35]叶文虎,魏斌.城市生态补偿能力衡量和应用[J].中国环境科学,1998(4)：298-301
[36]王岩,李洁,王红瑞,丁晓雯,曹旭萌.城市绿地补偿价值计算方法及其应用[J].北京师范大学学报,2005(6),41
[37]邹振扬,黄天其.试论城乡开发自然生态补偿的植被还原原理[J].重庆环境科学,1992(1)：12-19
[38]陈芳,周志翔,肖荣波,王鹏程,李海防,郭尔祥.城市工业区绿地生态服务功能的计量评价—以武汉钢铁公司厂区绿地为例[J].生态学报,2006(7)：2230-223
[39]Forman, R. T. T.. Some general pirnciples of landscape ecology[M]. Landscape Ecology,1995, 10(3):133-142
[40]肖笃宁.景观生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003
[41]王雪,赵宪文.基于遥感和GIS的城市绿地景观格局分析[J].地理学报,2006(4)：81
[42]刘茂松,张明娟.景观生态学原理与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004
[43]傅伯杰,陈利项,马克明,王仰麟.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2001
[44]沈一,陈涛.城市景观生态绿地系统网络规划的研究[J].四川建筑,2004,24(6)：11-12
[45]江泽慧.构建中国森林生态网络体系的系统思考[J].林业经济,2001(10)：3-6
[46]刘先根.中国森林生态网络建设研究在理论与实践上取得突出成果[J].中国林业,2003,7(B)：39-40
[47]Jongman R H G,Kulvik M,Kristiansen I. Europe ecologicaland greenways[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,68:305-319
[48]鲁敏,李英杰.城市生态绿地系统建设——植物种选择与绿化工程构建[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2005
[49]Dawson,D.,AreHabitat Corridors Conduit for Animals and Plants in a Fragmented Landscape A review of the scientific evi-dence.English Nature Research Report No.94,Peterborough,English Nature,1994
[50]Forman,R.T.T..Corridors in a Landscape[J]. Their ecological structure and function. Ekologia,1983.2(3):375-387
[51]张庆费.城市绿色网络及其构建框架[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(1)：75-76
[52]鲁敏,李英杰.园林景观设计[M].北京：科学出版社,2004
[53]黄艺,陈晖,黄志基,等.利用廊道网络构建城市绿地生态系统——以东营市西城区为例[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9)：1683-1687
[54]马志宇,黄耀志.城市生态廊道建设探讨[J].山西建筑,2007,33(13)：6-7