优秀速滑运动员弯道蹬冰技术的运动学研究
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摘要
本文运用影像测量的方法，获取反映优秀运动员弯道技术的运动学参数，通过对世界优秀速滑运动员比赛条件下弯道蹬冰技术的运动学分析，找出影响弯道蹬冰技术的主要因素，确立正确的弯道蹬冰技术概念，明确速滑蹬冰动作理论的内涵，建立优秀运动员的弯道技术参数体系，为综合评价运动员的技术水平及指导现代训练实践提供理论依据。
通过分析得出以下结论：运动员单支撑阶段的速度变化值普遍大于双支撑阶段，二者有比较明显的差异；整个复步速度变化范围不大，波动较小，后半程普遍比前半程快，表现出逐渐加速的特点。左右腿不同蹬冰阶段的时间比例表现出一定的规律性，弯道一个复步蹬冰时间小于直道一个复步的时间，表现出高频的特点。蹬冰动作遵循大环节带动小环节、由上至下髋、膝、踝关节的发力顺序；在单支撑蹬冰的初期采用体重蹬冰这种蹬冰方式，在单支撑后期采用采用大幅度快速蹬伸的蹬冰方式来提高质心的速度，这种蹬冰技术动作是典型的爆发式动作。
This text uses the method that the image measures obtain and reflect the kinematics parameter that elites curved a technology. Through curved kinematics of push-off technology analyses under the terms to world outstanding cross-country sportsman match, Finding out the main factor, which influences the curved push-off technology. Establish the correct curved push-off technological concept, Define that the speed skating pedals the
intension which ices the movement theory, set up the elite's system of
technical parameter of curved way, For appraise engineering level and instruct modern to train practice to offer the theoretical foundation of sportsman synthetically.
Draw following conclusions through analyzing: The speed changing value that sportsman's form supports stage is generally greater than one pair of stages of supporting, The two have more obvious differences; Reply the speed of step and change the range not big entirely, it is relatively small to fluctuate, the latter half one is general faster than the first a half, Demonstrate the characteristic accelerated gradually. Control the leg and demonstrate certain regularity with pedaling the proportion of time which ices stage, A step of replying of curved way is pedaled and ices time and smaller than the straight way for a piece of time to reply the step, Demonstrate the characteristic of high frequency. Pedal movements of icing and follow the great link and drive the little link, had to lower hip, the orders of having an effect of the knee, ankle joint; Supporting in the initial stage push-off and adopts the weight and pedals this kind of passive form of ice and pedals the ice only, The ones that are supporting
on later stage and adopting by a large margin only are pedaling icing the speed that the way improves the centroid voluntarily, It is typical outburst type movements that this kind pedals technological movement of ice.
通过分析得出以下结论：运动员单支撑阶段的速度变化值普遍大于双支撑阶段，二者有比较明显的差异；整个复步速度变化范围不大，波动较小，后半程普遍比前半程快，表现出逐渐加速的特点。左右腿不同蹬冰阶段的时间比例表现出一定的规律性，弯道一个复步蹬冰时间小于直道一个复步的时间，表现出高频的特点。蹬冰动作遵循大环节带动小环节、由上至下髋、膝、踝关节的发力顺序；在单支撑蹬冰的初期采用体重蹬冰这种蹬冰方式，在单支撑后期采用采用大幅度快速蹬伸的蹬冰方式来提高质心的速度，这种蹬冰技术动作是典型的爆发式动作。
This text uses the method that the image measures obtain and reflect the kinematics parameter that elites curved a technology. Through curved kinematics of push-off technology analyses under the terms to world outstanding cross-country sportsman match, Finding out the main factor, which influences the curved push-off technology. Establish the correct curved push-off technological concept, Define that the speed skating pedals the
intension which ices the movement theory, set up the elite's system of
technical parameter of curved way, For appraise engineering level and instruct modern to train practice to offer the theoretical foundation of sportsman synthetically.
Draw following conclusions through analyzing: The speed changing value that sportsman's form supports stage is generally greater than one pair of stages of supporting, The two have more obvious differences; Reply the speed of step and change the range not big entirely, it is relatively small to fluctuate, the latter half one is general faster than the first a half, Demonstrate the characteristic accelerated gradually. Control the leg and demonstrate certain regularity with pedaling the proportion of time which ices stage, A step of replying of curved way is pedaled and ices time and smaller than the straight way for a piece of time to reply the step, Demonstrate the characteristic of high frequency. Pedal movements of icing and follow the great link and drive the little link, had to lower hip, the orders of having an effect of the knee, ankle joint; Supporting in the initial stage push-off and adopts the weight and pedals this kind of passive form of ice and pedals the ice only, The ones that are supporting
on later stage and adopting by a large margin only are pedaling icing the speed that the way improves the centroid voluntarily, It is typical outburst type movements that this kind pedals technological movement of ice.
引文
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[27]同[2]．
[28]陈民盛，程国庆．从身体重心的变化看弯道滑行技术[J]．速度滑冰运动生物力学．国家体委科教司，1990：67—71．
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[31]同[16]．
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[33]Astrand，Per-Olof．(浅野胜已译)运动生理学[M]．大修馆书店．东京．1976．pp．415—417．
[34]同[32]．
[35]G·J·英根·谢诺．空气阻力对速度滑冰的影响[J]．冰雪运动，2001(3)：11—12．
[36]同[22]．
[37]冯维斗，董世平，曾伟．我国优秀速滑运动员直道滑行技术的生物力学分析[J]．冰雪运动，2001，(1)：13—15．
[38]同[20]．
[39]同[20]．
[40]杨树人，高延军．克拉普(克拉普Skate)新式冰刀的结构与性能[J]．
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[3] Mueller, M. Kinematics of ice skating at different velocities.[J] Research Quarterly. 1977(1):93—97.
[4] Doctorevic, A. M. Zur Bestimmung ron kriterien einer ratipnellen bewegungstechnik im eisschnellauf,[J] Leistungssport, Information zur Training. 1975(5):42—46.
[5] Marino, G. W. and Ronald G. Weese. A kinematic analysis of tie ice skating stride. In: Science in skiing, skating and hockey. Terauds J. and Gros H. J. (Ed.). Academic Publishers Inc. Del Mar. 1979a:65—74.
[6] Marino, G. W. Acceleration-time relationships in an ice skating start. [J]. Research Quarterly. 1979b(3):55—59.
[7] Delnoij, R, Gert de Groot, R. W. de Boer, G. J. van Ingen Schenau. Refinements on the determination of power output during speed skating, [J]. In: Biomechanics X-B, 1986:691—694.
[8] 陈民盛，程国庆．速度滑冰直道滑行技术—滑跑速度的生物力学[J]．国家体委科教司，1990：20—28．
[9] 结城匡启，阿江通良，浅见高明．500m 竞技成绩影响及技术的要因．[J]．科学，1991(1)：21—30．
[10] Marino, G. W. Multiple regression models of the mechanics of the acceleration phase of ice skating. Doctoral thesis, University of Illinois. (1975).
[11] McCaw, S. T. and Hoshizaki, Y. B. A kinematic comparison of novice, intermediate, and elite ice skaters. [J]. Biomechanics X-B.
1987:637—642.
[12]Ingen Schenau, G. J. van, and Bakker, K. A biomechanical model of speed skating. [J]. Human Movement Studies. 1980(6):1—18.
[13]Ingen Schenau, G, J. van. A power balance applied to speed skating. Academisch proefschrift, Doctoral thesis, Vrije Universiteitte Amsterdam. 1981
[14]Ingen Schenau, G. J. van, G. de Groot and R. W. de Boer: The control of speed in elite female speed skaters. [J]. Biomechanics. 1985.18:91—96.
[15]Boer, R. W. de, Paul Schermerhorn, Gert de Groot, and G. Jan van Ingen Schenau. Characteristic stroke mechanics of elite and trained male speed sksyrtd. [J]. Sport Biomechanics. 1986(2):175—185.
[16]Boer, R. W. de, Gertjan J. C. Ettema, Hans van Gorkum, Gert de Groot, and G. J. van Ingen Schenau. Biomechanical aspects of push-off techniques in speed skating the curves. [J]. Sport Biomechanics. 1987a(3):69—79.
[17]Boer, R. W. de, G. J. C. Ettema, H. van Gorkum, G. de Groot and G. J. van Ingen Schenau. A geometrical of speed skating the curves. [J]. Biomechanics. 1987b(21):445—450.
[18]陈民盛，程国庆．速滑直道滑行技术—滑跑时间的生物力学[J．速度滑冰运动生物力学．国家体委科教司，1990：15—19．
[19]Ingen Schenau, G. J. van, and G. de Groot: On the origin of differences in performance level between elite male and female speed skaters. [J]. Human Movement Sci. 1983(2):151—159.
[20]陈民盛，覃晓红，刘波．关于速滑蹬冰中伸膝压踝技术的研究[J]．体育科学．2003．1．
[21]Koning, J. J. Background to the slapskate: fifteen years of slapskate history, biomechanical backgrounds, first results and recent developments. Addendum to Seller(1997).
[22]杨树人，宋琳，陈文红等．新式速滑冰刀性能及其新技术特征[J]．哈尔
滨体育学院学报．1999，17(3)：21—25
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