ECC柔性桥面连接板设计与应用研究
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摘要
桥梁伸缩缝由于长期暴露在大气中,并直接承受车辆荷载的冲击,因此极易遭受破坏,需要不断进行维修,这不仅影响通车,还提高了工程造价。尽管多年来出现了不少改进的设计并提出了不少更好的保养和维修方法,例如使用高性能纤维混凝土、高强度混凝土或环氧树脂涂层,但取得的效果一般,存在诸多缺陷与不足,都没能从根本上解决问题。近年来,出现的一种新型水泥基复合材料----ECC材料,由于其卓越的抗裂抗变形能力,正受到了土木工程领域的广泛关注。有鉴于此,本论文研究尝试探讨如何利用ECC材料设计柔性桥面连接板,以代替传统的伸缩装置从而满足温度等的变形需要。
由于ECC材料具有独特的性能——优异裂缝控制能力和良好的应变能力,故用ECC材料建造柔性桥面连接板,不仅能够满足温度等变形的需要,还能够减少了桥梁结构中裂缝的出现,提高了桥梁结构的耐久性,从长远来看又具有良好经济性。
本论文简要分析了传统伸缩装置的破坏原因、设计方法,及不足之处；研究了新型桥面连接结构——ECC桥面连接板的设计流程和计算方法以及计算中面临的一些问题及其解决方法；探讨了ECC桥面连接板的施工工艺及ECC材料制作中的一些问题；并提出了关于我国ECC桥面连接板研究和应用方面的一些意见和建议。
桥面连接板不仅使行车平稳舒适,而且能够提高桥梁的耐久性,防止漏水现象。同时由于ECC材料是一种高韧性的延性混凝土,具有很强的能量吸收能力,有利于桥梁结构的抗震。柔性桥面连接板代替传统的伸缩缝,在不改变简支梁桥性质的前提下,解决了伸缩缝与梁端连接处界面存在的裂缝问题等,非常有必要在我国推广应用。
Being under long-term exposure in the atmosphere and subjected to the impact of vehicle loads directly, bridge expansion joints are subject to damaging easily and need frequent maintenance, which not only affects the traffic but also increases the project cost. Although many improved designs and a lot of better maintenance and repair methods such as using high-performance fiber reinforced concrete, high strength concrete or epoxy resin coating, have been proposed over the years, their effects are not good enough and there are many defects and shortages, so the problems have not been solved fundamentally. Recently, a new cementitious composite----ECC material is getting more and more attention in the field of civil engineering because of its outstanding properties in anti-crack and anti-deformation. In view of this, in order to meet the deformation needs induced from the temperature and so on, how to use the ECC material to design flexible bridge deck link slabs, instead of traditional expansion joints, is an attempt in the paper
For the reason that ECC material has unique properties -the excellent ability of cracks control and the good ability of strain, so, using ECC material to construct flexible bridge deck link slabs not only can meet the needs of the temperature deformation, but also can reduce and prevent cracks in the bridge structure. Meanwhile, the durability of bridge structures can be improved and good long-term economic benefit can be achieved.
Destruction reasons, design method and deficiencies of traditional expansion joints are analyzed, the design process of a new deck connection structure-ECC deck link slab, and its calculation methods as well as problems that may be faced during the calculation and their solutions are investigated, the construction techniques of ECC deck link slabs and large scale mixing of ECC materials are discussed, and some opinions and suggestions on researches and applications of the ECC deck link slab in our country are proposed in the paper.
The link slab is not only able to make a travelling smooth and comfortable, but also increase the bridge durability and prevent the bridge leaking phenomenon. Meanwhile, the ECC material is a high-toughness and ductile concrete, which has a strong ability to absorb energy and is helpful to anti-earthquake of bridge structures. To use ECC link slabs, instead of traditional expansion joints, don't change the nature of simply supported bridges and solves the crack problems whick exit in the connection interface of expansion joints and the girder end, so it is necesarry to promote the application in China.
由于ECC材料具有独特的性能——优异裂缝控制能力和良好的应变能力,故用ECC材料建造柔性桥面连接板,不仅能够满足温度等变形的需要,还能够减少了桥梁结构中裂缝的出现,提高了桥梁结构的耐久性,从长远来看又具有良好经济性。
本论文简要分析了传统伸缩装置的破坏原因、设计方法,及不足之处；研究了新型桥面连接结构——ECC桥面连接板的设计流程和计算方法以及计算中面临的一些问题及其解决方法；探讨了ECC桥面连接板的施工工艺及ECC材料制作中的一些问题；并提出了关于我国ECC桥面连接板研究和应用方面的一些意见和建议。
桥面连接板不仅使行车平稳舒适,而且能够提高桥梁的耐久性,防止漏水现象。同时由于ECC材料是一种高韧性的延性混凝土,具有很强的能量吸收能力,有利于桥梁结构的抗震。柔性桥面连接板代替传统的伸缩缝,在不改变简支梁桥性质的前提下,解决了伸缩缝与梁端连接处界面存在的裂缝问题等,非常有必要在我国推广应用。
Being under long-term exposure in the atmosphere and subjected to the impact of vehicle loads directly, bridge expansion joints are subject to damaging easily and need frequent maintenance, which not only affects the traffic but also increases the project cost. Although many improved designs and a lot of better maintenance and repair methods such as using high-performance fiber reinforced concrete, high strength concrete or epoxy resin coating, have been proposed over the years, their effects are not good enough and there are many defects and shortages, so the problems have not been solved fundamentally. Recently, a new cementitious composite----ECC material is getting more and more attention in the field of civil engineering because of its outstanding properties in anti-crack and anti-deformation. In view of this, in order to meet the deformation needs induced from the temperature and so on, how to use the ECC material to design flexible bridge deck link slabs, instead of traditional expansion joints, is an attempt in the paper
For the reason that ECC material has unique properties -the excellent ability of cracks control and the good ability of strain, so, using ECC material to construct flexible bridge deck link slabs not only can meet the needs of the temperature deformation, but also can reduce and prevent cracks in the bridge structure. Meanwhile, the durability of bridge structures can be improved and good long-term economic benefit can be achieved.
Destruction reasons, design method and deficiencies of traditional expansion joints are analyzed, the design process of a new deck connection structure-ECC deck link slab, and its calculation methods as well as problems that may be faced during the calculation and their solutions are investigated, the construction techniques of ECC deck link slabs and large scale mixing of ECC materials are discussed, and some opinions and suggestions on researches and applications of the ECC deck link slab in our country are proposed in the paper.
The link slab is not only able to make a travelling smooth and comfortable, but also increase the bridge durability and prevent the bridge leaking phenomenon. Meanwhile, the ECC material is a high-toughness and ductile concrete, which has a strong ability to absorb energy and is helpful to anti-earthquake of bridge structures. To use ECC link slabs, instead of traditional expansion joints, don't change the nature of simply supported bridges and solves the crack problems whick exit in the connection interface of expansion joints and the girder end, so it is necesarry to promote the application in China.
引文
[1]彭大文、洪锦祥、陈晓冬。无伸缩缝桥梁的发展综述[C]。见中国土木工程学会桥梁结构工程学会第十四届年会论文集。上海：同济大学出版社,2000
[2]Caner A. and P Zia. Behavior and Design of Link Slabs for Jointless Bridge Decks. PCI Journal, May-June,1998.pp.68-80
[3]徐世琅,李贺东.超高韧性水泥基复合材料研究进展及其工程应用.土木工程学报.2008,41(6)：45—60
[4]李杨海,程潮阳,鲍卫刚等。公路桥梁伸缩装置。北京：人民交通出版社,1999
[5]蒲广宁.桥梁伸缩装置破损状况评价分析.[硕士学位论文].西安,长安大学.2005,6
[6]崔琪,李清海.新型纤维增强水泥基复合材料.北京：中国建材工业出版社.2004.
[7]Li V C. On Engineered Cementitious Composites(ECC)—A Review of the Material and its Applieations. J.Advaneed Conerete Technology,2003,1(3):215-230.
[8]Li V C and Obla K H. Effect of Fiber Length Variationon Tensile Properties of CarbonFiber Cement Composites. IntlJ.of Composites Engineering,1994,4(9):947-964.
[9]Li V C, Mishra D K and Wu H C.Matrix Design for Pseudo Strain—Hardening Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites.RILEM J.Materials and Struetures,1995,28(183):586-595.
[10]Maalej M and Li VC. Introduetion of Strain Hardening Engineered Cementitious Compositesin the Design of Reinforeed Conerete Flexural Members for Improved Durability. American Conerete Institute Struetural [J].1995,92(2):167-176.
[11]Fukuyama H,Matsuzaki Y,Nakano K and Sato Y.Struetural Performance of Beam Elements With PVA—ECC.In:Proe.Of High Performanee Fiber Reinforeed Cement Composites 3(HPFRCC3)Ed.ReinhardtandA.Naaman,Chapman&Hull,1999,531-542.
[12]Parra—Montesirios G and Wight J K.Seismic Response of Exterior RC Column—to—Steel Beam Conneetions.Journal of Struetural Engineering,ASCE,2000,126(10):1113-1121.
[13]Zhang J Li V C,Nowak A and Wang S.Introducing Ductile Strip for Durability Enhancement of Concrete Slabs.ASCE J.of Materialsin Civil Engineering,2002,14(3):253-261.
[14]张君,公成旭.高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料单轴抗拉性能研究[C]见第十一届全国纤维混凝土学术会议.大连：大连理工大学出版社,2006：27—32
[15]丁一,陈小兵.ECC材料的研究进展与应用[J].建筑结构,2007,37(S1)：94-98
[16]高淑玲,徐世娘.利用水平外力总功研究PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料韧性[J].东南大学学报：自然科学版,37(2)：324-329
[17]高淑玲.PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料拉伸特性试验研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2007,47(2)：233—239
[18]黄俊.PVA纤维水泥基复合材料轴向拉伸应力一应变全曲线试验研究.第十一届全国纤 维混凝土学术会议论文集一纤维混凝土的技术进展与工程应用,黄承连,丁一宁,何化南编.中国辽宁大连,2006,96—103.
[19]张君,公成旭.高韧性低收缩纤维增强水泥基复合材料研发.超高层混凝土泵送与超高性能混凝土技术的研究与应用国际研讨会论文集,叶浩文,朋改非主编,中国广东广州,2008,115—120.
[20]李伟.超高韧性水泥基复合材料的搅拌方法研究.[硕十学位论文].大连.大连理工大学.2009.6.
[21]Li V C.Engineered Cementitious Composites.
[22]Li V C.Bendable Composites—ductile Concrete for struetures. Strueture Magazine,2006, 45-48.
[23]Kuraray Co. Ltd. Steel/ECC composite bridege deck[EB/OL].[2005-04-06].
[24]Kojima S, Sakata N, Kanda T, et al. Application of direct sprayed ECC for retrofitting dam structure surface application for mitaka-dam[J]. Concrete Journal, Japan Concrete Institute.2004.42(5):135-139(in Japanese)
[25]Rokogo K, Kanda T. Presentation " Recent HPFRCC R&D Progress in Japan"[C] Proceedings of International Workshop on HPFRCC in Structural Applications. Bagneux: RILEM Publications SARL,2005:23-26
[26]聂云靖.公路桥涵伸缩装置病害分析及防治措施.科技情报开发与经济,2006.1
[27]付岚岚.大跨度桥梁伸缩装置的研究.西安.长安大学.2006.4
[28]桥梁伸缩装置的破坏原因分析与养护维修文/毛海东
[29]中交公路规划设计院主编.公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTG D60--2004).北京：人民交通出版社.2004.
[30]中交公路规划设计院主编.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范.(JTGD62--2004).北京：人民交通出版社.2004.
[31]郑志刚.模数式伸缩装置的合理配套设置及伸缩量计算.山西建筑.2004年8月第30卷第15期.
[32]Gilani A, Jansson P.Link slabs for simply supported bridges—Michigan Department of Transportation report no. MDOT SPR-54181. Michigan DOT, Lansing.2004
[33]Gilani A. Link slabs for simply supported bridges:incorporating engineered cementitious composites[R]. Michigan:Michigan Department of Transportation,2001
[34]Li VC, Fischer G, Kim Y, et al. Durable link slabs for jointless bridge decks based on strain-hardening cementitious composites[R]. Research Report RC-1438.Michigan:University ofMichigan,2003
[35]Michael D. Lepech Victor C. Li. Application of ECC for bridge deck link slabs. Materials and Structures.42:1185-1195.DOI 10.1617/s11527-009-9544-5.2009
[36]Victor C. Li, M. Lepech, and M. Li. Report On Field Demonstration of Durable Link Slabs for Jointless Bridge Decks Based on Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites. Submitted to Michigan Department of Transportation.December 21,2005
[37]Kanda T, H Hiraishi, and N. Sakata.Tensile Properties of ECC in Full Scale Production, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete, Vail, Colorado,2003. pp.1013-1020.
[38]Kanda T, T Saito, N. Sakata, and M Hiraishi. Fundamental Properties of Direct Sprayed ECC, Proceedings of the JCI International Workshop on Ductile Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (DFRCC), Takayama, Japan,2002.pp.133-141.
[39]Fischer, G., S. Wang, V.C. Li.Design of Engineered Cementitious Composites for Processing and Workability Requirements.Seventh International Symposium on Brittle Matrix Composites, Warsaw, Poland,2003.pp.29-36.
[40]Fuller, W.B, and S.E. Thompson. The Laws of Proportioning Concrete.ASCE59.pp.67-143
[41]Ortega, F.S., R.G Pileggi, and V.C. Pandolfelli优化基质中的颗粒组成,The American Ceramic Society Bulletin,1999.pp.106-111.
[42]Funk, J.E. and D.R. Dinger. Particle Packing, Part Ⅵ-Applications of Particle Size Distribution Concepts, Interceram, Vol.43 No.5,1994. pp.350-353.
[43]于国信,欧云峰.小变量桥涵伸缩缝技术改进措施.内蒙古公路与运输.2001(1)
[2]Caner A. and P Zia. Behavior and Design of Link Slabs for Jointless Bridge Decks. PCI Journal, May-June,1998.pp.68-80
[3]徐世琅,李贺东.超高韧性水泥基复合材料研究进展及其工程应用.土木工程学报.2008,41(6)：45—60
[4]李杨海,程潮阳,鲍卫刚等。公路桥梁伸缩装置。北京：人民交通出版社,1999
[5]蒲广宁.桥梁伸缩装置破损状况评价分析.[硕士学位论文].西安,长安大学.2005,6
[6]崔琪,李清海.新型纤维增强水泥基复合材料.北京：中国建材工业出版社.2004.
[7]Li V C. On Engineered Cementitious Composites(ECC)—A Review of the Material and its Applieations. J.Advaneed Conerete Technology,2003,1(3):215-230.
[8]Li V C and Obla K H. Effect of Fiber Length Variationon Tensile Properties of CarbonFiber Cement Composites. IntlJ.of Composites Engineering,1994,4(9):947-964.
[9]Li V C, Mishra D K and Wu H C.Matrix Design for Pseudo Strain—Hardening Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites.RILEM J.Materials and Struetures,1995,28(183):586-595.
[10]Maalej M and Li VC. Introduetion of Strain Hardening Engineered Cementitious Compositesin the Design of Reinforeed Conerete Flexural Members for Improved Durability. American Conerete Institute Struetural [J].1995,92(2):167-176.
[11]Fukuyama H,Matsuzaki Y,Nakano K and Sato Y.Struetural Performance of Beam Elements With PVA—ECC.In:Proe.Of High Performanee Fiber Reinforeed Cement Composites 3(HPFRCC3)Ed.ReinhardtandA.Naaman,Chapman&Hull,1999,531-542.
[12]Parra—Montesirios G and Wight J K.Seismic Response of Exterior RC Column—to—Steel Beam Conneetions.Journal of Struetural Engineering,ASCE,2000,126(10):1113-1121.
[13]Zhang J Li V C,Nowak A and Wang S.Introducing Ductile Strip for Durability Enhancement of Concrete Slabs.ASCE J.of Materialsin Civil Engineering,2002,14(3):253-261.
[14]张君,公成旭.高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料单轴抗拉性能研究[C]见第十一届全国纤维混凝土学术会议.大连：大连理工大学出版社,2006：27—32
[15]丁一,陈小兵.ECC材料的研究进展与应用[J].建筑结构,2007,37(S1)：94-98
[16]高淑玲,徐世娘.利用水平外力总功研究PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料韧性[J].东南大学学报：自然科学版,37(2)：324-329
[17]高淑玲.PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料拉伸特性试验研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2007,47(2)：233—239
[18]黄俊.PVA纤维水泥基复合材料轴向拉伸应力一应变全曲线试验研究.第十一届全国纤 维混凝土学术会议论文集一纤维混凝土的技术进展与工程应用,黄承连,丁一宁,何化南编.中国辽宁大连,2006,96—103.
[19]张君,公成旭.高韧性低收缩纤维增强水泥基复合材料研发.超高层混凝土泵送与超高性能混凝土技术的研究与应用国际研讨会论文集,叶浩文,朋改非主编,中国广东广州,2008,115—120.
[20]李伟.超高韧性水泥基复合材料的搅拌方法研究.[硕十学位论文].大连.大连理工大学.2009.6.
[21]Li V C.Engineered Cementitious Composites.
[22]Li V C.Bendable Composites—ductile Concrete for struetures. Strueture Magazine,2006, 45-48.
[23]Kuraray Co. Ltd. Steel/ECC composite bridege deck[EB/OL].[2005-04-06].
[24]Kojima S, Sakata N, Kanda T, et al. Application of direct sprayed ECC for retrofitting dam structure surface application for mitaka-dam[J]. Concrete Journal, Japan Concrete Institute.2004.42(5):135-139(in Japanese)
[25]Rokogo K, Kanda T. Presentation " Recent HPFRCC R&D Progress in Japan"[C] Proceedings of International Workshop on HPFRCC in Structural Applications. Bagneux: RILEM Publications SARL,2005:23-26
[26]聂云靖.公路桥涵伸缩装置病害分析及防治措施.科技情报开发与经济,2006.1
[27]付岚岚.大跨度桥梁伸缩装置的研究.西安.长安大学.2006.4
[28]桥梁伸缩装置的破坏原因分析与养护维修文/毛海东
[29]中交公路规划设计院主编.公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTG D60--2004).北京：人民交通出版社.2004.
[30]中交公路规划设计院主编.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范.(JTGD62--2004).北京：人民交通出版社.2004.
[31]郑志刚.模数式伸缩装置的合理配套设置及伸缩量计算.山西建筑.2004年8月第30卷第15期.
[32]Gilani A, Jansson P.Link slabs for simply supported bridges—Michigan Department of Transportation report no. MDOT SPR-54181. Michigan DOT, Lansing.2004
[33]Gilani A. Link slabs for simply supported bridges:incorporating engineered cementitious composites[R]. Michigan:Michigan Department of Transportation,2001
[34]Li VC, Fischer G, Kim Y, et al. Durable link slabs for jointless bridge decks based on strain-hardening cementitious composites[R]. Research Report RC-1438.Michigan:University ofMichigan,2003
[35]Michael D. Lepech Victor C. Li. Application of ECC for bridge deck link slabs. Materials and Structures.42:1185-1195.DOI 10.1617/s11527-009-9544-5.2009
[36]Victor C. Li, M. Lepech, and M. Li. Report On Field Demonstration of Durable Link Slabs for Jointless Bridge Decks Based on Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites. Submitted to Michigan Department of Transportation.December 21,2005
[37]Kanda T, H Hiraishi, and N. Sakata.Tensile Properties of ECC in Full Scale Production, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete, Vail, Colorado,2003. pp.1013-1020.
[38]Kanda T, T Saito, N. Sakata, and M Hiraishi. Fundamental Properties of Direct Sprayed ECC, Proceedings of the JCI International Workshop on Ductile Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (DFRCC), Takayama, Japan,2002.pp.133-141.
[39]Fischer, G., S. Wang, V.C. Li.Design of Engineered Cementitious Composites for Processing and Workability Requirements.Seventh International Symposium on Brittle Matrix Composites, Warsaw, Poland,2003.pp.29-36.
[40]Fuller, W.B, and S.E. Thompson. The Laws of Proportioning Concrete.ASCE59.pp.67-143
[41]Ortega, F.S., R.G Pileggi, and V.C. Pandolfelli优化基质中的颗粒组成,The American Ceramic Society Bulletin,1999.pp.106-111.
[42]Funk, J.E. and D.R. Dinger. Particle Packing, Part Ⅵ-Applications of Particle Size Distribution Concepts, Interceram, Vol.43 No.5,1994. pp.350-353.
[43]于国信,欧云峰.小变量桥涵伸缩缝技术改进措施.内蒙古公路与运输.2001(1)