空调送/回风管道的病原微生物污染生态分布实验研究
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摘要
空调送/回风管道系统是空调通风系统的重要组成部分,也是空调系统中污染较为严重的环节,因此给室内带来的微生物污染是不可忽视的。在适宜的温度湿度等条件下长期运行后,微生物会附着灰尘停留在空调管道及某些部件上大量繁殖,产生并释放有害的浮游菌、颗粒物或代谢产物,这些有害的污染物质将会随送风进入室内,加剧室内微生物污染,从而导致室内空气品质的下降。
为深入了解送/回风管道的病原微生物污染生态分布,选取了陕西省历史博物馆这一典型建筑为采样点,建立可控气流参数空调送风管道粒子沉积与微生物污染模型实验台,在多参数可变条件下进行实验室模拟测试,并设计正交试验方法对实验数据进一步分析。
微生物鉴别结果表明,G+细菌(革兰氏阳性)占细菌总数的56%,G-细菌(革兰氏阴性)占细菌总数的44%,主要为球菌和杆菌;优势真菌属为青霉属,曲霉属和枝孢霉属。
实验室模拟研究结果表明,风速对微生物生长的影响属于间接影响;当风速为2.0m/s时,测试段底面积尘量沿送风方向呈下降趋势,测试段末端积尘量仅为初段积尘量的35%左右;而当风速为3.0m/s时,积尘量呈相对平缓趋势且在0.02~0.05g范围之内;微生物数量与积尘量呈正相关关系,当积尘量提高1倍时,微生物数量可提高2~3倍,细菌数量与积尘量的相关关系较真菌显著(R细菌>R真菌),同一份样品中细菌数量多于真菌数量,约为其两倍;微生物浓度随相对湿度以及温度的升高呈下降趋势,最高可减少至50%,且细菌浓度受相对湿度以及温度影响普遍较真菌的大(R细菌>R真菌)。正交试验得出微生物生长繁殖主要的影响因素为温度;但在风速为3.0m/s的条件下,相对湿度是真菌生长主要影响因素。
Air-conditioning supply/return air duct system is an important part of the ventilation system, and it is also the most serious polluted link. Therefore, the indoor microbial contamination should not be neglected. Due to air-conditioning system itself, dust with microorganisms stay in the air-conditioning ducts and certain components, and in appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity for long running, the microorganisms multiply, produce and release harmful bacteria, particulate, or metabolites. These harmful pollutants will inter the rooms and aggravate the indoor microbial contamination, thus leading to a decline in indoor air quality.
In order to deeply understand ecological distribution of pathogenic microbial contamination in air supply/return duct, we selected a typical building for sampling points - the Shaanxi Provincial History Museum, established a microbial contamination model of particle deposition experimental air duct with controllable airflow parameter in many parameters variable condition of laboratory simulation test, and designed orthogonal test method for further analysis of the experimental data.
Microbial identification results showed that G+ bacteria (gram-positive) accounted for 56% of the total bacterial count, and G- bacteria (gram-negative) accounted for 44% of the total bacterial count, mainly cocci and bacillus; dominant fungi is Penicillium, Aspergillus and Cladosporium.
Laboratory simulation study results showed that the impact of wind speeds on microorganism growth is indirect effects; when the wind speed of the test section was 2.0m/s, the amount of dust decreased along the bottom of the test section and the dust amount of the end of test section was the 35% of the initial; and when the wind speed was 3.0m/s, the amount of dust was relatively in a flat trend and in a range of 0.02~0.05g; microbial populations and dust quantity are positively related, when dust quantity improved 1 times, microorganism quantity can raise 2~3 times, the correlation between bacteria and dust amount was more significantly than fungi (Rbacteria> Rfungi),in the same sample bacteria was as two times as fungi; with relative humidity and temperature rising, microbial concentration declined, and the bacterial concentration was affected by relative humidity and temperature was generally higher than the large fungi (Rbacteria> Rfungi). Orthogonal concluded that the main factor of the microbial growth was temperature; but with a wind of 3.0 m/s conditions, the relative humidity is the main influence factor to the fungal growth.
为深入了解送/回风管道的病原微生物污染生态分布,选取了陕西省历史博物馆这一典型建筑为采样点,建立可控气流参数空调送风管道粒子沉积与微生物污染模型实验台,在多参数可变条件下进行实验室模拟测试,并设计正交试验方法对实验数据进一步分析。
微生物鉴别结果表明,G+细菌(革兰氏阳性)占细菌总数的56%,G-细菌(革兰氏阴性)占细菌总数的44%,主要为球菌和杆菌;优势真菌属为青霉属,曲霉属和枝孢霉属。
实验室模拟研究结果表明,风速对微生物生长的影响属于间接影响;当风速为2.0m/s时,测试段底面积尘量沿送风方向呈下降趋势,测试段末端积尘量仅为初段积尘量的35%左右;而当风速为3.0m/s时,积尘量呈相对平缓趋势且在0.02~0.05g范围之内;微生物数量与积尘量呈正相关关系,当积尘量提高1倍时,微生物数量可提高2~3倍,细菌数量与积尘量的相关关系较真菌显著(R细菌>R真菌),同一份样品中细菌数量多于真菌数量,约为其两倍;微生物浓度随相对湿度以及温度的升高呈下降趋势,最高可减少至50%,且细菌浓度受相对湿度以及温度影响普遍较真菌的大(R细菌>R真菌)。正交试验得出微生物生长繁殖主要的影响因素为温度;但在风速为3.0m/s的条件下,相对湿度是真菌生长主要影响因素。
Air-conditioning supply/return air duct system is an important part of the ventilation system, and it is also the most serious polluted link. Therefore, the indoor microbial contamination should not be neglected. Due to air-conditioning system itself, dust with microorganisms stay in the air-conditioning ducts and certain components, and in appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity for long running, the microorganisms multiply, produce and release harmful bacteria, particulate, or metabolites. These harmful pollutants will inter the rooms and aggravate the indoor microbial contamination, thus leading to a decline in indoor air quality.
In order to deeply understand ecological distribution of pathogenic microbial contamination in air supply/return duct, we selected a typical building for sampling points - the Shaanxi Provincial History Museum, established a microbial contamination model of particle deposition experimental air duct with controllable airflow parameter in many parameters variable condition of laboratory simulation test, and designed orthogonal test method for further analysis of the experimental data.
Microbial identification results showed that G+ bacteria (gram-positive) accounted for 56% of the total bacterial count, and G- bacteria (gram-negative) accounted for 44% of the total bacterial count, mainly cocci and bacillus; dominant fungi is Penicillium, Aspergillus and Cladosporium.
Laboratory simulation study results showed that the impact of wind speeds on microorganism growth is indirect effects; when the wind speed of the test section was 2.0m/s, the amount of dust decreased along the bottom of the test section and the dust amount of the end of test section was the 35% of the initial; and when the wind speed was 3.0m/s, the amount of dust was relatively in a flat trend and in a range of 0.02~0.05g; microbial populations and dust quantity are positively related, when dust quantity improved 1 times, microorganism quantity can raise 2~3 times, the correlation between bacteria and dust amount was more significantly than fungi (Rbacteria> Rfungi),in the same sample bacteria was as two times as fungi; with relative humidity and temperature rising, microbial concentration declined, and the bacterial concentration was affected by relative humidity and temperature was generally higher than the large fungi (Rbacteria> Rfungi). Orthogonal concluded that the main factor of the microbial growth was temperature; but with a wind of 3.0 m/s conditions, the relative humidity is the main influence factor to the fungal growth.
引文
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[2]章熙民等.传热学(第二版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1985.
[3]赵菊恒,李安桂,舒春林.灰尘在风管中运动轨迹的数值模拟[C]// 2006全国暖通空调制冷学术年会.
[4] Fan lin. Cleaning of the air ducts of central air-conditioningimproves the indoor air quality [J]. Cleaning World,2004,20(4):14-18.
[5]马仁民.国外非工业建筑室内空气品质研究动态[J].暖通空调,1999(2).
[6]赵菊恒.尘粒在二维通道中输运特性的数值模拟[D].陕西:西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[7]张景,郑坤,李安桂.通风管道中颗粒沉积的实验研究[J].制冷与空调,2007(2).
[8] Batterman SA,Burge H. HVAC systems as emission sources affecting indoor air quality: a critical review. HVAC&R Research 1995(1):61–78.
[9]罗运有,曹勇等.空调通风系统清洗研究的进展与评述[J].建筑热能通风空调,2009,28(1):27-31.
[10] Fanger P O. Introduction of olf and the decipol units to quantify air pollution perceived by humans indoors and outdoors [J]. Energy and Buildings,1988,12(11):1-6.
[11] Crandall M S,Steber W K. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health indoor environmental evaluation experience, part one: building environmental evaluations [J]. Appl Occup Environ Hyg,1996,11(6):533-539.
[12] Klaus F. Effects of air handling and cleanliness of ventilation systems on indoor airquality[EB/OL].http://www.tu-berlin.de/fb6/hri/dokumente/publikationen/f74.pdf,2000.
[13] Krause J D,Hammad Y Y. Measuring the efficacy of mold remediation on contaminated ductwork. In: 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Wisconsin:The Printing House,Inc.,2002,Ⅱ,360-365.
[14] Clausen G. Ventilation filters and indoor air quality: a review of research from the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy [J]. Indoor Air,2004,14(7):202-207.
[15] Bluyssen P M,Cox C,Seppanen,et al. Why, when and how do HVAC systems pollute the indoor environment and what to do about it? The European AIRLESS project [J]. Building and Environment,2003,38(2):209-225.
[16] SUGAWARA Fumiko,MOROOKA Nobuhisa. Microbial Contamination in Ducts of Air Conditioning Systems [C]. Journal of Architecture , planning and environmental engineering,1997,493:55-60.
[17] Sugawara, F. Components of dust and microbial proliferation in ducts of air conditioning systems [C]. Healthy Buildings/IAQ '97,1997,1:535-568.
[18] John C S Chang,Karin K. Foard,Douglas W. Vamoosed. Assessment of fungal (Penicillium chrysogenum) Growth on three HVAC duct materials [J]. Environment International,1996,22(4):425-431.
[19] Stephen C. Wilson,Robert N. Palmatier,Larysa A. Andriychuk,et al. Mold Contamination and Air Handling Units [J]. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,2007,4(7):483-491.
[20] M?ritz M.,Rüden H. Filter contra SBS [J]. Clima Commerce International,1995,29(12):90-92.
[21]朱青松.矩形风管系统中颗粒物沉降速度的实验研究[D].湖南:湖南大学,2007.
[22]邹梅,候君,姜敏等.大连市公共场所集中空调通风管道系统的污染调查.预防医学情报杂志,2005,21(1):113-114.
[23]于航,徐文华.日本空调风管清扫业及相关研究现状.暖通空调,2003,23(4):48-50.
[24]刘燕敏,聂一新,张琳等.空调风系统的清洗对室内可吸入颗粒物和微生物的影响.暖通空调,2005,35(2):133-137.
[25]刘东,陈沛霖,季雷等.风管清洗:改善室内空气品质的有效方法.暖通空调2003,33(4):139-140.
[26]卢振,张吉礼,曹达君等.公共建筑集中空调系统微生物及颗粒物测试分析[J].暖通空调,2007,37(1):103-107.
[27]季增宝.集中空调循环冷却水系统微生物污染实态调查[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2009.
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