精密零件热膨胀及材料精确热膨胀系数研究
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摘要
现代科技迅速发展，使得精密工程的精度等级不断提高，已进入微纳米级水平。由于热变形对精度影响的重要性，所以对热变形影响机理和控制研究越来越受到国内外学者的关注。本文在国家自然科学基金“机械配合热变形误差的基础理论与应用技术研究”(项目编号：50075023)的支持下，同时参考台湾科学技术委员会的相关项目内容，在国内外热变形研究理论成果的基础上，对零件形体因素所引起的热变形及相关内容进行了系统深入的理论研究，建立了零件典型形体因素对热变形影响的数学模型，并通过实验给以论证。在此成果基础上，对材料精确热膨胀系数作了大量的理论和实验研究，为未来建立标准的精密工程中常用材料精确热膨胀系数提供了一定的参考依据。
本文主要工作和创新性成果包括：
本课题在吸收国内外热变形理论研究成果的基础上，通过热变形与力学模型的转换，对典型零件形体热变形规律进行深入的理论研究，对常见的方体、圆柱体、园环和球体等形体特征参数对零件的热变形影响给出了理论分析，首次推导建立了零件热变形规律的数学模型。
在典型零件形体热变形数学建模分析中，应用差分算法并进行了改进，将差分法发展成可得出形体热变形一般规律的解析法，有效的解决了热变形形体建模问题，为进一步研究复杂形体对零件热变形影响规律提供了一种算法。
对材料的精确热膨胀系数进行了全面与深化研究，分析了传统材料热膨胀系数的不足，给出了传统材料膨胀系数实用的精确定量评述和适用范围，提出了精确材料热膨胀系数相关问题的解决方法。同时对现行的几种材料热膨胀系数定义进行了系统分析，给出各种定义的材料热膨胀系数的精度范围，提供了在实践应用中选用原则和方法，该内容具有重要的实用价值。进一步对以圆柱体和球体为标准样件所定义的材料膨胀系数进行了理论分析，提出以圆球体为标准试件所测出的材料膨胀系数具有更好的科学性，为建立科学的精确热膨胀系数提供理论依据。
根据对热膨胀系数的理论研究成果，进一步研究了常用材料的精确膨胀系数，对本校选用的精密机械工程中常用的25种材料和台湾成功大学提供的16种(每种有4件尺寸不同的样件，共64件)材料的热膨胀系数变化规律进行了测定，给出了实用数表，并对其实验数据进行了分析比较，得出了材料精确热膨胀系数的主要结论，为今后进一步研究海峡两岸统一的材料精确热膨胀系数标准提供了良好依据。
合肥工业大学博士学位论文
研制成功了国内唯一的高精度三维热变形实验装置一均匀温度场高精度
实验装置，该装置具有恒温箱微机控制，高精度电感测头准确定位，微动三维
工作台和双频激光干涉仪热变形量测量系统，极大的提高了测量精度和测量适
用范围，扩展了其应用功能。其主要技术指标是:容积为820 x 528 x 85Omm3，
测温不确定度为0.02℃，微变形测量不确定度为士0.28声刀”。该实验装置的研
制成功为进一步在本方向的研究给以了设备保障。
关键词:热变形、热膨胀系数、热应力、热传导、差分法
With mechanical precision improving from micron scale to nanometer scale in modern times, scientists in world more and more pay attention to the influence of thermal deformation in precise process and precision instruments. Under thesustentation of NSFC(National Nature Science Foundation of China) project "theoretical and applied research of mechanical assort thermal deformation errors" (item number: 50075023) and Taiwan Science and Technology Committee project, This paper summarizes domestic and abroad thermal deformation achievements; .systematically studied mechanical parts' thermal deformation influenced by mechanical parts body factor; establishes thermal deformation mathematics model with mechanical parts body factors, and the model is demonstrated by experiments. On the basis of these achievements, the material precise coefficients of thermal expansion are deduced and a large number of experiments are made to prove these results. On the base of these theoretical and experimental achievements, the standard material precise coefficient of thermal expansion in precision engineering can advance further.The main contents and innovations of the dissertation include: On the basis of synthetically analysis about domestic and abroad achievements, by transforming thermal deformation and mechanics model, the rule of typical parts body's thermal deformation is researched, theoretical analysis on rules of square body, cylinder and sphere thermal deformation are given, and parts thermal deformation mathematics model is deduced for the first time.In the analysis of typical parts body thermal deformation mathematics model, the typical finite difference method is developed into an analysis method which can be used to acquired the general rule of the body thermal deformation, and this analysis method provides a kind of effectual arithmetic in researching parts thermal deformation with complex shape parts.This paper comprehensively studies material precise coefficient of thermal expansion, analyzes the defect of the traditional material coefficient of thermal expansion, demonstrates the quantitative evaluation and applicable scale of the precision under traditional material coefficient of thermal expansion, gives the solution to obtain material precise coefficient of thermal expansion. Meanwhile,
this paper analyzes several current definitions of material coefficient of thermal expansion, demonstrates the precision range with different coefficient definitions, gives the principle and method in the application and industry, and this theory possesses important practical value. We theoretically analyzes material coefficient of thermal expansion defined by the cylinder and sphere standard samples, the material coefficient by measuring sphere standard is more scientific. This paper establishes mathematics model of coefficient of thermal expansion with typical shape parts to provide theoretically basis for establishing more scientific precise coefficient of thermal expansion.This paper studies the changing rule of material coefficient of thermal expansion with different sample parts, including 25 kinds of general material in precision engineering and 16 kinds of material (one kind of material includes 4 different dimension samples, altogether 64 pieces) provided by Taiwan National Chengkung University, their coefficient was tested through experiments, as the information of the material precise coefficient of thermal deformation, these data were analyzed and the important theoretical achievements have acquired, those results will help establish the uniform standard material precise coefficient of thermal deformation.This paper develops high-precision three dimension thermal deformation experiment instrument ?even temperature field high-precision experiment instrument, it has constant temperature cabinet controlled by microcomputer, located by inductance measuring probes, three dimension jiggle desk and double-frequency laser interferometer measuring system, these function developed to enhance its applicability. The high-precision three
本文主要工作和创新性成果包括：
本课题在吸收国内外热变形理论研究成果的基础上，通过热变形与力学模型的转换，对典型零件形体热变形规律进行深入的理论研究，对常见的方体、圆柱体、园环和球体等形体特征参数对零件的热变形影响给出了理论分析，首次推导建立了零件热变形规律的数学模型。
在典型零件形体热变形数学建模分析中，应用差分算法并进行了改进，将差分法发展成可得出形体热变形一般规律的解析法，有效的解决了热变形形体建模问题，为进一步研究复杂形体对零件热变形影响规律提供了一种算法。
对材料的精确热膨胀系数进行了全面与深化研究，分析了传统材料热膨胀系数的不足，给出了传统材料膨胀系数实用的精确定量评述和适用范围，提出了精确材料热膨胀系数相关问题的解决方法。同时对现行的几种材料热膨胀系数定义进行了系统分析，给出各种定义的材料热膨胀系数的精度范围，提供了在实践应用中选用原则和方法，该内容具有重要的实用价值。进一步对以圆柱体和球体为标准样件所定义的材料膨胀系数进行了理论分析，提出以圆球体为标准试件所测出的材料膨胀系数具有更好的科学性，为建立科学的精确热膨胀系数提供理论依据。
根据对热膨胀系数的理论研究成果，进一步研究了常用材料的精确膨胀系数，对本校选用的精密机械工程中常用的25种材料和台湾成功大学提供的16种(每种有4件尺寸不同的样件，共64件)材料的热膨胀系数变化规律进行了测定，给出了实用数表，并对其实验数据进行了分析比较，得出了材料精确热膨胀系数的主要结论，为今后进一步研究海峡两岸统一的材料精确热膨胀系数标准提供了良好依据。
合肥工业大学博士学位论文
研制成功了国内唯一的高精度三维热变形实验装置一均匀温度场高精度
实验装置，该装置具有恒温箱微机控制，高精度电感测头准确定位，微动三维
工作台和双频激光干涉仪热变形量测量系统，极大的提高了测量精度和测量适
用范围，扩展了其应用功能。其主要技术指标是:容积为820 x 528 x 85Omm3，
测温不确定度为0.02℃，微变形测量不确定度为士0.28声刀”。该实验装置的研
制成功为进一步在本方向的研究给以了设备保障。
关键词:热变形、热膨胀系数、热应力、热传导、差分法
With mechanical precision improving from micron scale to nanometer scale in modern times, scientists in world more and more pay attention to the influence of thermal deformation in precise process and precision instruments. Under thesustentation of NSFC(National Nature Science Foundation of China) project "theoretical and applied research of mechanical assort thermal deformation errors" (item number: 50075023) and Taiwan Science and Technology Committee project, This paper summarizes domestic and abroad thermal deformation achievements; .systematically studied mechanical parts' thermal deformation influenced by mechanical parts body factor; establishes thermal deformation mathematics model with mechanical parts body factors, and the model is demonstrated by experiments. On the basis of these achievements, the material precise coefficients of thermal expansion are deduced and a large number of experiments are made to prove these results. On the base of these theoretical and experimental achievements, the standard material precise coefficient of thermal expansion in precision engineering can advance further.The main contents and innovations of the dissertation include: On the basis of synthetically analysis about domestic and abroad achievements, by transforming thermal deformation and mechanics model, the rule of typical parts body's thermal deformation is researched, theoretical analysis on rules of square body, cylinder and sphere thermal deformation are given, and parts thermal deformation mathematics model is deduced for the first time.In the analysis of typical parts body thermal deformation mathematics model, the typical finite difference method is developed into an analysis method which can be used to acquired the general rule of the body thermal deformation, and this analysis method provides a kind of effectual arithmetic in researching parts thermal deformation with complex shape parts.This paper comprehensively studies material precise coefficient of thermal expansion, analyzes the defect of the traditional material coefficient of thermal expansion, demonstrates the quantitative evaluation and applicable scale of the precision under traditional material coefficient of thermal expansion, gives the solution to obtain material precise coefficient of thermal expansion. Meanwhile,
this paper analyzes several current definitions of material coefficient of thermal expansion, demonstrates the precision range with different coefficient definitions, gives the principle and method in the application and industry, and this theory possesses important practical value. We theoretically analyzes material coefficient of thermal expansion defined by the cylinder and sphere standard samples, the material coefficient by measuring sphere standard is more scientific. This paper establishes mathematics model of coefficient of thermal expansion with typical shape parts to provide theoretically basis for establishing more scientific precise coefficient of thermal expansion.This paper studies the changing rule of material coefficient of thermal expansion with different sample parts, including 25 kinds of general material in precision engineering and 16 kinds of material (one kind of material includes 4 different dimension samples, altogether 64 pieces) provided by Taiwan National Chengkung University, their coefficient was tested through experiments, as the information of the material precise coefficient of thermal deformation, these data were analyzed and the important theoretical achievements have acquired, those results will help establish the uniform standard material precise coefficient of thermal deformation.This paper develops high-precision three dimension thermal deformation experiment instrument ?even temperature field high-precision experiment instrument, it has constant temperature cabinet controlled by microcomputer, located by inductance measuring probes, three dimension jiggle desk and double-frequency laser interferometer measuring system, these function developed to enhance its applicability. The high-precision three
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82．鹿安理等，一种降低残余应力的新方法—脉冲磁处理法，中国机械工程，1998，9(4)
83．李年，杜百平，机械加工残余应力对调质40CrNiMo钢疲劳特性的影响，中国机械工程， 1996，7(4)，99-102．
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47．苗恩铭，费业泰，阶梯轴热传导分析，应用科学学报，2003，21(3)，317-321
48．苗恩铭，费业泰，胡鹏浩，多支承发热轴温度分布数学模型的分析与研究，农业机械学报，2004，35(2)，2004，117-120
49．苗恩铭，费业泰，罗哉，瞬时薄壁件存在性的研究，农业机械学报，2004，35(3)，2004，117-119
50．苗恩铭，费业泰，轴类切削件时效处理后变形量数学建模的研究，农业机械学报，2004，35(4)，2004，148-150
51．罗哉，费业泰，苗恩铭，稳态温度场中孔形零件受热热变形研究，材料热处理学报，2004，25(2)，25-27
52．苗恩铭，张树强，费业泰，少点拟合微分热膨胀系数多项式法改进，中国机械工程(增刊)，2003
53．苗恩铭，费业泰，传统测量的热膨胀系数局限性论证，合肥工业大学，2002，25(5)，641-644
54．苗恩铭，费业泰，车刀前刀面温度的计算及参数调整，工具技术，2002， 36(12)， 19-20
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55．苗恩铭，费业泰，两种热膨胀系数热变形计算误差分析，工具技术，2003，37(9)， 43-44
56．苗恩铭，费业泰，金施群，精密丝杠加工误差数学模型分析，工具技术，2003，37(8)，11-14
57．苗恩铭，费业泰，赵静，温度、热量与热变形的关系及计算方法研究，工具技术，2003，37(7)，19-21
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61．苗恩铭，费业泰，机械中薄壁件存在的时间分析，测试技术学报，2003，17(2)， 150-152
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63．苗恩铭，费业泰，固体热膨胀系数实用解析，现代机械，2003，(2)，56-61
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73．方博武，金属冷热加工的残余应力，高等教育出版社，1991．7．
74. T.Terasaki, New Method For Estimating Residual Stress In Pipe Made By Surfacing Weld,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1995,117 (8), 365-379.
75. K.Y.Bae, S.J.Na and D. H. Park, A Study of Mechanical Stress Relief Treatment of Residual Stress for One-Pass Submerged Arc Welding of V-Ground Mild Steel Plate, Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 1994, 208(3), 139～ 142.
76
76. Y.S. Yang,S.J.Na,A Study on the Thermal and Residual Stresses by Welding and Laser Surface Harding Engineers, 1994,204 (3), 167～173.
77．喻学斌，张国定，C／Al复合材料热膨胀与内应力研究，复合材料学报，1997．1
78．[德]D．拉达伊，焊接热效应，机械工业出版社，1997
79．(日)平修二，热应力与热疲劳，国防工业出版社，1984．11．
80．田欣利等，陶瓷磨削表面残余应力的理论模型，中国机械工程，1999，10(7)
81．周建强等，陶瓷／硬质合金复合片残余应力分析，应用力学学报，第16卷第3期，1999，9
82．鹿安理等，一种降低残余应力的新方法—脉冲磁处理法，中国机械工程，1998，9(4)
83．李年，杜百平，机械加工残余应力对调质40CrNiMo钢疲劳特性的影响，中国机械工程， 1996，7(4)，99-102．
84. A. A. Famhmym and C.H.Chiang, The thermal Expansion Behavior Of Filament Wound Composite Tubes, Thermal expansion 8,275-282.
85. I.M. Dianiel, Thermal Deformation And Residual Stresses In Fiber Composites, Thermal Expansion 7,203-222.
86. Julius Jortner, Thermal Expansion And Mechanical Behavior of Graphite-Fibe Reinforced Tantalum-Carbide Composites, Thermal Deformation 6.
87. A.T.Calimbas and T.J.Delacy, Expansively Characterization of A Graphite-Reinforced Advanced Composite, Thermal Expansion 8.
88. R.Ramji Rao and A.Ramanand, Third-order Elastic Constants and Thermal Expansion of Scandium, Thermal Expansion 6.
89. J.W.Thomas, Jr.J.P.Singh, and D.P.H.Hasselman, Role of Thermal Stress Resistance of Semi-absorbing Brittle Materials Subjected to Severe Thermal Radiation, Thermal Expansion7.
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91. Lin. T.P., Hood.M.Cooper.G.A and Smith, R.H., Residual stresses in polycrystalline diamond compacts. Journal of American Ceramics Sociity, 1994
92．(日)竹内洋—郎著，郭延玮、李安定泽，热应力，科学出版社，1977．
93．杨世铭，传热学，人民教育出版社，1980
94．潘永祥，李慎，自然科学发展史纲要，北京：首都师范大学出版社，1996
95．黄炎，工程弹性力学，清华大学出版社，1982
96．王洪纲，热弹性力学概论。清华大学出版社，1989
97．铁摩辛柯，古地尔，弹性理论，高等教育出版社，1990年1月第1版
98．费业泰，误差理论与数据处理，机械工业出版社，1994
99．周秀银，误差理论与实验数据处理，北京航空学院出版社，1986
100．[苏]阿．依．马兹米什维里，误差理论与最小二乘法，煤炭工业出版社， 1984
10
101．祝同江，谈天民，工程数学——变分法，北京理工大学出版社，1994
102．唐开勇，机床导轨热变形及热应力的计算，机床与液压，2002，(4)，157-158
103．盛宏玉，高荣誉，非均匀变温时两端固支叠层闭口厚柱壳的热应力分析，工程力学，2000，17(4)，117-123
104．溪同庚，工程热物理学报，1981，(2)，181
105．王补宣，任泽需，工程物理学报，1981，(2)，262
106. J.E.Burke, Progres in Ceramic Science, 1962, (2), 181
107．金属材料热膨胀特性参数测量方法，中华人民共和国国家标准，GB4339-84
108. Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferometry, ASTM, Designation:E289-99
109. Bestimmung des mittleren thermischen Lngenausdehnungskoeffizienten, DIN ISO 7991:1998-02
110．卢荣胜，简单形体零件受温变形理论及其应用研究，合肥工业大学硕士论文，1994
111．刘永东，误差修正中零件材料精确热膨胀系数的研究，合肥工业大学硕士论文，1995
112．刘又午，盛伯浩等，．数控机床误差补偿技术及应用发展动态及展望[J]．制造技术与机床，1998，(12)，5-6
113．翁中杰等编，传热学，上海交通大学出版社，1987
114．俞昌铭编著，热传导及其数值分析，清华大学出版社，1981
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