三江源云杉矮槲寄生生物学特性及防治研究
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摘要
青海省是长江、黄河和澜沧江三大河流的发源地，是中国东部生态系统的天然屏障，对青藏高原以及全国的生态安全都具有重要影响。云杉是三江源天然原始林和次生林区的主要树种，近年来云杉矮槲寄生害在青海省危害非常严重，已成为三江源地区云杉天然原始林和次生林区的严重病害，既带来了经济损失，更带来了严重的生态危害。
本文对青海省黄南州麦秀林场的云杉矮槲寄生从生物学特性、种子动态、对寄主的危害性及其化学防治等几方面做了研究，主要结果如下：
1、云杉矮槲寄生的生活史可分为传播、定植、潜伏、繁殖四个时期，种子成熟后，依靠果实内液体的压力将种子弹射出去，种子粘在寄主植株上，种子的胚根伸入到寄主的皮层下，形成内部寄生植物系统，在第二年春天开始产生枝芽。云杉矮槲寄生持续地产生寄生芽和花，进而产生果实、种子，通过种子的弹射和传播，进行新的侵染。在青海省黄南州麦秀林场，云杉矮槲寄生植株在四月份开始向外抽发植株芽，五月下旬出现雄花，六月进入盛花期，七月初出现果实，八月末九月初果实成熟脱落，种子弹射出去。
2、林分的郁闭度与寄生害侵染发病的严重程度有很大的关系，随着林分郁闭度的增大，受云杉矮槲寄生侵染的发病率越低，病情指数也下降，当郁闭度达到0.7以上时，云杉林中几乎没有寄生害的危害。但当林分的郁闭度在0.3以下时，随着郁闭度的减少，发病率和病情指数反而减小。
3、云杉矮槲寄生种子在青海省黄南州麦秀林场的弹射时间主要集中在每年的八月下旬至九月中旬，最大雨强为124粒／m~2·天。不同阶段种子雨在雨强、雨量等方面都有明显差异，其中高峰期的种子雨量几乎占总雨量的90％。大部分集中在3～7m，此距离下的种子雨强度占总雨量的70％左右，最大雨量是距种子树4～5 m的位置，并向两边逐渐减少。
4、通过树干解析方法得出病级与云杉树高、径、材积平均年生长量的关系，比较各病级对云杉生长指标的影响。当病害达到Ⅲ时，已从各个方面对树木造成严重危害，即已达到危害指标。
5、利用除草剂对云杉矮槲寄生芽防除药剂筛选试验的结果显示，浓度为1∶100的900克／升禾耐斯乳油对云杉矮槲寄生芽的防除效果最好，其防效最高可达100％。利用植物激素促使云杉矮槲寄生果实提前脱落药剂筛选试验得出，浓度为1∶200的40％乙烯利水剂在促使果实提前脱落效果最好，其防效最高可达100％。
Qinghai province is the origin place of YangTze River, Yellow River and Lancang-Mekong River. It is the natural barrier for the eastern ecological system in China, and has a strong effect on the ecological environment security for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the whole country. Dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast) is the major tree species of natural forest and secondary forest in Qinghai province. However, the Arceuthobium sichuanense (H. S. Kiu) Hawksworth & Wiens causes severe damage to this tree species during recent years, and has become a devastating disease to Picea asperata. Moreover, this disease also causes economic losses, and poses threat to the ecological environment.
In this study, the biological characteristics and the seed dynamics of A. sichuanense as well as its damage to the hosts were investigated. Meanwhile, the effects of chemicals on the A. sichuanense were also studied. The main results are listed below:
1. The life cycle of A. sichuanense consists of four developmental stages, including spreading, plantation, incubation and reproduction. After maturation, the seeds of A. sichuanense are ejected out of the fruits by the internal pressure from watery sap, and stick to the stem of the hosts, in which the pathogen, in turn, accomplish the establishment of inner host-pathogen system by spreading their embryonic roots into the cortical layer of host stems. In spring of the next year, A. sichuanense endures the production of parasitic buds and flowers, and of the fruits and seeds, by which a new cycle of infection is caused. At the Maixiu forest stand in Huangnanzhou of Qinghai province, A. sichuanense starts the shooting in April and the production of female flowers in May, and then develops to the stage of full bloom in June. It accomplishes fruiting in July, and finally develops to mature fruits at the turn of August and September, during which the seeds are ejected out of the fruits, and starts a new cycle of infection.
2. The damage severity of A. sichuanense was closely associated with the forest crown closure. It decreased along with the increase in the forest crown closure, and the disease index finally turned to zero when the forest crown closure was > 0.7. Interestingly, the disease index decreased along with the reduction in the forest crown closure when it was < 0.3.
3. The experiment of seed rain was conducted to reveal the dynamic characteristics of seeds at distinct time-point and on various spatial positions. The results indicated that the ejection of seeds mainly took place during the period from the late August to the middle September, with the maximum rain density of 124 seeds per square meter a day. There were significant variations in the seed density and seed number at different developmental stages, and 90% of the seeds were ejected in the climax,and 70% of the seeds were distributed in the circle area of 3-7 m away from the trees. The area with the maximum seed density was 4~5 m away from the infected trees.
4. Stem analysis was performed to identify the relationship between the disease index and the average annual growth in height, diameter and mass, and effects of disease index on the growth of dragon spruce. The grade III disease was severe enough to affect the trees at respective traits.
5. Analyzing the effects of herbicide on the A. sichuanense showed the treatment with a 100-fold dilution harness solution (900 g/L) had the best activity against the pathogens, with an effective rate 100%. The analysis of effects of plant hormone on the abscission of fruits demonstrated that the treatment with a 200-fold dilution ethylene solution (40%) achieved the best the effects in enhancing the fruit abscission, and in controlling the A. sichuanense with an effective rate 100%.
本文对青海省黄南州麦秀林场的云杉矮槲寄生从生物学特性、种子动态、对寄主的危害性及其化学防治等几方面做了研究，主要结果如下：
1、云杉矮槲寄生的生活史可分为传播、定植、潜伏、繁殖四个时期，种子成熟后，依靠果实内液体的压力将种子弹射出去，种子粘在寄主植株上，种子的胚根伸入到寄主的皮层下，形成内部寄生植物系统，在第二年春天开始产生枝芽。云杉矮槲寄生持续地产生寄生芽和花，进而产生果实、种子，通过种子的弹射和传播，进行新的侵染。在青海省黄南州麦秀林场，云杉矮槲寄生植株在四月份开始向外抽发植株芽，五月下旬出现雄花，六月进入盛花期，七月初出现果实，八月末九月初果实成熟脱落，种子弹射出去。
2、林分的郁闭度与寄生害侵染发病的严重程度有很大的关系，随着林分郁闭度的增大，受云杉矮槲寄生侵染的发病率越低，病情指数也下降，当郁闭度达到0.7以上时，云杉林中几乎没有寄生害的危害。但当林分的郁闭度在0.3以下时，随着郁闭度的减少，发病率和病情指数反而减小。
3、云杉矮槲寄生种子在青海省黄南州麦秀林场的弹射时间主要集中在每年的八月下旬至九月中旬，最大雨强为124粒／m~2·天。不同阶段种子雨在雨强、雨量等方面都有明显差异，其中高峰期的种子雨量几乎占总雨量的90％。大部分集中在3～7m，此距离下的种子雨强度占总雨量的70％左右，最大雨量是距种子树4～5 m的位置，并向两边逐渐减少。
4、通过树干解析方法得出病级与云杉树高、径、材积平均年生长量的关系，比较各病级对云杉生长指标的影响。当病害达到Ⅲ时，已从各个方面对树木造成严重危害，即已达到危害指标。
5、利用除草剂对云杉矮槲寄生芽防除药剂筛选试验的结果显示，浓度为1∶100的900克／升禾耐斯乳油对云杉矮槲寄生芽的防除效果最好，其防效最高可达100％。利用植物激素促使云杉矮槲寄生果实提前脱落药剂筛选试验得出，浓度为1∶200的40％乙烯利水剂在促使果实提前脱落效果最好，其防效最高可达100％。
Qinghai province is the origin place of YangTze River, Yellow River and Lancang-Mekong River. It is the natural barrier for the eastern ecological system in China, and has a strong effect on the ecological environment security for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the whole country. Dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast) is the major tree species of natural forest and secondary forest in Qinghai province. However, the Arceuthobium sichuanense (H. S. Kiu) Hawksworth & Wiens causes severe damage to this tree species during recent years, and has become a devastating disease to Picea asperata. Moreover, this disease also causes economic losses, and poses threat to the ecological environment.
In this study, the biological characteristics and the seed dynamics of A. sichuanense as well as its damage to the hosts were investigated. Meanwhile, the effects of chemicals on the A. sichuanense were also studied. The main results are listed below:
1. The life cycle of A. sichuanense consists of four developmental stages, including spreading, plantation, incubation and reproduction. After maturation, the seeds of A. sichuanense are ejected out of the fruits by the internal pressure from watery sap, and stick to the stem of the hosts, in which the pathogen, in turn, accomplish the establishment of inner host-pathogen system by spreading their embryonic roots into the cortical layer of host stems. In spring of the next year, A. sichuanense endures the production of parasitic buds and flowers, and of the fruits and seeds, by which a new cycle of infection is caused. At the Maixiu forest stand in Huangnanzhou of Qinghai province, A. sichuanense starts the shooting in April and the production of female flowers in May, and then develops to the stage of full bloom in June. It accomplishes fruiting in July, and finally develops to mature fruits at the turn of August and September, during which the seeds are ejected out of the fruits, and starts a new cycle of infection.
2. The damage severity of A. sichuanense was closely associated with the forest crown closure. It decreased along with the increase in the forest crown closure, and the disease index finally turned to zero when the forest crown closure was > 0.7. Interestingly, the disease index decreased along with the reduction in the forest crown closure when it was < 0.3.
3. The experiment of seed rain was conducted to reveal the dynamic characteristics of seeds at distinct time-point and on various spatial positions. The results indicated that the ejection of seeds mainly took place during the period from the late August to the middle September, with the maximum rain density of 124 seeds per square meter a day. There were significant variations in the seed density and seed number at different developmental stages, and 90% of the seeds were ejected in the climax,and 70% of the seeds were distributed in the circle area of 3-7 m away from the trees. The area with the maximum seed density was 4~5 m away from the infected trees.
4. Stem analysis was performed to identify the relationship between the disease index and the average annual growth in height, diameter and mass, and effects of disease index on the growth of dragon spruce. The grade III disease was severe enough to affect the trees at respective traits.
5. Analyzing the effects of herbicide on the A. sichuanense showed the treatment with a 100-fold dilution harness solution (900 g/L) had the best activity against the pathogens, with an effective rate 100%. The analysis of effects of plant hormone on the abscission of fruits demonstrated that the treatment with a 200-fold dilution ethylene solution (40%) achieved the best the effects in enhancing the fruit abscission, and in controlling the A. sichuanense with an effective rate 100%.
引文
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