X村镇银行信贷风险管理研究
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摘要
伴随着我国农村综合改革的不断深化,农村地区的经济发展日渐呈现一些新的特点,农户对金融服务需求也相应出现了一些新的变化和发展。同时国有四大银行(工、农、中、建)的业务范围随着中国金融改革的不断推进也逐渐向城市收拢,专注于支持“三农”经济发展的金融服务机构严重缺乏。在此背景下,以服务“三农”,促进县域经济发展的村镇银行应运而生。河南省X村镇银行自成立至今凭借其自身规模小、管理严、权限高、经营灵活且效率高的特点在丰富和完善当地农村金融体系,规范和强化该县域融资机制等方面的积极作用日渐凸显,但由于X村镇银行作为一种新兴的农村金融机构,自身起步较晚、根基浅、信贷风险管理水平低,加之当地农村信用状况复杂等原因,其面临较为严峻的信贷风险,而内在信贷风险程度越高,信贷风险管理难度大,信贷风险问题越容易突出。
首先,通过从优势、弱势、机遇和挑战四个方面深度剖析X村镇银行的发展环境,并结合相关数据对其基本经营情况加以分析概述,宏观展现X村镇银行的实际经营现状和发展潜力。然后,概述X村镇银行当前的主要的信贷产品和信贷业务模式,并且从X村镇银行内、外部方面对X村镇银行面临的信贷风险进行分析,找出其在贷款利率定价方法、农户信用评级体系、信贷人才队伍建设等方面的不足。最后,针对X村镇银行信贷风险管理存在的不足,从外部保障机制和内控机制建设,以及利用现代信息技术防范信贷风险,积极完善农村征信基础数据库建设等方面因地制宜的提出具有建设意义的风险管理策略,从点到面,探索针对我国村镇银行信贷风险特征的信用管理新模式。
总之,基于X村镇银行的目前的实际经营情况和技术条件,若想使X村镇银行的风险管理水平有质的飞跃：提高银行内部全体员工的风险管理意识,积极营造良好的内控文化氛围是核心；加快金融专业人才队伍的建设和现代信息技术的应用,建立科学的贷款浮动利率,丰富信贷服务产品和担保方式是关键；加强农村信用的法制建设和外部监管体系建设,健全农业信贷风险补偿机制是保障。
Along with the deepening of China's comprehensive rural reform, the economic development of the rural areas of China increasingly presents some new features. Accordingly, the demand of farmer households for financial services changes and develops. With the continuous progress of China's financial reform, four state-owned companies (ICBC, ABC, BOC, CCB) close up their scope of business to urban economy. As a result, financial services focusing on serving agriculture, farmers and rural areas are in serious demand. In this context, village banks, aiming to serve agriculture, farmers and rural areas and propel country economy, came into being. X village bank in Henan Province depend on its own small-scale, strict management, high privileges, operating flexibility and high efficiency characteristics of the positive role enrich and improve the local rural financial system, norms and financing mechanisms to strengthen the county increasingly prominent, but because X village bank as a new rural financial institutions, own a late start, the foundation is shallow, low level of credit risk management, coupled with the complex situation of the local rural credit and other reasons, it faces a tougher credit risk, credit risk inherent in The higher the degree of credit risk management is difficult, and the problem of credit risk, the easier.
First, taking X village bank in as object of study, this paper takes a macroscopic view to reveal the overall ability and actual operational status by giving an overview of the recent business at present stage and setting up a SWOT model for a deeper analysis of development environment and actual operation income. Then a credit risk analysis is conducted from the internal and external perspective on the X village bank and an overview of actual credit risk management within the banks is generated. At last, based on credit risk management shortcomings and the actual conditions of X village bank, this paper proposes a constructive risk management strategy in the light of local conditions external security mechanisms and internal control mechanisms combined with modern information technology to guard against credit risk and to actively improve the process of basic database construction for rural credit information.
In short, based on the X village bank the actual operating conditions and technical conditions, If you want to make a qualitative leap in the X village bank's risk management:improve the awareness of all staff of the bank's internal risk management, and actively create a good internal control culture is the core; speed up the construction of the financial team of professionals and the application of modern information technology, to establish a scientific loan floating interest rates, abundant credit services products and by way of security is the key; strengthen the legal construction of rural credit and external regulatory system, improve the agricultural credit risk compensation mechanisms the guarantee.
首先,通过从优势、弱势、机遇和挑战四个方面深度剖析X村镇银行的发展环境,并结合相关数据对其基本经营情况加以分析概述,宏观展现X村镇银行的实际经营现状和发展潜力。然后,概述X村镇银行当前的主要的信贷产品和信贷业务模式,并且从X村镇银行内、外部方面对X村镇银行面临的信贷风险进行分析,找出其在贷款利率定价方法、农户信用评级体系、信贷人才队伍建设等方面的不足。最后,针对X村镇银行信贷风险管理存在的不足,从外部保障机制和内控机制建设,以及利用现代信息技术防范信贷风险,积极完善农村征信基础数据库建设等方面因地制宜的提出具有建设意义的风险管理策略,从点到面,探索针对我国村镇银行信贷风险特征的信用管理新模式。
总之,基于X村镇银行的目前的实际经营情况和技术条件,若想使X村镇银行的风险管理水平有质的飞跃：提高银行内部全体员工的风险管理意识,积极营造良好的内控文化氛围是核心；加快金融专业人才队伍的建设和现代信息技术的应用,建立科学的贷款浮动利率,丰富信贷服务产品和担保方式是关键；加强农村信用的法制建设和外部监管体系建设,健全农业信贷风险补偿机制是保障。
Along with the deepening of China's comprehensive rural reform, the economic development of the rural areas of China increasingly presents some new features. Accordingly, the demand of farmer households for financial services changes and develops. With the continuous progress of China's financial reform, four state-owned companies (ICBC, ABC, BOC, CCB) close up their scope of business to urban economy. As a result, financial services focusing on serving agriculture, farmers and rural areas are in serious demand. In this context, village banks, aiming to serve agriculture, farmers and rural areas and propel country economy, came into being. X village bank in Henan Province depend on its own small-scale, strict management, high privileges, operating flexibility and high efficiency characteristics of the positive role enrich and improve the local rural financial system, norms and financing mechanisms to strengthen the county increasingly prominent, but because X village bank as a new rural financial institutions, own a late start, the foundation is shallow, low level of credit risk management, coupled with the complex situation of the local rural credit and other reasons, it faces a tougher credit risk, credit risk inherent in The higher the degree of credit risk management is difficult, and the problem of credit risk, the easier.
First, taking X village bank in as object of study, this paper takes a macroscopic view to reveal the overall ability and actual operational status by giving an overview of the recent business at present stage and setting up a SWOT model for a deeper analysis of development environment and actual operation income. Then a credit risk analysis is conducted from the internal and external perspective on the X village bank and an overview of actual credit risk management within the banks is generated. At last, based on credit risk management shortcomings and the actual conditions of X village bank, this paper proposes a constructive risk management strategy in the light of local conditions external security mechanisms and internal control mechanisms combined with modern information technology to guard against credit risk and to actively improve the process of basic database construction for rural credit information.
In short, based on the X village bank the actual operating conditions and technical conditions, If you want to make a qualitative leap in the X village bank's risk management:improve the awareness of all staff of the bank's internal risk management, and actively create a good internal control culture is the core; speed up the construction of the financial team of professionals and the application of modern information technology, to establish a scientific loan floating interest rates, abundant credit services products and by way of security is the key; strengthen the legal construction of rural credit and external regulatory system, improve the agricultural credit risk compensation mechanisms the guarantee.
引文
1 王迎才.李文建.李香颖等.对东营市发展村镇银行的探讨：[N].中国石油大学学报(社会科学版),2009
2 刘文璞..张保民.孙同全等.小额信贷管理中国村[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011
3 沈全峰.探讨村镇银行发展过程中的问题及建议-以郏县广天村镇银行为例：[N].企业导报,2011，(9)：7-9
6 胡忠良.村镇银行的信贷风险及防范路径生：[J].生产力研究,2011
7 赵莹.农村信用社利率定价模型实证：[J].经济研究导刊,2011,(8)：120-121
[1]吴少新.许传华.张国亮等.中国村镇银行发展的长效机制研究[M].湖北：人民出版社,2010.103-119
[2]刘玲玲.杨思群.赵冬青等.中国农村金融发展研究[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008.162-165
[3]熊学萍.中国农户融资制度变迁与征信体系建设研究亮[M].北京：科学出版社,2012.122-135
[4]李树生.何广文等.中国农村金融创新研究[M].北京：中国金融出版社,2008.67-69
[5]祁敬宇.中国农村金融的协调发展及其监管[M].北京：中国金融出版社,2010.73-80
[6]周脉伏.成琴.葛大江.信贷风险管理[M].四川：西南财经大学出版社,2009.142-151
[7]刘文璞.张保民.孙同全等.小额信贷管理中国村[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011.186-201
[8]周小川.关于农村金融改革的几点思路[J]经济学动态,2004,(8)23-25
[9]穆罕默德·尤努斯.乡村银行的经验与反思[M].社会科学文献出版社,1996.103-119
[10]付忠财.村镇银行信贷风险管理探讨[D].[硕士学位论文].四川：西南财经大学,2008.31-37
[11]杨冰洁.农村信用社小额信贷风险问题研究-以邵阳市为例[D].[硕士学位论文].湖南：湖南农业大学,2009.41-43
[12]廖可炎.祁阳村镇银行贷款模式研究[D].[博士学位论文].湖南：湖南大学,2009.57-60
[13]藏洪喜.中国村镇银行的困境与对策研-以江都吉银村镇银行为例[D].[硕士学位论文].吉林：吉林大学,2011.15-18
[14]吴俊光.漳州农村信用社小额信贷现状与发展对策研究[D].[硕士学位论文].福建：农林大学,2010.21-24
[15]丁灿.仙桃北农商村镇银行可持续发展研究[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农林大学,2011.15-18
[16]李鸿建.村镇银行生存困境和制度重构—基于全国3家村镇银行的调查：[J].银行管理,2010,(4)：29-31
[17]胡忠良.村镇银行的信贷风险及防范路径生：[J].生产力研究,2011,(1)：67-68
[18]沈全峰.探讨村镇银行发展过程中的问题及建议-以郏县广天村镇银行为例：[N].企业导报,2011,(9)：7-9
[19]于丽红.陈霞.村镇银行的信贷风险管理：[J].生产力研究,2011,(1)：70-71
[20]张儒雅.村镇银行发展的SWOT分析及其可持续发展策略：[N].河南商业高等专科学 校学报,2011,(1)：64～66
[21]邹力宏.我国村镇银行的市场定位分析：[J].金融与经济,2008,(4)：71～73
[22]陈英兆.村镇银行可持续发展的路径选择-对保定市唐县汇泽村镇银行的个案分析：[J].河北金融,2012,(6)：37-39
[23]李青.商业银行信贷风险管理-基于信息不对称条件下的分析：[J].中国集体经济.2012,(2)：99-101
[24]赵莹.农村信用社利率定价模型实证：[J].经济研究导刊,2011,(8)：120-121
[25]佘传奇.韦永忠.刘军邹.我国农村金融存在的问题及对策：[N].江西金融职工大学学报,2008,(4)
[26]关淑芝.我国农村小额信用贷款问题和对策：[J].商业经济,2010,(13)：118-119
[27]朱岚.我国村镇银行可持续发展的研究思考：[J].金融视线,2011,(5)：36～39
[28]林毅夫.金融改革和农村经济发展：[Z].北京大学中国经济研究中心工作论文,2003,No.C2003026
[29]王迎才.李文建.李香颖等.对东营市发展村镇银行的探讨：[N].中国石油大学学报(社会科学版),2009,(6)
[30]Mark Schreiner. Credit Scoring for Microfinance:[J]. Microfinance Risk Management,2005(9):93-95
[31]Wright Graham. Microfinance Systems:Designing Quality Financial Services for the Poor [J]. Economist,2006(4):42-43
2 刘文璞..张保民.孙同全等.小额信贷管理中国村[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011
3 沈全峰.探讨村镇银行发展过程中的问题及建议-以郏县广天村镇银行为例：[N].企业导报,2011，(9)：7-9
6 胡忠良.村镇银行的信贷风险及防范路径生：[J].生产力研究,2011
7 赵莹.农村信用社利率定价模型实证：[J].经济研究导刊,2011,(8)：120-121
[1]吴少新.许传华.张国亮等.中国村镇银行发展的长效机制研究[M].湖北：人民出版社,2010.103-119
[2]刘玲玲.杨思群.赵冬青等.中国农村金融发展研究[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008.162-165
[3]熊学萍.中国农户融资制度变迁与征信体系建设研究亮[M].北京：科学出版社,2012.122-135
[4]李树生.何广文等.中国农村金融创新研究[M].北京：中国金融出版社,2008.67-69
[5]祁敬宇.中国农村金融的协调发展及其监管[M].北京：中国金融出版社,2010.73-80
[6]周脉伏.成琴.葛大江.信贷风险管理[M].四川：西南财经大学出版社,2009.142-151
[7]刘文璞.张保民.孙同全等.小额信贷管理中国村[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011.186-201
[8]周小川.关于农村金融改革的几点思路[J]经济学动态,2004,(8)23-25
[9]穆罕默德·尤努斯.乡村银行的经验与反思[M].社会科学文献出版社,1996.103-119
[10]付忠财.村镇银行信贷风险管理探讨[D].[硕士学位论文].四川：西南财经大学,2008.31-37
[11]杨冰洁.农村信用社小额信贷风险问题研究-以邵阳市为例[D].[硕士学位论文].湖南：湖南农业大学,2009.41-43
[12]廖可炎.祁阳村镇银行贷款模式研究[D].[博士学位论文].湖南：湖南大学,2009.57-60
[13]藏洪喜.中国村镇银行的困境与对策研-以江都吉银村镇银行为例[D].[硕士学位论文].吉林：吉林大学,2011.15-18
[14]吴俊光.漳州农村信用社小额信贷现状与发展对策研究[D].[硕士学位论文].福建：农林大学,2010.21-24
[15]丁灿.仙桃北农商村镇银行可持续发展研究[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农林大学,2011.15-18
[16]李鸿建.村镇银行生存困境和制度重构—基于全国3家村镇银行的调查：[J].银行管理,2010,(4)：29-31
[17]胡忠良.村镇银行的信贷风险及防范路径生：[J].生产力研究,2011,(1)：67-68
[18]沈全峰.探讨村镇银行发展过程中的问题及建议-以郏县广天村镇银行为例：[N].企业导报,2011,(9)：7-9
[19]于丽红.陈霞.村镇银行的信贷风险管理：[J].生产力研究,2011,(1)：70-71
[20]张儒雅.村镇银行发展的SWOT分析及其可持续发展策略：[N].河南商业高等专科学 校学报,2011,(1)：64～66
[21]邹力宏.我国村镇银行的市场定位分析：[J].金融与经济,2008,(4)：71～73
[22]陈英兆.村镇银行可持续发展的路径选择-对保定市唐县汇泽村镇银行的个案分析：[J].河北金融,2012,(6)：37-39
[23]李青.商业银行信贷风险管理-基于信息不对称条件下的分析：[J].中国集体经济.2012,(2)：99-101
[24]赵莹.农村信用社利率定价模型实证：[J].经济研究导刊,2011,(8)：120-121
[25]佘传奇.韦永忠.刘军邹.我国农村金融存在的问题及对策：[N].江西金融职工大学学报,2008,(4)
[26]关淑芝.我国农村小额信用贷款问题和对策：[J].商业经济,2010,(13)：118-119
[27]朱岚.我国村镇银行可持续发展的研究思考：[J].金融视线,2011,(5)：36～39
[28]林毅夫.金融改革和农村经济发展：[Z].北京大学中国经济研究中心工作论文,2003,No.C2003026
[29]王迎才.李文建.李香颖等.对东营市发展村镇银行的探讨：[N].中国石油大学学报(社会科学版),2009,(6)
[30]Mark Schreiner. Credit Scoring for Microfinance:[J]. Microfinance Risk Management,2005(9):93-95
[31]Wright Graham. Microfinance Systems:Designing Quality Financial Services for the Poor [J]. Economist,2006(4):42-43