新型高效热管式空调系统节能装置研究
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摘要
由于空调系统新风、排风的距离较远，应用传统的能量回收装置需要建造较长的气体输送管道使得冷、热气体汇聚到同一地点进行热交换，这不仅是不经济的，且在实际工程中几乎不可行。据此，本文提出一种新型高效热管空调系统节能装置——传热效率较高的分离式热管换热回收器。将分离式热管用于空调系统排风的能量回收，巧妙利用分离式热管的特点，既可避免大流量气体迁移导致的复杂管路设计，又能有效回收排风中的低品位能量，减少了制冷、制热设备的制冷、制热量，从而达到节能的目的。
本文对分离式热管的整体热量传递特性及冷凝段的冷凝换热进行了由浅入深的理论分析和实验研究。针对分离式热管换热器的结构特点、工作原理及其实际应用条件，以单根热管作为分析换热器热量传递特性的物理模型，结合传热过程分析，采用前人的经验公式，分段处理分离式热管的能量传递参数，建立了数学模型，并用Visual Basic语言编制计算机程序进行了冷凝换热系数和不同蒸发温度时最佳充液率的求解，为分离式热管能量传递特性分析提供了一个有效的手段。
针对冷凝段的换热特点，参照Nusselt理论建立流动模型，分析得到冷凝换热系数的无因次数关联式，得到初步理论解。排风温度、排风量、工作温度(蒸发温度)、充液率均对分离式热管冷凝换热有较大影响，本文针对以上因素分别进行了实验测试，并得到相应的结论，为工程实际应用提供了科学依据。同时，也对其经济性进行了分析，并与转轮全热交换器进行了比较。
Owing to the distance between fresh air and exhaust air, conventional energy recovery equipments need to build long air pipes to bring cold air and hot air together for energy exchange, which is not cost-effective or practicable. Thus the paper has proposed separated type heat pipe be applied to the energy recovery in air condition system, which is able to avoid complex pipe design led by large amount fluid transfer and recover efficiently low quality energy in exhaust air. Separated type heat pipes in air condition systems can reduce the load of the refrigerator and heater, which is energy saving.
In this paper, a theoretical and experimental investigation on the whole energy transportation and condensation performance of the condensation section was conducted. First, based on the structure, working principle and application condition of the separated type heat pipe, taking single heat pipe as physical model for analysis, combined with analysis of heat transfer, adopting some experience formulas, a mathematical model was developed. The program was put forward by virtue of Visual Basic. The program put out results on heat transfer coefficient of the condensation section and on optimum charge at different working temperature. The model has provided an effective method for analysis of the problem.
Secondly, based on Nusselt's theory and the characteristics of the heat transfer in the condensation section, the analysis was conducted and the fundamental theoretical solution was established. The temperature of exhaust, the flux of exhaust, the temperature of the evaporation section and the amount of working fluid have the influence on heat transfer of the evaporation section. At last, the experiment was conducted measuring the degree of the influence. On the basis of the experiment data, some results were discussed and some conclusions was erected. The solution has provided scientific basis for application of the separated type heat pipe. Furthermore, It calculates the value of saved exhaust air energy and its economic efficiency, as well as compares heat pipe heat exchanger with rotary total heat recovery system.
本文对分离式热管的整体热量传递特性及冷凝段的冷凝换热进行了由浅入深的理论分析和实验研究。针对分离式热管换热器的结构特点、工作原理及其实际应用条件，以单根热管作为分析换热器热量传递特性的物理模型，结合传热过程分析，采用前人的经验公式，分段处理分离式热管的能量传递参数，建立了数学模型，并用Visual Basic语言编制计算机程序进行了冷凝换热系数和不同蒸发温度时最佳充液率的求解，为分离式热管能量传递特性分析提供了一个有效的手段。
针对冷凝段的换热特点，参照Nusselt理论建立流动模型，分析得到冷凝换热系数的无因次数关联式，得到初步理论解。排风温度、排风量、工作温度(蒸发温度)、充液率均对分离式热管冷凝换热有较大影响，本文针对以上因素分别进行了实验测试，并得到相应的结论，为工程实际应用提供了科学依据。同时，也对其经济性进行了分析，并与转轮全热交换器进行了比较。
Owing to the distance between fresh air and exhaust air, conventional energy recovery equipments need to build long air pipes to bring cold air and hot air together for energy exchange, which is not cost-effective or practicable. Thus the paper has proposed separated type heat pipe be applied to the energy recovery in air condition system, which is able to avoid complex pipe design led by large amount fluid transfer and recover efficiently low quality energy in exhaust air. Separated type heat pipes in air condition systems can reduce the load of the refrigerator and heater, which is energy saving.
In this paper, a theoretical and experimental investigation on the whole energy transportation and condensation performance of the condensation section was conducted. First, based on the structure, working principle and application condition of the separated type heat pipe, taking single heat pipe as physical model for analysis, combined with analysis of heat transfer, adopting some experience formulas, a mathematical model was developed. The program was put forward by virtue of Visual Basic. The program put out results on heat transfer coefficient of the condensation section and on optimum charge at different working temperature. The model has provided an effective method for analysis of the problem.
Secondly, based on Nusselt's theory and the characteristics of the heat transfer in the condensation section, the analysis was conducted and the fundamental theoretical solution was established. The temperature of exhaust, the flux of exhaust, the temperature of the evaporation section and the amount of working fluid have the influence on heat transfer of the evaporation section. At last, the experiment was conducted measuring the degree of the influence. On the basis of the experiment data, some results were discussed and some conclusions was erected. The solution has provided scientific basis for application of the separated type heat pipe. Furthermore, It calculates the value of saved exhaust air energy and its economic efficiency, as well as compares heat pipe heat exchanger with rotary total heat recovery system.
引文
1 Gaugler R S. Heat transfer device. U.S. Patent. 2350348, Dec.21, 1942, June6,1944
2 Grover G M, Cotter T P And Erikson GF. Structure of very high thermal conductance. J. Appl. Phys,1964, 35(6)
3 Cotter T P. Theory of heat pipes. Los Alamos Scientific Lab: Report No.LA-3246-MS, 1965
4 Dunn P, Reay D A. Heat Pipes. Pergamon Press, 1978
5 Tien C L, Sun K H. Minimum meniscus radius of heat pipe wicking materials, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,1971,14 (11)
6 Gray V H. The rotating heat pipe, a wickless hollow shaft for transferring high heat fluxes. ASME Paper No.69-HT 19.1969
7 庄骏，张红．热管技术及其工程应用．北京：化学工业出版社，2000
8 Litwin DA, Mccurley J. Proc.4th Int. Heat Pipe Conf..1981.
9 Cotter T P. Pricipies and Prospects of Micro heat pipes. Proc. 5th Int. Heat Pipe Conf.. Tsukuba, Japan: 1984
10 Ma T Z, Jiang Z Y Hear Pipe Research and Development in China. Proc. 5th Int. Heat Pipe Conf.. Tsukuba, Japan: 1984
11 庄骏，张红．2010年热管技术展望[J]．化工机械，1998，25(1)
12 [英]P．D邓恩D．A，雷伊著，周梅云译．热管[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1982
13 牟楷．分离式热管的研究与应用．第八届全国热管会议论文集．2001年
14 王越，陈东，刘振义，徐尧润．国内分离式热管概况与热环研究的小结及展望．节能技术．2000，5(3)
15 庄骏．热管与热管换热器[M]．上海：上海交通人学出版社，1989
16 姚文江，陈建良．空调系统用热管换热器使用设计中的几个问题．第八届全国热管会议论文集．2001年．
17 杜恺，张建成．分离式热管回热器用于热泵干燥系统传热分析．中国电机工程学报．2001，21(12)
18 张红，张有衡，牟楷．分离式热管充液率的研究[硕士学位论文]．南京：南京化工大学，1987
19 牟楷．分离式热管的研究与应用第八届全国热管会议论文集．2001年
20 牟其峥，牟楷．分离式热管传热危机的计算与分析．第七届全国热管会论文集．2000年
21 祝洁人．分离型热管换热器的模拟试验研究．第二届全国热管会议论文集．1991年
22 黄承憋．锅炉水动力学及锅内传热．北京：机械工业出版社，1982年
23 刘志刚，刘咸定，赵冠春．工程热物理性质计算程序的编制及应用．科学出版社，1989年
24 李敏．热交换器，北京航空航天大学，1989年
25 施明恒，薛增荣．热工实验的原理技术．东南大学出版社，1992年
26 杨世铭主编，传热学．人民教育出版社，1988年
27 曹春丽，气-气型热管换热器优化设计．西安交通大学硕士论文，1994
28 刘纪福编，李菊香，热管换热器．西北工业大学，1986年
29 陈通明．分离式热管的传热极限[J]．南京化工大学学报，1998，20(1)
30 Chisholm. D., "The Influence of Mass Velocity on Frictional Pressure Gradients During Steam-Water Flow", Inst. Mech. Eng, Thermodynam, Fluid Mech, Conv. Bristol Paper No.35, 1986
31 Chisholm. D. and Sutherland, L. A., "Prediction of Pressure Gradients in Pipeline Systems During Two-Phase Flow", Inst. Mech. Eng. Symp. Two-Phase Flow Systems, Leeds, Paper, No.4.1969
32 王越，陈东，刘振义，徐尧润，“热环”技术的初步理论分析和实验验证[A]．中国工程热物理学会传热传质学学术会议论文集(下册)[C]苏州：1999
33 陈东，徐尧润，刘振义，王越．非相邻冷、热源间强化传热新技术热环的研究[J]．工程热物理学报，2000，21
34 徐尧润，陈东，刘振义，王越，非相邻冷、热源间强化传热新技术——“热环”技术[A]．中国工程热物理学会传热传质学学术会议论文集(上册)[C]苏州：1999
35 Sato Masaki, Nishida Shuzo Noto Fumitoshi. Study on electro hydrodynamical hear pipe [A]. 1992 ASME-JSES-KSES International Solar Energy Conference Part 1 (of2), [C], 1992:155～160
36 J. E Bryan., J. Seyed-Yagoobi. Heat transport enhancement of monogroove heat pipe with electrohydrodynamic pumping [J]. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 1997, 11 (3)
37 F. Blangertti, M. K. Naushahi, Influence of mass transfer on the momentum transfer in condensation and evaporation phenonmena, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 23 (2) (1980)
38 R. A. Seban, J.A. Hodgson, Laminar film condensation in a vertical tube with a closed top, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 27 (6) (1984)
39 S. J. Chen, J. G Reed, c.1. Tien, Reflux condensation in a two -phase closed thermosyphon,Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 27 (9) (1984)
40 张子惠，宋子彦等主编．热工测量与自动调节中国建筑工业出版社，1982，4
41 L. Jia. X. F. Peng, Y Yan, J. J. D. Sun, X. P. Li., Effects of water vapor condensation on the convection heat transfer of wet flue gas in a vertical tube, Int.J. Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (9) (2001)
42 潘阳，竖直表面在蒸发器中加热的密闭热虹吸管两相流的模拟与分析， Preoceedings of the 8th IHPC，北京，1992
43 潘阳，在密闭热虹吸管两相流中传质和汽液分界面对凝结的影响，Preoceedings of the 9th IHPC, Llamos, NM, USA, 1995,5
44 H. Nguyen-Chi, M. Groll, Entrainment of flooding limit in a two-phase closed thermosyphon, Advances in Heat Pioe Technology (1981)
45 田胜元等编．实验设计与数据处理．中国建筑工业出版社，1988
46 刘扬，张华丽等．测量数据处理及误差理论．原子能出版社，1997
47 费业泰，误差理论与数据处理．机械工业出版社，第3版，1995
48 黄素逸，魏保太．汽液两相流动与传热．华中理工大学出版社，1989
49 任峰．空调系统的冷热量回收技术[J]．苏州大学学报，2002，22(5)：102～103．
50 程珈宁．关于客房排风的热回收系统．中国空调制冷网，2001，3
51 卞觉敏．转轮式全热交换器在高层建筑中央空调中的应用与经济分析[J]．能源研究与信息，1998，14(2)：8～9
52 何耀东，何青．中央空调[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社．1998，4：4～5
53 靳明聪，陈远国．热管及热管换热器[M]．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1986，8：149～150
2 Grover G M, Cotter T P And Erikson GF. Structure of very high thermal conductance. J. Appl. Phys,1964, 35(6)
3 Cotter T P. Theory of heat pipes. Los Alamos Scientific Lab: Report No.LA-3246-MS, 1965
4 Dunn P, Reay D A. Heat Pipes. Pergamon Press, 1978
5 Tien C L, Sun K H. Minimum meniscus radius of heat pipe wicking materials, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,1971,14 (11)
6 Gray V H. The rotating heat pipe, a wickless hollow shaft for transferring high heat fluxes. ASME Paper No.69-HT 19.1969
7 庄骏，张红．热管技术及其工程应用．北京：化学工业出版社，2000
8 Litwin DA, Mccurley J. Proc.4th Int. Heat Pipe Conf..1981.
9 Cotter T P. Pricipies and Prospects of Micro heat pipes. Proc. 5th Int. Heat Pipe Conf.. Tsukuba, Japan: 1984
10 Ma T Z, Jiang Z Y Hear Pipe Research and Development in China. Proc. 5th Int. Heat Pipe Conf.. Tsukuba, Japan: 1984
11 庄骏，张红．2010年热管技术展望[J]．化工机械，1998，25(1)
12 [英]P．D邓恩D．A，雷伊著，周梅云译．热管[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1982
13 牟楷．分离式热管的研究与应用．第八届全国热管会议论文集．2001年
14 王越，陈东，刘振义，徐尧润．国内分离式热管概况与热环研究的小结及展望．节能技术．2000，5(3)
15 庄骏．热管与热管换热器[M]．上海：上海交通人学出版社，1989
16 姚文江，陈建良．空调系统用热管换热器使用设计中的几个问题．第八届全国热管会议论文集．2001年．
17 杜恺，张建成．分离式热管回热器用于热泵干燥系统传热分析．中国电机工程学报．2001，21(12)
18 张红，张有衡，牟楷．分离式热管充液率的研究[硕士学位论文]．南京：南京化工大学，1987
19 牟楷．分离式热管的研究与应用第八届全国热管会议论文集．2001年
20 牟其峥，牟楷．分离式热管传热危机的计算与分析．第七届全国热管会论文集．2000年
21 祝洁人．分离型热管换热器的模拟试验研究．第二届全国热管会议论文集．1991年
22 黄承憋．锅炉水动力学及锅内传热．北京：机械工业出版社，1982年
23 刘志刚，刘咸定，赵冠春．工程热物理性质计算程序的编制及应用．科学出版社，1989年
24 李敏．热交换器，北京航空航天大学，1989年
25 施明恒，薛增荣．热工实验的原理技术．东南大学出版社，1992年
26 杨世铭主编，传热学．人民教育出版社，1988年
27 曹春丽，气-气型热管换热器优化设计．西安交通大学硕士论文，1994
28 刘纪福编，李菊香，热管换热器．西北工业大学，1986年
29 陈通明．分离式热管的传热极限[J]．南京化工大学学报，1998，20(1)
30 Chisholm. D., "The Influence of Mass Velocity on Frictional Pressure Gradients During Steam-Water Flow", Inst. Mech. Eng, Thermodynam, Fluid Mech, Conv. Bristol Paper No.35, 1986
31 Chisholm. D. and Sutherland, L. A., "Prediction of Pressure Gradients in Pipeline Systems During Two-Phase Flow", Inst. Mech. Eng. Symp. Two-Phase Flow Systems, Leeds, Paper, No.4.1969
32 王越，陈东，刘振义，徐尧润，“热环”技术的初步理论分析和实验验证[A]．中国工程热物理学会传热传质学学术会议论文集(下册)[C]苏州：1999
33 陈东，徐尧润，刘振义，王越．非相邻冷、热源间强化传热新技术热环的研究[J]．工程热物理学报，2000，21
34 徐尧润，陈东，刘振义，王越，非相邻冷、热源间强化传热新技术——“热环”技术[A]．中国工程热物理学会传热传质学学术会议论文集(上册)[C]苏州：1999
35 Sato Masaki, Nishida Shuzo Noto Fumitoshi. Study on electro hydrodynamical hear pipe [A]. 1992 ASME-JSES-KSES International Solar Energy Conference Part 1 (of2), [C], 1992:155～160
36 J. E Bryan., J. Seyed-Yagoobi. Heat transport enhancement of monogroove heat pipe with electrohydrodynamic pumping [J]. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 1997, 11 (3)
37 F. Blangertti, M. K. Naushahi, Influence of mass transfer on the momentum transfer in condensation and evaporation phenonmena, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 23 (2) (1980)
38 R. A. Seban, J.A. Hodgson, Laminar film condensation in a vertical tube with a closed top, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 27 (6) (1984)
39 S. J. Chen, J. G Reed, c.1. Tien, Reflux condensation in a two -phase closed thermosyphon,Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 27 (9) (1984)
40 张子惠，宋子彦等主编．热工测量与自动调节中国建筑工业出版社，1982，4
41 L. Jia. X. F. Peng, Y Yan, J. J. D. Sun, X. P. Li., Effects of water vapor condensation on the convection heat transfer of wet flue gas in a vertical tube, Int.J. Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (9) (2001)
42 潘阳，竖直表面在蒸发器中加热的密闭热虹吸管两相流的模拟与分析， Preoceedings of the 8th IHPC，北京，1992
43 潘阳，在密闭热虹吸管两相流中传质和汽液分界面对凝结的影响，Preoceedings of the 9th IHPC, Llamos, NM, USA, 1995,5
44 H. Nguyen-Chi, M. Groll, Entrainment of flooding limit in a two-phase closed thermosyphon, Advances in Heat Pioe Technology (1981)
45 田胜元等编．实验设计与数据处理．中国建筑工业出版社，1988
46 刘扬，张华丽等．测量数据处理及误差理论．原子能出版社，1997
47 费业泰，误差理论与数据处理．机械工业出版社，第3版，1995
48 黄素逸，魏保太．汽液两相流动与传热．华中理工大学出版社，1989
49 任峰．空调系统的冷热量回收技术[J]．苏州大学学报，2002，22(5)：102～103．
50 程珈宁．关于客房排风的热回收系统．中国空调制冷网，2001，3
51 卞觉敏．转轮式全热交换器在高层建筑中央空调中的应用与经济分析[J]．能源研究与信息，1998，14(2)：8～9
52 何耀东，何青．中央空调[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社．1998，4：4～5
53 靳明聪，陈远国．热管及热管换热器[M]．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1986，8：149～150