摘要
大敦煌地区在旅游业快速发展的同时,出现了一系列生态环境退化的问题:月牙泉危在旦夕、西湖湿地自然保护区萎缩、阳关与玉门关面临被吞噬的危险、敦煌绿洲与湿地退化、莫高窟病害累累等。党中央、国务院对敦煌生态问题高度重视,温总理于2006年3月31日、2007年1月11日和2007年3月6日分别做了三次重要批示。由蒋有绪院士牵头,组织完成的“大敦煌生态保护与区域发展战略”院士咨询项目,于2009年5月16日,经中国科学院生命与医学部十四届四次常委会审议通过,被列为2009年度院士咨询项目。
生态位适宜度评价思想己得到了世界各国的基本认同,城市生态位适宜度反映了现实生态位与其最佳生态位的贴近程度,反映了城市生态系统的和谐性、城市居民生活的适宜程度、城市竞争力大小和可持续发展的能力。构建城市生态位适宜度指标体系,评价城市生态位适宜度是对城市适宜发展进行科学评判和决策的一个重要组成部分。
本文在综合分析生态位适宜度理论研究进展的基础上,根据生态位适宜度评价思想,借鉴前人的城市生态位适宜度的测算指标体系,选取了旅游资源维、旅游经济维、城市社会维和城市环境4大维度23项可持续指标,构建大敦煌旅游城市生态位适宜度的评价指标体系,利用1999-2009年相关数据,对大敦煌5县市2000-2009年旅游城市的可持续发展进行病理诊断,寻求大敦煌旅游城市和谐发展的障碍因子,提出了大敦煌旅游城市生态系统良性发展的对策建议。主要结论如下:
1)近十年来,四维度的生态位适宜度都有所增长,但增长的速度每个城市具体情况各有不同。总体而言,2000—2003年增长较为缓慢,2004年为转折年,2005—2009年均有较快的增长。
2)近十年来,就空间分布而言,旅游城市的生态位适宜度重心偏向酒嘉至敦煌的国际旅游黄金交通干线上。位于交通线上的城市,旅游生态位适宜度就高于远离交通线的城市。
3)近十年来,就5县市而言,敦煌在大敦煌区域的旅游可持续发展中,具有无可替代的首位城市增长极的作用,是大敦煌区域旅游城市生态系统可持续发展的稳定器。
4)近十年来,旅游资源维基本保持不变,和旅游经济维、城市社会维、城市环境维相比较而言,旅游资源是影响大敦煌旅游城市生态系统可持续发展的核心生态因子。
5)在旅游资源既定的条件下,影响大敦煌旅游城市生态位适宜度的生态因子排序如下:城市社会>城市环境>旅游经济。说明了城市基础服务设施是影响大敦煌旅游城市可持续发展的最主要生态因子。
6)大敦煌的旅游资源和其旅游经济及其不匹配,说明了大敦煌区域的旅游可持续发展还有很大的上升空间。
7)瓜敦铁路交通旅游线的开通,不仅制约了敦煌旅游经济总量的的发展,而且更主要制约了玉门和瓜州旅游经济发展总量的发展。这正好说明了:随着瓜敦铁路的修通,旅游人次迅速增加了,而大敦煌区域的旅游经济总量的却在某种程度的降低。表明了:旅游经济总量的增长并不一定会随着旅游交通的通畅而相应增加,二者不是成比例的。
Grand Dunhuang in tourism fast development and at the same time, there was a series of ecological degradation problems: YueYaQuan is at stake, west lake wetland nature reserve atrophy, YuMenGuan Yang and facing danger of being swallowed an oasis, Dunhuang mogao grottoes diseases with wetland degradation, scarred, etc. CPC central committee and the state council highly of Dunhuang ecological problems in wen, March 31, 2006, January 11st 2007 and March 6, 2007 made three times respectively important instructions. JiangYouXu led by academician, the organization completed "Grand Dunhuang ecological protection and regional development strategy" academician consulting project, in 2009, on May 16, life by the Chinese academy of sciences with medical 14 session four times by the standing committee member, is listed as 2009 annual consulting project.
Niche suitability evaluation ideology has got the basic identity, world urban niche suitability reflects reality niche niche close to its best reflects the degree of urban ecological system, the harmonious sex, urban life city competitiveness of suitable degree, the size and the capability of sustainable development. Urban ecological niche suitability index system and evaluation of urban ecological bits of city is suitability for scientific evaluation and development is an important part of decision-making.
Based on synthetic analysis of niche suitability on the basis of theoretical study progress, according to niche suitability evaluation ideology, the urban ecological niche it.this measuring index system of suitability, have chosen the tourism resources dimension, tourism and economic dimension, urban social peacekeeping urban environment 4 Grand dimensions 23 key sustainable indicators, constructing great Dunhuang tourist city niche suitability evaluation index system, using data from 1999 to 2009 for Grand Dunhuang 5 counties, 2000 to 2009 of the tourist city of sustainable development, seeking for a large pathologic diagnosis of harmonious development of Dunhuang tourist city, puts forward the Grand obstacle factor Dunhuang tourist city ecosystem benign development of countermeasures. The main conclusions are as follows:
1) During the past ten years, four dimensions of niche suitability are increased, but growth speed every city specific situations are different. Overall, 2000-2003 relatively slow growth, 2004, 2005 - for turning years annual a quicker growth of 2009.
2) For nearly a decade, space distribution character, tourism city niche suitability to wine jia to focus international tourism gold Dunhuang traffic trunk lines. Located in the city, tourist traffic line niche suitability is higher than the city. Far from transit
3) For nearly a decade, 5 counties are concerned, Dunhuang in the Grand Dunhuang in the sustainable development of regional tourism is irreplaceable role of the first city growth pole, Dunhuang regional tourism sustainable development of urban ecological system stabilizers.
4) Over the past decade, tourism resources, and this unchanged wikipedia tourism economic dimension, urban social dimension, the urban environment dimension in comparison, the tourism resources are Grand influence of urban ecosystem Dunhuang tourism sustainable development of ecological factor core.
5) In the tourism resource established condition, great influence Dunhuang tourist city niche suitability of ecological factors as follows: urban social order > tourism economy >urban environment. Explains the city basic service facilities are Grand influence of sustainable development of Dunhuang tourist cities in the main ecological factors.
6) Grand Dunhuang tourism resources and its tourism economy and its not match, explains the large Dunhuang regional tourism sustainable development with a lot of room to rise.
7) The railway traffic LvYouXian melon, open, not only restricts the Dunhuang tourism economy, and the total development of more major restricted yumen and melon states the development of total tourism economic development. This just shows: with the melon, railway, new tourist person-time has increased rapidly, and the Grand Dunhuang regional tourism economic output in some degree of but reduction. Shows: the growth of total tourist economy would not necessarily as tourist traffic flow and the corresponding increase in proportion, the two is not.
引文
[1]张蕾.长三角优秀旅游城市体系研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.
[2]张蕾.中国优秀旅游城市体系分析[J].城市问题,2005,127(5):33-37.
[3]李慧.区域合作背景下温点优秀旅游城市的城市旅游发展研究[D].安徽:安徽大学,2007.
[4]李自珍,赵松岭,张鹏云.生态位适宜度理论及其在作物生长过程中的应用[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(4):219-224.
[5]夏斌,徐建华,张美英等.珠江三角洲城市生态系统适宜度评价研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008(6):178-181.
[6]谢坤.生态位适宜度理论在江西省城市发展中的应用研究[D].江西:江西师范大学,2008.
[7]谭萌佳.城市人居环境质量定量评价的生态位适宜度模型研究—以浙江省地级城市为例[D].浙江:浙江大学,2006.
[8]马世骏.现代生态学透视[M].北京:科学出版社,1990: 72--89.
[9]段七零.江苏省城市生态位适宜度的测算与空间差异研究[J].曲阜师范大学学报,2008, 34(1) :117-121.
[10]廖红娟,徐建华,岳文泽.城市生态系统适宜度的时空对比分析[J].生态科学,2003,22(4):300-304.
[11]王莉莉,城市生态位适宜度的对比分析—以江苏省13城市为例[J].现代城市研究,2007(3):73-80.
[12]董得明,包国章.城市生态系统与生态城市的基本理论问题[J].城市发展研究,2001,8(S):32-35.
[13]马世骏,等.社会—经济—自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):1-6.
[14]何绘宇,珠江三角洲城市生态系统适宜度评价研究[D].中科院研究生院广州地球化学研究所,2007博士论文.
[15]黄芳.优化旅游系统的生态学原理[J].生态经济,2001,(11):19-20.
[16]祁新华,陈烈,程煜,等.区域旅游可持续发展的生态学透视[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(1):74-78.
[17]祁新华,董观志,陈烈.基于生态位理论的旅游可持续发展策略[J].生态经济,2005,(8):92-98.
[18]邹仁爱,陈俊鸿,陈绍愿,等.旅游地生态位的概念、原理及优化策略研究[J].人文地理,2006,(5):36-40.
[19]孟德友,陆玉麒.基于生态位理论的旅游地发展策略研究—以黔东南州巴拉河流域乡村旅游区为例[J].安徽农业科技,2006,34 (21):5629-5631.
[20]陈鹰,黄磊昌,王祥荣.区域旅游规划中旅游资源集合区生态位的研究[J].城市规划,2007,(4):37-41.
[21]祁新华,程煜,包战雄.生态位理论在旅游地竞争中的应用研究[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2007,18(3):404-406.
[22]向延平,陈友莲.基于生态位理论的旅游发展问题探析—以湖南凤凰为例[J].长江大学学报(自科版)农学卷,2007, 12(4):
[23]邹仁爱,陈俊鸿,陈绍愿等.旅游地生态位的概念、原理及优化策略研究[J].人文地理,2006,91(5):36-40.
[24]刘改芳,董观志.基于生态位的区域旅游业稳定度研究[J].旅游学刊, 2007,22(5): 19-23.
[25]贺伶俐,袁书琪,李海峰.基于生态位理论的福州市内河旅游开发策略[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 27(1) :1672-6693.
[26]邓卫.旅游城市的发展与建设[J].城市研究.1997,65(4):40-47.
[27]雷翔.论旅游城市可持续发展的道路交通[J].规划师.2001,(2).
[28]潘建民.中国创建与发展优秀旅游城市研究[M].中国旅游出版社.2003.
[29]李经龙,马海波,柳丹.城市旅游与旅游城市的深化发展[J].地理与地理信息科学2007, 23(6).
[30]WhittakerR H,Levin SA,RootR B.Niche[J].HabitatandEcotypeAm Nat,l 1973, 7(5): 321-33.
[31]李德志,李广祥,孙淑艳.东北东部山区天然次生林群落中主要树木种群生态位的测度与分析[J].吉林林学院学报1995,4(25).
[32] Grinnell J.The niche-relationship of the CaliforniaThrasher[J].Auk, 1917, 34: 27-433.
[33] Elton C.Animal ecology[M].London: Sidgwick and Jackon,1927:63-68.
[34] Gause G F.The struggle for existence [M ]. Baltimore:W illiams&W ilkins, 1934: 19-20.
[35] HutchinsonGE. Concluding remarks[J]. Cold SpringHar-borSympQuantBio,l 1957,22:415-427.
[36] Abrams P A. The theory of limiting similarity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1983,14: 359-376.
[37] Odum E P.Basic ecology[M].NewYork:CBSCollege Pub-lishing, 1983.
[38]LeiboldMA.Thenicheconceptrevisited:Mechanisticmo-delsandcommunitycontext [J].Ecology,1995,76(5):1371-1382.
[39] Pinakae R. Evolutionary ecology[M]. 6th ed. San Francis-co:Benjamin/Cummings PublCom, 2000.
[40]王刚,赵松岭,张鹏云.关于生态位的探讨及生态位重叠计算公式改进的研究[J].生态学报,1984,4(2):119-127.
[41]张光明,谢寿昌.生态位概念演变与展望[J].生态学杂志, 1997, 16(6): 46-51.
[42]朱春全.生态位态势理论与扩充假说[J].生态学报,1997, 17(3): 324-332.
[43] Caswell H. Life history theory and the equilibrium status of populations. American Naturalist, 1982,120: 317-339.
[44] Chave J. Neutral theory and community ecology. Ecology Letters, 2004,7: 241-253.
[45] Chesson P L, Warner R R. 1981·Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive systems. American Naturalist, 117: 923-943.
[46] Clarke A S. Studies on the life cycle of thePseudophyllidean cestode,Schistocephalus solidus. Proceedings of Zoological Society ofLondon, 1954,124: 257-304.
[47] Colwell R K, Futuyma D J. On the measurement of niche breadth and overlap. Ecology, 1971,52: 567-576.
[48] Dayton P K. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community.Ecological Monographs,1971,41: 351-389.
[49] Grinnell J.The origin and distribution of the chestnut-backed chickadee. Auk, 1904,21:38-49.
[50] Grinnell J.The niche relationships of the California thrasher. Auk, 1917,21: 364-382.
[51] Grinnell J. Geography and evolution. Ecology,1924,5: 225-229.
[52] Grinnell J.A distributional summation of the ornithology of Lower California. University of California Publications of Zoology, 1928,32: 1-300.
[53] Grubb P J.The maintenance of species_richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews, 1977,52: 107-145.
[54] Hubbell S P. The unified neutral theory of species abundance and diversity. NJ:2001, Princeton University Press.
[55] Hurlbert S H.The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives. Ecology, 1978,59: 67-77.
[56] Hutchinson G E. Concluding remarks: population studies, animal ecology and demography. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantitative Biology,1957, 22:415-427.
[57] Johnson RH. Determinate evolution in the color pattern of the lady_beetles. Comegie Znstitution of Washington Publ,1910,122.
[58] KroesHW. The niche structure of ecosystems. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1977,65(2): 317-326.
[59] Lack D. Darwin’s Finches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1947.
[60] Litvak MK, Hansell R L C. A community perspective on the multidimensional niche sympatric rodents. Ecology, 1990,57: 728-739.
[61] MacArthur RH.Species packing and competitive equilibria for many species. Theoretical Population Biology, 1970, 1: 1-11.
[62] Maguire B Jr. A partial analysis of the niche. American Naturalist, 1967,101: 515-523.
[63] Margalef R.Perspestives in ecological theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press ,1968.
[64] May RM. Theoretical ecology: principles and applications. Oxford: Blackwell Science Publication 1976.
[65] Mayr E. The growth of biological thought. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Belknap Press,1982.
[66] McIntosh R P. The background of ecology: concept and theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1985.
[67] Odum E P. Fundamentals of ecology (first edition). Philadelphia: WB Saunders,1953.
[68] Odum E P. Fundamentals of ecology (second edition). Philadelphia: WB Saunders,1959.
[69] Odum E P.a·Basic ecology: an introduction. NewYork: John Wiley&Sons ,1983.
[70] OdumHT. b·Systems ecology: an introduction. NewYork: John Wiley&Sons,1983.
[71] Paine RT. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist,1966,100: 65-75.
[72] Pianka E R. Evolutionary ecology. NewYork: Harper&Row,1983.
[73] Putman R J, Wratten S D. Principles of ecology. Berkeley: University of California Press,1984.
[74] Root R B. The niche exploitation pattern of the bluegrey gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs, 1967,37: 317-350.
[75] Roughgardan J, Iwasa Y, Baxter C. Demographic theory for an open marine population with space_1imited recruiment. Ecology,1985, 66(1): 54-67.
[76] Shea K, Chesson P. Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2002,17(4): 170-176.
[77] Silvertown J. The ghost of competition past in the phylogeny of island endemic plants. Journal of Ecology,2004, 92: 168-173.
[78] Steere J B. On the distribution of genera and species of nonmigratory land_birds in the Phillipines. Ibis, 1894.411-20.
[79] Feinsinger P,Spears E E,Poole R W.A simple measure of nichebreadth.Ecology,1981,62:27-32.
[80]李自珍,惠苍等.沙区植物生态位构建的数学模型及其应用研究[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(4):387-392.
[81]李文龙、李自珍.沙坡头地区人工固沙植物水分利用及其生态位适宜度过程数值模拟分析[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(6):1012-1017.
[82]李自珍,赵松岭,张鹏云.生态位适宜度理论及其在作物生长过程中的应用[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(4):219-224.
[83]于婧、聂艳.生态位适宜度方法在基于GIS的耕地多宜性评价中的应用[J].土壤学报,2006,43(2):190-196.
[84]张静.生态位理论在农村社会生态系统研究中的应用[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),1992,20(1):156-163.
[85]李自珍,赵松岭,张鹏云.生态位适宜度理论及其在作物生长过程中的应用[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(4):219-224.
[86]唐海萍、李自珍等.生态位适宜度在绿洲人口问题上的应用[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),1994,22(3):134-136。
[87]白淑萍.春蚕豆的生态位适宜度和生产潜力分析[J].开发研究,1995,1:47-48.
[88]林红、李文龙、李自珍.沙坡头地区人工固沙植物水分利用及其生态位适宜度过程数值模拟分析[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(6):1012-1017。
[89]安成谋,李自珍.城市区位适宜度研究[J].兰州商学院学报,1994,4:51-55.
[90]林红,李自珍.半干旱区作物生态位适宜度模型及水肥调控试验结果的定量分析[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1998,34(1):100-105.
[91]马富裕,杨建荣.北疆高产棉花密度与打顶时序调控的生态位适宜度研究[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(2):136-140.
[92]纪秋颖,林健.高校生态位构建的数学模型及其应用[J].北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版),2006,19(4):69-80.
[93]曾珍香,顾培亮.可持续发展的系统分析与评价[M].科学出版社,2000.249-250.
[94]郑玲娟.浙江省可持续发展指标体系及能力评估[D].[硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学,2006.
[95]国家环境保护总局自然保护局.中国生态问题报告.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1999.
[96]陈利顶,傅伯杰.榆林地区生态环境对人类活动的敏感度评价[J].环境科学进展,1995,3(4):33-38.
[97]苗东升.系统科学大学讲稿[M].北京.中国人民大学出版社,2007.
[98]欧阳志云,王如松,符贵南.生态位适宜度模型及其在土地利用适宜性评价中的应用[J].生态学报,1996,16(2):113-120.
[99]李自珍,赵松龄,张鹏云.生态位适宜度理论及其在作物生长系统中的应用[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(4):219-224.
[100]武克军,王小鹏,施亚岚,王雅雯.基于突变级数法的甘肃省生态环境敏感度评价[J].人民黄河,2010,32(10):11-13.
[101]杜毓超,李兆林,陈宏峰等.广西灌江流域岩溶生态环境敏感性分析[J].中国岩溶,2006,25 (3):220-227.
[102]魏婷,朱晓东,李杨帆等.突变级数法在厦门城市生态安全评价中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2008,19 (7):1522-1528.