刺参酸性粘多糖对诱发肝癌大鼠的免疫调节作用
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摘要
目的：通过建立诱发性大鼠肝癌动物模型,考察刺参酸性粘多糖(SJAMP)在诱发大鼠肝肿瘤过程中的作用,并从免疫功能角度研究其对肝肿瘤发生的影响。
方法：将50只wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(A组)、模型组(B组)、SAJMP低剂量组(17.5mg/Kg,C组),SJAMP中剂量组(35mg/Kg,D组),SJAMP高剂量组(70mg/Kg,E组)。除正常对照组(A组)外,其余各组灌胃2‰DEN生理盐水溶液以诱发肝肿瘤,SJAMP干预组(C组、D组、E组)同时灌胃给予SJAMP,饲养期间每周至少称重一次,直至第16周；第16周用水合氯醛腹腔麻醉大鼠,腹主动脉取血,检测ALT、AST等肝功指标；无菌取脾、胸腺,立即称重,计算脾指数和胸腺指数；分别计数肝脏上有一条直径大于3mm和5mm的瘤结节,并测量最大瘤结节的长径和短径,计算抑瘤率；贴壁法分离纯化Mφ,用中性红吞噬实验检测脾巨噬细胞吞噬功能；MTT法检测脾巨噬细胞的杀伤功能；MTT法检测自然杀伤细胞活性；ELISA法检测血清中TNF-α和IL-2的水平；流式细胞术分析大鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。
结果：①与正常对照组相比,诱癌实验组大鼠体重增长较慢,至实验第16周时,E组和B组大鼠体重有统计学差异(P<0.05)；②诱癌实验组ALT、AST和GGT均升高(P<0.05),其中模型组升高最为显著,随干预剂量增加,SJAMP干预组以上指标呈逐渐下降趋势,且与模型组比较有统计学意义(P<0.01)；③模型组胸腺指数与正常组组相比有所降低(P<0.05),但脾指数有所升高(P<0.05),与模型组相比,SJAMP干预组脾指数和胸腺指数明显升高(P<0.05),并呈现出剂量-效应关系；④SJAMP可显著抑制肝肿瘤的发生,减少癌结节的发生数量,SJAMP干预组大鼠大于3mm和大于5mm的结节数明显少于模型组(P<0.05)；最大结节的平均体积明显小于模型组(P<0.01)；⑤模型组和SJAMP干预组巨噬细胞吞噬能力较正常对照组均增(P<0.05),SJAMP干预组增加更为明显,其中D组和E组与C组相比较,有统计学意义(P<0.01)；⑥与正常对照组相比,模型组巨噬细胞的杀伤能力降低(P<0.01),SJAMP干预组巨噬细胞的杀伤能力较模型组增加(P<0.01)；⑦模型组自然杀伤细胞活性较正常对照组明显降低(P<0.01), SJAMP干预可以提高诱癌大鼠的自然杀伤细胞活性(P<0.05)；⑧模型组和SJAMP干预组的血清TNF-α水平高于正常组(P<0.01),提示诱癌各组大鼠均可能存在肝脏损伤,SJAMP干预组中D组和E组与模型组相比较,差别均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)；⑨模型组大鼠血清IL-2水平明显降低于正常组(P<0.01),SJAMP干预组的IL-2水平较模型组升高(P<0.01)；⑩模型组CD3+、CD4+T淋巴细胞和CD4+/CD8+比值比正常组均明显降低(P<0.05),而SJAMP干预组随干预剂量的增加,CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞和CD4+/CD8+比值逐渐增高。
结论：SJAMP不能完全阻断肝癌的发生过程,但对肝癌的发生有明显的抑制作用,其机制可能是通过刺激免疫器官组织增生,保护正常肝细胞,增强机体的巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞和T淋巴细胞的免疫能力,调节具有抗肿瘤效应的TNF-α、IL-2等重要细胞因子来实现的。
Objective Through the establishment of rat liver cancer model, the role of Stichopus japonicus acid mucopolysaccharide(SJAMP) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine(DEN) was explored in rats and the possible immunological mechanisms was determined.
Methods50wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal control group(group A), model group(group B), SAJMP low dose group (17.5mg/Kg, group C), SJAMP moderate dose group (35mg/Kg, group D), SJAMP high dose group (70mg/Kg, group E) by weight. In addition to normal control group, all the rats were given orally2%o DEN saline solution to the16th week to induce hepatocelluar carcinoma, meanwhile they were intervened with different doses of SJAMP during the process of carcinogenesis. All the rats were weighed once a week during the breeding, and at the end of the16th week, all the rats were anaesthetized by using chloral hydrate, blood samples were drew from the abdominal aorta; spleen and thymus were excised under sterile conditions and weighed, spleen index and thymus index were calculated. The number of the nodules more than3mm or5mm in diameter were counted, in addition, the size of the largest nodule were compared among groups. The tumor inhibitory rate was calculated. Macrophagocytes(Mf) were purified via attachment culture, macrophage phagocytosis was observed with phagocytosing neutral red method; spleen macrophage killing capability and NK(Natural killer) cell activity were measured by MTT method, the levels of serum TNF-a and IL-2were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA); T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results①Compared with normal control group, the induced hepatic carcinoma rats gain weight slower, at the16th week, the weights of rats of group E was obviously increased when compared to model group B(P<0.05);②The serum ALT,AST,and GGT of the induced hepatic carcinoma rats, especially in model group, increased significantly when compared to those of the normal control group, with the increase of the SJAMP intervention dose, the above indicators decreased gradually, and there were significant differences compared with model group;③The thymus index of model group decreased (P<0.05), while the spleen index increased(P<0.05) when compared to normal group; with the implement of the SJMAP intervention, these two indicators incresed significantly(P<0.05), and a dose-response relationship has been presented;④ith the implement of the SJAMP intervention,The occurrence of liver tumors was significantly inhibited and the number of tumor nodules was obviously reduced, the number of nodules of SJAMP intervention group greater than3mm or5mm in diameter were significantly less than model group (P<0.05), and the average volume of the largest nodule was less than the model group (P<0.01);⑤The ability of phagocytosis of macrophagocytes of the model group and SJAMP intervention groups increased(P<0.05) when compared to normal group, SJAMP intervention groups increased more significantly, there were statistical differences among group D, group E and group C (P<0.01);⑥The killing capacity of macrophages of rats in model group reduced (P<0.01) compared to the normal group, however, the killing capacity of macrophages in the SJAMP intervention group increased when compared with model group(P<0.01);⑦ompared with normal group, natural killer cell activity decreased significantly (P<0.01), SJAMP intervention can enhance natural killer cell activity of the induced hepatic carcinoma rats(P<0.05);⑧Serum TNF-a level of rats in model group and SJAMP intervention group were higher than normal control group(P<0.01), suggesting that liver injuries have occurred in all the DEN induced hepatic carcinoma rats, there were statistical differences when compare group D and E with model group(P<0.01);⑨Serum IL-2level of model group was was significantly lower (P<0.01) than the normal control group, while the level of SJAMP intervention groups increased compared to model group(P<0.01);⑩D3+, CD4+T lymphocytes and CD4+/of CD8+ratio of model group were significantly lower than normal group(P<0.05), however, with the increase of the SJAMP intervention dose, CD3+CD4+, CD8+T lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ratio of the induced hepatic carcinoma rats were gradually increased.
Conclusion Although the occurrence of liver cancer can not be completely blocked, but can be significantly inhibited by SJAMP. The possible mechanisms may be: SJAMP can stimulate the immune organs and tissues, protect the normal liver cells, cahance cell-mediated immunity ability of macrophage, natural killer and T lymphocytes, regulate cytokines which have anti-tumor effect,such as TNF-a and IL-2.
方法：将50只wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(A组)、模型组(B组)、SAJMP低剂量组(17.5mg/Kg,C组),SJAMP中剂量组(35mg/Kg,D组),SJAMP高剂量组(70mg/Kg,E组)。除正常对照组(A组)外,其余各组灌胃2‰DEN生理盐水溶液以诱发肝肿瘤,SJAMP干预组(C组、D组、E组)同时灌胃给予SJAMP,饲养期间每周至少称重一次,直至第16周；第16周用水合氯醛腹腔麻醉大鼠,腹主动脉取血,检测ALT、AST等肝功指标；无菌取脾、胸腺,立即称重,计算脾指数和胸腺指数；分别计数肝脏上有一条直径大于3mm和5mm的瘤结节,并测量最大瘤结节的长径和短径,计算抑瘤率；贴壁法分离纯化Mφ,用中性红吞噬实验检测脾巨噬细胞吞噬功能；MTT法检测脾巨噬细胞的杀伤功能；MTT法检测自然杀伤细胞活性；ELISA法检测血清中TNF-α和IL-2的水平；流式细胞术分析大鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。
结果：①与正常对照组相比,诱癌实验组大鼠体重增长较慢,至实验第16周时,E组和B组大鼠体重有统计学差异(P<0.05)；②诱癌实验组ALT、AST和GGT均升高(P<0.05),其中模型组升高最为显著,随干预剂量增加,SJAMP干预组以上指标呈逐渐下降趋势,且与模型组比较有统计学意义(P<0.01)；③模型组胸腺指数与正常组组相比有所降低(P<0.05),但脾指数有所升高(P<0.05),与模型组相比,SJAMP干预组脾指数和胸腺指数明显升高(P<0.05),并呈现出剂量-效应关系；④SJAMP可显著抑制肝肿瘤的发生,减少癌结节的发生数量,SJAMP干预组大鼠大于3mm和大于5mm的结节数明显少于模型组(P<0.05)；最大结节的平均体积明显小于模型组(P<0.01)；⑤模型组和SJAMP干预组巨噬细胞吞噬能力较正常对照组均增(P<0.05),SJAMP干预组增加更为明显,其中D组和E组与C组相比较,有统计学意义(P<0.01)；⑥与正常对照组相比,模型组巨噬细胞的杀伤能力降低(P<0.01),SJAMP干预组巨噬细胞的杀伤能力较模型组增加(P<0.01)；⑦模型组自然杀伤细胞活性较正常对照组明显降低(P<0.01), SJAMP干预可以提高诱癌大鼠的自然杀伤细胞活性(P<0.05)；⑧模型组和SJAMP干预组的血清TNF-α水平高于正常组(P<0.01),提示诱癌各组大鼠均可能存在肝脏损伤,SJAMP干预组中D组和E组与模型组相比较,差别均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)；⑨模型组大鼠血清IL-2水平明显降低于正常组(P<0.01),SJAMP干预组的IL-2水平较模型组升高(P<0.01)；⑩模型组CD3+、CD4+T淋巴细胞和CD4+/CD8+比值比正常组均明显降低(P<0.05),而SJAMP干预组随干预剂量的增加,CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞和CD4+/CD8+比值逐渐增高。
结论：SJAMP不能完全阻断肝癌的发生过程,但对肝癌的发生有明显的抑制作用,其机制可能是通过刺激免疫器官组织增生,保护正常肝细胞,增强机体的巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞和T淋巴细胞的免疫能力,调节具有抗肿瘤效应的TNF-α、IL-2等重要细胞因子来实现的。
Objective Through the establishment of rat liver cancer model, the role of Stichopus japonicus acid mucopolysaccharide(SJAMP) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine(DEN) was explored in rats and the possible immunological mechanisms was determined.
Methods50wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal control group(group A), model group(group B), SAJMP low dose group (17.5mg/Kg, group C), SJAMP moderate dose group (35mg/Kg, group D), SJAMP high dose group (70mg/Kg, group E) by weight. In addition to normal control group, all the rats were given orally2%o DEN saline solution to the16th week to induce hepatocelluar carcinoma, meanwhile they were intervened with different doses of SJAMP during the process of carcinogenesis. All the rats were weighed once a week during the breeding, and at the end of the16th week, all the rats were anaesthetized by using chloral hydrate, blood samples were drew from the abdominal aorta; spleen and thymus were excised under sterile conditions and weighed, spleen index and thymus index were calculated. The number of the nodules more than3mm or5mm in diameter were counted, in addition, the size of the largest nodule were compared among groups. The tumor inhibitory rate was calculated. Macrophagocytes(Mf) were purified via attachment culture, macrophage phagocytosis was observed with phagocytosing neutral red method; spleen macrophage killing capability and NK(Natural killer) cell activity were measured by MTT method, the levels of serum TNF-a and IL-2were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA); T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results①Compared with normal control group, the induced hepatic carcinoma rats gain weight slower, at the16th week, the weights of rats of group E was obviously increased when compared to model group B(P<0.05);②The serum ALT,AST,and GGT of the induced hepatic carcinoma rats, especially in model group, increased significantly when compared to those of the normal control group, with the increase of the SJAMP intervention dose, the above indicators decreased gradually, and there were significant differences compared with model group;③The thymus index of model group decreased (P<0.05), while the spleen index increased(P<0.05) when compared to normal group; with the implement of the SJMAP intervention, these two indicators incresed significantly(P<0.05), and a dose-response relationship has been presented;④ith the implement of the SJAMP intervention,The occurrence of liver tumors was significantly inhibited and the number of tumor nodules was obviously reduced, the number of nodules of SJAMP intervention group greater than3mm or5mm in diameter were significantly less than model group (P<0.05), and the average volume of the largest nodule was less than the model group (P<0.01);⑤The ability of phagocytosis of macrophagocytes of the model group and SJAMP intervention groups increased(P<0.05) when compared to normal group, SJAMP intervention groups increased more significantly, there were statistical differences among group D, group E and group C (P<0.01);⑥The killing capacity of macrophages of rats in model group reduced (P<0.01) compared to the normal group, however, the killing capacity of macrophages in the SJAMP intervention group increased when compared with model group(P<0.01);⑦ompared with normal group, natural killer cell activity decreased significantly (P<0.01), SJAMP intervention can enhance natural killer cell activity of the induced hepatic carcinoma rats(P<0.05);⑧Serum TNF-a level of rats in model group and SJAMP intervention group were higher than normal control group(P<0.01), suggesting that liver injuries have occurred in all the DEN induced hepatic carcinoma rats, there were statistical differences when compare group D and E with model group(P<0.01);⑨Serum IL-2level of model group was was significantly lower (P<0.01) than the normal control group, while the level of SJAMP intervention groups increased compared to model group(P<0.01);⑩D3+, CD4+T lymphocytes and CD4+/of CD8+ratio of model group were significantly lower than normal group(P<0.05), however, with the increase of the SJAMP intervention dose, CD3+CD4+, CD8+T lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ratio of the induced hepatic carcinoma rats were gradually increased.
Conclusion Although the occurrence of liver cancer can not be completely blocked, but can be significantly inhibited by SJAMP. The possible mechanisms may be: SJAMP can stimulate the immune organs and tissues, protect the normal liver cells, cahance cell-mediated immunity ability of macrophage, natural killer and T lymphocytes, regulate cytokines which have anti-tumor effect,such as TNF-a and IL-2.
引文
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[1]樊绘曾.海参：海中人参——关于海参及其成分保健医疗功能的研究与开发[J].中国海洋药物,2001,(4)：37-44
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[3]Katzman RL, Jeanloz RW. The carbohydrate chemistry of invertebrate connective tissue[J]. The Chemistry and Molecular Biology of the Intercellular Matrix(Balazas, E. A. ed.)Academicpress,1970, (1):217
[4]马同江,周清凯,蔡云见.海参的药理作用及应用[J].海洋药物,1982,2(2)：9-13
[5]樊绘曾,胨菊娣,林克忠.刺参酸性粘多糖的理化性质、毒性及抗肿瘤研究[J].药学学报,1980,15(5)：263-269
[6]马同江等.海洋药物[J].1983,(2)：9
[7]王振立,刘桂敏,郑瑞,等.刺参酸性粘多糖抑制小鼠肿瘤细胞DNA合成及其代谢研究[J].中国工业医药杂志.1993,24(9)：405-408
[8]胡人杰,于苏萍,姜卉,等.刺参酸性粘多糖与可的松联用方案对小鼠肿瘤的抑制作用[J].癌症.1997,16(6)：422-424
[9]高巍,胡人杰.刺参酸性粘多糖增效作用评价及作用机制初探[D].天津：天津医科大学,2006
[10]王静凤,王奕,赵林,逢龙,薛长湖.日本刺参的抗肿瘤及免疫调节作用研究[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(1)：93-96
[11]樊绘曾等.刺参酸性粘多糖的分离及其理化性质[J].药学学报.1980(15)：263
[12]胡人杰,于苏萍,姜卉,等.刺参酸性粘多糖及考的松对小鼠移植瘤S180的作用[J].中国肿瘤临床,1992,19(1)：72
[13]胡人杰,于苏萍.SJAMP与可的松合用对肿瘤血管生成的抑制作用[J].中国药理学会通讯,1996,13(4)：20
[14]王宝磊,卢云.刺参酸性粘多糖体外诱导人肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡的实验研究[D].青岛,青岛大学,2009
[15]彭玲,于壮,宋扬.刺参黏多糖对Hela细胞增殖分化的影响[J].青岛大学医学院学报,2008,44(3)：212-219
[16]王颖,于壮,宋扬.刺参黏多糖对人宫颈癌Hela细胞caspase表达影响[J].齐鲁医学杂志,2008,23(3)：191-194
[17]陈玲,于壮,宋扬,张笑雪,李明君.刺参黏多糖对人宫颈癌细胞凋亡的影响[J].齐鲁医学杂志,2009,24(2)：95-98
[18]尹钟洙,邵金莺,张磊等.刺参提取物药理作用的研究[J]。中药药理与临床,1990,6(3)： 33-35
[19]孙玲,徐迎,许华临.刺参酸性粘多糖对细胞免疫的增强作用[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1991,18(5)：394
[20]张延坤,张东祥.生物活性多糖的抗肿瘤作用及其机制研究进展[J].解放军预防医学杂志,2006,24(5)：382-385
[21]Moseley R, Waddington RJ, Embery G. Hyaluronan and its potential role in periodontal healing[J]. Dent Update,2002,29(3):114
[22]Eguchi H, Ikeda Y, Koyota S, et al. Oxidative damage due to copper ion and hydrogen peroxide induces GlcNAc-specific cleavage of an asn-linked oligosaccharide[J]. J Biochem(Tokyo),2002,131 (3):477
[23]Dushwood RH. Use of transgenic and mutant animal models in the study of heterocyclic amine-induced and carcinogenesis[J]. J Biochem Mol Biol,2003,36(1):35
[24]Anzai N, Taniyama T, Nakandakari N, et al. Inhibition of DNA adduct formation and mutagenic action of 3-amino-l-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b] indole by chlorophyllinchitosan in the transgenic mice[J]. Jpn J Cancer Res,2001,92(8):339
[25]宋晓凯主编.天然药物化学[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.37-50
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