镇海方言塞擦音—擦音音位系列的调查研究
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摘要
根据文献，现代镇海方言区别于吴语其他各方言点的语音特征之一是其保留了从中古音发展而来的三套互补分布的完整的塞擦音—擦音系列：舌尖音系列([tS]、[ts~h]、[dz]、[S]、[z])，舌面音系列([t(?)、[t(?)]、[d(?)]、[(?)]、[(?)]，舌叶音系列([t∫]、[t∫~h]、[d(?)]、[∫]、[(?)])。本研究假设镇海方言的塞擦音—擦音系列和宁波方言的一样遵循相同的演变规律：镇海话中的舌叶音系列将向舌尖音系列演化、保留—套塞擦音—擦音音位系列(舌尖音系列，舌面音是舌尖音的条件变体)。针对这一假设，本文在对镇海城区及城郊镇海方言的语音调查的基础上，试图运用端木的单音理论(Single-slot Theory)对现在的镇海方言音系中的塞擦音-擦音音位系列及演变阶段作一个清晰、合理的分析。
Previous studies show that Zhenhai distinguishes itself from the other dialects of Wu in that it retains three intact affricate-fricative series developed from Middle Chinese:
alveolar series ([ts], [ts~h], [dz], [s], [z]), alveolo-palatal series ([(?)], [(?)~h], [(?)], [(?)], [(?)]),
post-alveolar series ([(?)], [(?)~h], [(?)], [(?)], [(?)]), which are proposed to be in complementary
distribution. This fieldwork-based study investigates phonological variations of affricate-fricative series in Zhenhai and reports new findings. It aims to verify the hypothesis that affricate-fricative series in Zhenhai follow the same evolutionary trend as in Ningbo: the
post-alveolar series develops into the alveolar series ((?)→ts). A fieldwork is carried out with
this hypothesis. The data collected from 24 informants in 9 locations both in urban and suburban areas are dealt with in the framework of segmental phonology, especially Duanmu's Single-slot Theory, which insists that Chinese onset consonant -glide clusters can be analyzed as complex sounds, resulting in an increase in phonological simplicity. The data reveal new evolution in affricate-fricative series in Zhenhai: post-alveolar series has almost disappeared, leaving alveolar series and alveolo-palatal series, by comparison with previous studies. This result suggests that this study's verification is achieved.
Previous studies show that Zhenhai distinguishes itself from the other dialects of Wu in that it retains three intact affricate-fricative series developed from Middle Chinese:
alveolar series ([ts], [ts~h], [dz], [s], [z]), alveolo-palatal series ([(?)], [(?)~h], [(?)], [(?)], [(?)]),
post-alveolar series ([(?)], [(?)~h], [(?)], [(?)], [(?)]), which are proposed to be in complementary
distribution. This fieldwork-based study investigates phonological variations of affricate-fricative series in Zhenhai and reports new findings. It aims to verify the hypothesis that affricate-fricative series in Zhenhai follow the same evolutionary trend as in Ningbo: the
post-alveolar series develops into the alveolar series ((?)→ts). A fieldwork is carried out with
this hypothesis. The data collected from 24 informants in 9 locations both in urban and suburban areas are dealt with in the framework of segmental phonology, especially Duanmu's Single-slot Theory, which insists that Chinese onset consonant -glide clusters can be analyzed as complex sounds, resulting in an increase in phonological simplicity. The data reveal new evolution in affricate-fricative series in Zhenhai: post-alveolar series has almost disappeared, leaving alveolar series and alveolo-palatal series, by comparison with previous studies. This result suggests that this study's verification is achieved.
引文
Anderson, J. & C. Ewen. 1987. Principles of Dependency Phonology [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baugh, A. C. & T. Cable. 1978. A History of the English Language [M]. 3rd ed., London: RKP.
Bell, A. 1986. Review on Patterns of sounds by Ian Maddieson. Cambridge: University Press, 1984. [J]. Language. Vol. 62:4:899-902
Bright, W. 1978. Sibilants and naturalness in aboriginal California [J]. Journal of California Anthropology, Papers in Linguistics 1, 39-63.
Campbell, J. 2003. Chinese Dialect Classification [A]. http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/classification/wu/taihu/yongjiang/index.php. 2006-4-21.
Campbell, J. 2003. Introduction [A], http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/intro.php. 2006-4-21.
Cao, Y. 1987. Beijinghu tc, zu Shengmu de Qianhua Xianxiang [J]. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 3:84-91.
Cao, Z-Y. 2002. Nanbu Wuyu Yuyin Yanjiu [M]. Beijing: Shangwu Yingshuguan.
Chambers, J. K. & P. Trudgill. 1998. Dialectology [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chao, Y-R. 1934. The non-uniqueness of phonemic solutions of phonetic systems [J]. Bulletin of Institute of History and Philology. Academia Sinica 4.4:363-397.
Chen, B. 2005. Zhenhai Fangyan Cihui Xuanji Yi [N]. Zhenhai Shizhi Tongxun:5.
Chen, M.Y. 2000. Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, Z-T. & Li R-L. 1991. Minyu Yanjiu [M]. Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe.
Clements, G. N. 1985. The geometry of phonological features [J]. Phonology Yearbook 2, 225-252.
Clements, G. N. & E. Hume. 1995. The internal structure of speech sounds [A]. In John Goldsmith (ed.), Handbook of phonological theory [C]. Oxford: Blackwell. 245-306.
Clements, G N. 2006. Feature organization [A]. Keith Brown (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics [C]. 2~e edition. Oxford: Elsevier Limited.
http://ed268.univ-paris3.fx/lpp/publications/2006_Clements_Feature_Organizati on. pdf. 2006-4-23
Chomsky, N. & M. Halle. 1964. The Sound Pattern of English [M]. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. & M. Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English [M]. New York: Harper and Row.
Dong, T-S. 1948. Huayang Liangshuijing Kejia Jiyin [A]. In Ding B-X (ed.) 1981.Dong Tongsu Xiansheng Yuyanxue Lunwen Xuanji [C] : 153-273. Taiwan: Shihuo Chubanshe.
Duanmu, S. 1990. A Formal Study of Syllable, Tone, Stress and Domain in Chinese Languages [D]. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Duanmu, S. 1994. Against contour tone units. Linguistic Inquiry 25 A: 555-608.
Duanmu, S. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duanmu, S. 2002. Two theories of Onset Clusters [J]. Chinese Phonology 11:97-120.
Duanmu, S. 2003. The Syllable Phonology of Mandarin and Shanghai [P].
Proceedings of the Fifteenth North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics, 86-102. University of Southern California Press.
Foulkes, P. 2003. Fieldwork for studies of phonological variation [P]. 15th ICPhS Barcelona. Gillieron, J. 1902-10. Atlas Linguistique de la France [M]. 13 vols. Paris: Champion.
Goh, Yeng-Seng. 2000. Beijinghua shi danyinjie yuyan de zhiyi [Is Beijing Mandarin a monosyllabic language?]. Dangdai Yuyanxue [Contemporary Linguistics] 2.4: 231-247.
Gu, B-L. 1978. Penghu Qundao Fangyan Diaocha [P]. Guoli Taiwan Daxue Shuoshi Lunwen. Halle, M. 1995. Feature geometry and feature spreading [J]. Linguistic Inquiry 26.1: 1-46.
Haugen, E. 1966. Dialect, Language, Nation [A], in Pride-Holmes (eds.) 1972: 97-111.
Hou, J-Y. 2002. Xiandai Hanyu Fangyan Gailun [M], CD-ROM. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Hong, W-R. 1993. Fangyan DiaoCha Cibiao de Biyaoxing yu Sheji Fangfa [J]. Huayuwen Jiaoxue Yanjiu 1.2: 121-144.
Hu, E 2001. Shilun Bainianlai Ningbo Fangyan Shengmu Xitong de Yanbian [J]. Yuyan Yanjiu 3: 65-68.
Hudson, R. A. 1980. Sociolinguistis [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ishwar, I. Affricate consonants [A]. 22: 38, 12 Jun 2005. http://www. biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Affricate_consonant. 2006-4-21.
Jakobson, R., G. Fant & M. Halle. 1951. Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates [M]. Cambridge,MA: MIT.
Jakobson, R., G. Fant & M. Halle. 1963. Preliminaries to speech analysis [M]. 5th printing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Karlgren, B. 1915-1926. Etudes sur laphonologie Chinoise. Leyde, Stockholm, and Goteborg. 1930. Zhao Y-R, Luo C-P, Li F-G. (trans.) 1936. Beijing: Shangwu Yingshuguan.Kehrein, W. 2002. Phonological representation and phonetic phasing: affricates and laryngeals [M]. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer.
Kenstowicz, M. 1994. Phonology in Generative Grammar [M]. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Kim, H. 2001. A phonetically based account of phonological stop assibilation [J]. Phonology 18:81-108.
Kwamikagami, Ficative consonants [A]. 08:31, 6 Jun 2005a. http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Fricativeconsonant. 2006-4-21.
Kwamikagami, Sibilant [A]. 10:29, 2 Jun 2005b. http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Sibilant. 2006-4-21.
Ladefoged, P. 1982. A Course in Phonetics [M]. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Ladefoged, P. & Wu, Z. 1984. Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates [J]. Journal of Phonetics 12:167-278.
Ladefoged, P. & M. Halle. 1988. Some major features of the International Phonetic Alphabet [J]. Language 64.3: 577-82.
Ladefoged, P., & I. Maddieson. 1996. Sounds of the World's Languages [M]. Oxford: Blackwells.
Ladefoged, P. 2005a. A Course in Phonetics [M]. 5 th ed., Thomson-Wadsworth. Also: http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/cour se/ contents.html.
Ladefoged, P. 2005b. Features and parameters for different purposes [J]. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 104,1-13.
Language atlas of China [M]. 1987. Compiled jointly by Australian Academy of the Humanities and Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Hong Kong: Longman.
Lee, C.-Y. & K. N. Stevens. Strident Fricatives in Mandarin Chinese: From Acousticso to Articulation and Features [P]. Submitted to [J] Phonetics.
Li, Z. 2005. Dual Prominence in Tone Mapping: A Case of Tone Movement [P]. Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, (ed.) John Alderete et al, 245-253. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
McCarthy, J. 1988. Feature geometry and dependency: A review [J]. Phonetica 43: 1988; 45:84-108.
Maddieson, I. 1984. Patterns of Sounds [M]. Cambridge: CUP.
Mazzon, G & Palermo. 2000. Describing language variation in synchrony and diachrony: some methodological considerations [J]. Views: Vienna English Working PaperS 9:82-103.
Park, H. 2002. Temporal and Spectral Characteristics of Korean Phonation Types [D]. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
Pike, K. L. 1943. Tone languages: The nature of tonemic systems, with a technique for the analysis of their significant pitch contrasts [M]. Glendale, CA: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Roca, I. & W. Johnson. 1999. A Course in Phonology [M]. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Romaine, S. 1994. Language in Society [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rose, P. 1998. The differential status of semivowels in the acoustic phonetic realisation of tone [P]. In ICSLP-1998, paper 0298.
Sagey, E. 1986. The Representation of Features and Relations in Nonlinear Phonology [M]. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Sagey, E. 1990. The Representation of Features in Non-Linear Phonology: The Articulator Node Hierarchy [M]. New York: Garland.
Steriade, D. 1989. Affricates are Stops [P]. Paper presented at the Conference on Features and Underspecification Theories. Cambridge: MIT.
Stevens, K. & Li Z., Lee C.-Y., S. J. Keyser. 2004. A note on Mandarin Fricatives and Enhancement [A]. In G. Fant, H. Fujisaki, J. Cao & Y. Xu eds., From Traditional Phonology to Modern Speech Processing [C]. Beijing: Foreign Language teaching and research press.
Tang, Z-Z. & Chen Z-M, Wu X-X. 1997. Ningbo Fangyan Cidian [M]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Trudgill, P. 1990. The Dialects of England [M]. Oxford, Blackwell.
Wenker, G. 1876-1926, 1927-1956. Deutscher Sprachatlas. bearb, v. E Wrede et al.
Wang, H-J. 1999. Hanyu Feixianxing Yinxixue [M]. Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe.
Wang, J. 1993. The Geometry of Segmental Features in Beijing Mandarin [D]. Dissertation, University of Delaware, USA
Wang, L. 1980. Hanyu Yinyun [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Wang, L. 1985. Hanyu Yuyinshi [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Wu, Y-C. 2000. Beijinghua shi Danyinjie Yuyan de Zheyi [J]. Dangdai Yuyanxue 2.4: 231-247.
Wu, Z. (ed.) 1963. Phonetics of Putoghua Consonants [M]. Phonetics Laboratory, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, unpublished ms. (in Chinese).
Wu, Z-J. & Lin, M-C. (ed.) 1989. Shiyan Yuyinxue Gaiyao [M]. Beijing: Gaodeng Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Xu, T-Q. 1994. Yinxi de Jiegou Geju he Neibu Nicefa (Shang) [J]. Yuwen Yanjiu3: 1-9.
Zhang, Z-X. 1997. Chongdu Zhonghuo Yuyan Dituji [J]. Fangyan 1.4: 241-248.
Zhao, Y-R. 1928. Xiandai Wuyu de Yanjiu [M]. Beijing: Qinghua Daxue Chubanshe.Zhong, L-S. 1967. Minnanyu zai Taiwan de Fenbu [R], Youyingben. Taibei: Guokehui Baogao.
Baugh, A. C. & T. Cable. 1978. A History of the English Language [M]. 3rd ed., London: RKP.
Bell, A. 1986. Review on Patterns of sounds by Ian Maddieson. Cambridge: University Press, 1984. [J]. Language. Vol. 62:4:899-902
Bright, W. 1978. Sibilants and naturalness in aboriginal California [J]. Journal of California Anthropology, Papers in Linguistics 1, 39-63.
Campbell, J. 2003. Chinese Dialect Classification [A]. http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/classification/wu/taihu/yongjiang/index.php. 2006-4-21.
Campbell, J. 2003. Introduction [A], http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/intro.php. 2006-4-21.
Cao, Y. 1987. Beijinghu tc, zu Shengmu de Qianhua Xianxiang [J]. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 3:84-91.
Cao, Z-Y. 2002. Nanbu Wuyu Yuyin Yanjiu [M]. Beijing: Shangwu Yingshuguan.
Chambers, J. K. & P. Trudgill. 1998. Dialectology [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chao, Y-R. 1934. The non-uniqueness of phonemic solutions of phonetic systems [J]. Bulletin of Institute of History and Philology. Academia Sinica 4.4:363-397.
Chen, B. 2005. Zhenhai Fangyan Cihui Xuanji Yi [N]. Zhenhai Shizhi Tongxun:5.
Chen, M.Y. 2000. Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, Z-T. & Li R-L. 1991. Minyu Yanjiu [M]. Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe.
Clements, G. N. 1985. The geometry of phonological features [J]. Phonology Yearbook 2, 225-252.
Clements, G. N. & E. Hume. 1995. The internal structure of speech sounds [A]. In John Goldsmith (ed.), Handbook of phonological theory [C]. Oxford: Blackwell. 245-306.
Clements, G N. 2006. Feature organization [A]. Keith Brown (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics [C]. 2~e edition. Oxford: Elsevier Limited.
http://ed268.univ-paris3.fx/lpp/publications/2006_Clements_Feature_Organizati on. pdf. 2006-4-23
Chomsky, N. & M. Halle. 1964. The Sound Pattern of English [M]. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. & M. Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English [M]. New York: Harper and Row.
Dong, T-S. 1948. Huayang Liangshuijing Kejia Jiyin [A]. In Ding B-X (ed.) 1981.Dong Tongsu Xiansheng Yuyanxue Lunwen Xuanji [C] : 153-273. Taiwan: Shihuo Chubanshe.
Duanmu, S. 1990. A Formal Study of Syllable, Tone, Stress and Domain in Chinese Languages [D]. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Duanmu, S. 1994. Against contour tone units. Linguistic Inquiry 25 A: 555-608.
Duanmu, S. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duanmu, S. 2002. Two theories of Onset Clusters [J]. Chinese Phonology 11:97-120.
Duanmu, S. 2003. The Syllable Phonology of Mandarin and Shanghai [P].
Proceedings of the Fifteenth North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics, 86-102. University of Southern California Press.
Foulkes, P. 2003. Fieldwork for studies of phonological variation [P]. 15th ICPhS Barcelona. Gillieron, J. 1902-10. Atlas Linguistique de la France [M]. 13 vols. Paris: Champion.
Goh, Yeng-Seng. 2000. Beijinghua shi danyinjie yuyan de zhiyi [Is Beijing Mandarin a monosyllabic language?]. Dangdai Yuyanxue [Contemporary Linguistics] 2.4: 231-247.
Gu, B-L. 1978. Penghu Qundao Fangyan Diaocha [P]. Guoli Taiwan Daxue Shuoshi Lunwen. Halle, M. 1995. Feature geometry and feature spreading [J]. Linguistic Inquiry 26.1: 1-46.
Haugen, E. 1966. Dialect, Language, Nation [A], in Pride-Holmes (eds.) 1972: 97-111.
Hou, J-Y. 2002. Xiandai Hanyu Fangyan Gailun [M], CD-ROM. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Hong, W-R. 1993. Fangyan DiaoCha Cibiao de Biyaoxing yu Sheji Fangfa [J]. Huayuwen Jiaoxue Yanjiu 1.2: 121-144.
Hu, E 2001. Shilun Bainianlai Ningbo Fangyan Shengmu Xitong de Yanbian [J]. Yuyan Yanjiu 3: 65-68.
Hudson, R. A. 1980. Sociolinguistis [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ishwar, I. Affricate consonants [A]. 22: 38, 12 Jun 2005. http://www. biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Affricate_consonant. 2006-4-21.
Jakobson, R., G. Fant & M. Halle. 1951. Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates [M]. Cambridge,MA: MIT.
Jakobson, R., G. Fant & M. Halle. 1963. Preliminaries to speech analysis [M]. 5th printing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Karlgren, B. 1915-1926. Etudes sur laphonologie Chinoise. Leyde, Stockholm, and Goteborg. 1930. Zhao Y-R, Luo C-P, Li F-G. (trans.) 1936. Beijing: Shangwu Yingshuguan.Kehrein, W. 2002. Phonological representation and phonetic phasing: affricates and laryngeals [M]. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer.
Kenstowicz, M. 1994. Phonology in Generative Grammar [M]. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Kim, H. 2001. A phonetically based account of phonological stop assibilation [J]. Phonology 18:81-108.
Kwamikagami, Ficative consonants [A]. 08:31, 6 Jun 2005a. http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Fricativeconsonant. 2006-4-21.
Kwamikagami, Sibilant [A]. 10:29, 2 Jun 2005b. http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Sibilant. 2006-4-21.
Ladefoged, P. 1982. A Course in Phonetics [M]. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Ladefoged, P. & Wu, Z. 1984. Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates [J]. Journal of Phonetics 12:167-278.
Ladefoged, P. & M. Halle. 1988. Some major features of the International Phonetic Alphabet [J]. Language 64.3: 577-82.
Ladefoged, P., & I. Maddieson. 1996. Sounds of the World's Languages [M]. Oxford: Blackwells.
Ladefoged, P. 2005a. A Course in Phonetics [M]. 5 th ed., Thomson-Wadsworth. Also: http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/cour se/ contents.html.
Ladefoged, P. 2005b. Features and parameters for different purposes [J]. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 104,1-13.
Language atlas of China [M]. 1987. Compiled jointly by Australian Academy of the Humanities and Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Hong Kong: Longman.
Lee, C.-Y. & K. N. Stevens. Strident Fricatives in Mandarin Chinese: From Acousticso to Articulation and Features [P]. Submitted to [J] Phonetics.
Li, Z. 2005. Dual Prominence in Tone Mapping: A Case of Tone Movement [P]. Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, (ed.) John Alderete et al, 245-253. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
McCarthy, J. 1988. Feature geometry and dependency: A review [J]. Phonetica 43: 1988; 45:84-108.
Maddieson, I. 1984. Patterns of Sounds [M]. Cambridge: CUP.
Mazzon, G & Palermo. 2000. Describing language variation in synchrony and diachrony: some methodological considerations [J]. Views: Vienna English Working PaperS 9:82-103.
Park, H. 2002. Temporal and Spectral Characteristics of Korean Phonation Types [D]. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
Pike, K. L. 1943. Tone languages: The nature of tonemic systems, with a technique for the analysis of their significant pitch contrasts [M]. Glendale, CA: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Roca, I. & W. Johnson. 1999. A Course in Phonology [M]. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Romaine, S. 1994. Language in Society [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rose, P. 1998. The differential status of semivowels in the acoustic phonetic realisation of tone [P]. In ICSLP-1998, paper 0298.
Sagey, E. 1986. The Representation of Features and Relations in Nonlinear Phonology [M]. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Sagey, E. 1990. The Representation of Features in Non-Linear Phonology: The Articulator Node Hierarchy [M]. New York: Garland.
Steriade, D. 1989. Affricates are Stops [P]. Paper presented at the Conference on Features and Underspecification Theories. Cambridge: MIT.
Stevens, K. & Li Z., Lee C.-Y., S. J. Keyser. 2004. A note on Mandarin Fricatives and Enhancement [A]. In G. Fant, H. Fujisaki, J. Cao & Y. Xu eds., From Traditional Phonology to Modern Speech Processing [C]. Beijing: Foreign Language teaching and research press.
Tang, Z-Z. & Chen Z-M, Wu X-X. 1997. Ningbo Fangyan Cidian [M]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Trudgill, P. 1990. The Dialects of England [M]. Oxford, Blackwell.
Wenker, G. 1876-1926, 1927-1956. Deutscher Sprachatlas. bearb, v. E Wrede et al.
Wang, H-J. 1999. Hanyu Feixianxing Yinxixue [M]. Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe.
Wang, J. 1993. The Geometry of Segmental Features in Beijing Mandarin [D]. Dissertation, University of Delaware, USA
Wang, L. 1980. Hanyu Yinyun [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Wang, L. 1985. Hanyu Yuyinshi [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Wu, Y-C. 2000. Beijinghua shi Danyinjie Yuyan de Zheyi [J]. Dangdai Yuyanxue 2.4: 231-247.
Wu, Z. (ed.) 1963. Phonetics of Putoghua Consonants [M]. Phonetics Laboratory, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, unpublished ms. (in Chinese).
Wu, Z-J. & Lin, M-C. (ed.) 1989. Shiyan Yuyinxue Gaiyao [M]. Beijing: Gaodeng Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Xu, T-Q. 1994. Yinxi de Jiegou Geju he Neibu Nicefa (Shang) [J]. Yuwen Yanjiu3: 1-9.
Zhang, Z-X. 1997. Chongdu Zhonghuo Yuyan Dituji [J]. Fangyan 1.4: 241-248.
Zhao, Y-R. 1928. Xiandai Wuyu de Yanjiu [M]. Beijing: Qinghua Daxue Chubanshe.Zhong, L-S. 1967. Minnanyu zai Taiwan de Fenbu [R], Youyingben. Taibei: Guokehui Baogao.