关于版权保护技术措施的法律问题研究
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摘要
随着互联网时代的到来,版权制度所赖以存在的物质基础发生了革命性的变化。信息技术已经广泛地介入版权领域并对其产生了深刻的影响。这种影响主要表现在两个方面:
第一、技术的进步大大提高了人们复制、发行、出版、控制信息产品的能力。数字技术使几乎所有传统作品的文字、图像和声音都可以用0和1的二进制数码来表达,其复制成本显著降低,且复制件的质量与原件相比毫不逊色,在很大程度上消除了盗版者在模拟时代遇到的障碍。再者,计算机网络的出现使作品发行的速度发生了根本性的飞跃,每秒数以亿计字节的网络传输速度令信息的扩散瞬间完成。最后,全球互联网的兴起大大改变了传统的出版模式,网络上充斥的大量作品说明个人也拥有了在线出版的能力。
第二、信息技术的商业化进程及其与日常生活的大规模整合已经与传统的版权法律制度产生了强烈的碰撞。由于网络环境下对某些新出现的权利的认识模糊,个人在互联网上的一些行为如上传、下载、复制等,在不经意间就有侵犯版权的可能。尽管在前互联网时代版权界已经在计算机软件的保护中引入了版权保护技术措施,但直到网络时代这种手段的广泛应用才对现有的版权制度构成了强有力的挑战。互联网社会自诞生起就被认为不存在尊重权利的传统。在赛博空间Cyberspace里,与其说法律赋予作者的权利不够,不如说这些权利难以实现。
在数字化环境下,版权保护技术措施作为保护版权的有效手段受到了版权人的极力推动。因为数字技术使版权人越来越没有安全感,他们在传统版权制度中
The material basis which copyright system depends on has changed fundamentally with the coming of network age. Information technology has stepped into the field of copyright and exerts profound influences which show mainly in two aspects:First, the technical progress has greatly improved the ability by which people duplicate, distribute, public, and control information. Digital technology makes it possible that almost all the words, images and sounds of the traditional writings can be expressed by zero and one (binary scale digital),so the cost of making-up reduced extremely, and the duplication is also as good as the script in quality. To some extent, this removes the obstacles met by the bootleggers in the simulation era. In addition, the appearance of network makes the speed of writings change fundamentally. The spread of information can complete by the speed of network transportation promptly. Finally, the rising has changed the model of publication greatly. Lots of writings on the network show that individuals have the capability issued on line.Second, commercialized process of information technology and extensive combining of daily life have produced strong collision. Because under the environment of the network the understanding of some emerging rights appears fuzzy, some individual behaviors on line such as uploading, downloading, duplicating etc. maybe infringe the copyright inadvertently. Though in ex-internet era copyright circle had introduced technical measures of copyright protection, the extensive application of such method did not form the powerful challenge to the existing copyright system until the network era. It is thought that network society is not to respect the tradition of the right since boring. In Cyberspace, it is better to say that these rights are difficult
to realize than to say that it is not enough that the law is entrusted.Under the digitized environment, technical measures of copyright protection are mostly promoted by the owners of copyright as effective means to protect copyright. Because digital technology makes the owners of copyright fell less and less sense of safety and they can not get abundant legal protections in the system of traditional copyright, they have to seek private strength to relieve, that is to take technological measures in their works, especially digital works, to prevent others from contacting or using the works or recording or video products without permission. Self-sendee system, which the owners utilize technical measures to protect their interests, came into being under new technology environment. Technical measures may be destroyed or bypassed, so it has produced the demand for the legal protection, and reflected through the legislative motion provided by the copyright circle.Under its forceful push, technical measure is also admitted and protected by the international treaties and legislations from various countries. Forbid evading the technological measures has become a trend that countries all over the world legislate through revising the copyright law.However, technical measures of copyright protection are double-edged swords. While bringing good news to the owners of copyright, it will produce negative effects unavoidably. It has compressed the space of public's rights virtually while protecting the owners' interests of copyright effectively. For example public domain is occupied, protection deadline postponed, right -exhausted principle challenged, fair use for the public compressed and so on owning to technical measures. In a word, positive and negative effects which take into being as the copyright owners take the technical measures has already become the focus of the new-round legislations and modifying of laws for the countries all over the world. Developed countries and regions as U.S.A. and European Union, etc. have already taken the lead in answering to this question, and have carried on more systematic structure. The copyright law revised in 2001 and protection regulations of computers' software taken into effect in 2002 also make provisions to a certain degree. It is undoubtedly of great advantage for perfecting legislation and administration of justice of the relevant fields of our country by
analyzing the characteristics of the technical measures of copyright protection and studying the modes adopted by international organizations and developed countries. This thesis is divided into five chapters to explain the relevant contents in details which is arranged as follows,Chapter one, explaining the concept of technical measure, including its definition and sorts, etc.Chapter two, studying the development trends of the technical measures of copyright protection in the world, finding out its generality and difference taking relevant technical measure of copyright protection in U.S.A., European Union and Australian as examples.Chapter three, analyzing and studying legal attributes, urgency, necessity and applicable conditions of technical measures of copyright protection.Chapter four, illustrating the legal conflicts caused by technical measures of copyright protection, by analyzing the conflicts between the technical measures of copyright protection and the system of fair use, public interests, first-selling principle . protection of individual privacy, freedom of expression, antitrust law etc.Chapter five, putting forward advices on such respects as the legislation and administration of justice which perfect the technical protective measures of copyright of our country, etc according to the real situation of our country, through systematically analyzing the positive and negative influences that the technical measures produce, and combining the attitudes toward technology protective measures and methods of the copyright in the world.I have collected and read a large number of treatises and materials, including English materials after selecting this topic, and combined closely with law theory studied at school together, and adopted research methods such as induction and deduction, illustrating with examples etc, and kept the works written in straightforward language. I try to draw some comparatively clear views by analyzing theory deeply as reference for the masses who are interested in the relative contents.
第一、技术的进步大大提高了人们复制、发行、出版、控制信息产品的能力。数字技术使几乎所有传统作品的文字、图像和声音都可以用0和1的二进制数码来表达,其复制成本显著降低,且复制件的质量与原件相比毫不逊色,在很大程度上消除了盗版者在模拟时代遇到的障碍。再者,计算机网络的出现使作品发行的速度发生了根本性的飞跃,每秒数以亿计字节的网络传输速度令信息的扩散瞬间完成。最后,全球互联网的兴起大大改变了传统的出版模式,网络上充斥的大量作品说明个人也拥有了在线出版的能力。
第二、信息技术的商业化进程及其与日常生活的大规模整合已经与传统的版权法律制度产生了强烈的碰撞。由于网络环境下对某些新出现的权利的认识模糊,个人在互联网上的一些行为如上传、下载、复制等,在不经意间就有侵犯版权的可能。尽管在前互联网时代版权界已经在计算机软件的保护中引入了版权保护技术措施,但直到网络时代这种手段的广泛应用才对现有的版权制度构成了强有力的挑战。互联网社会自诞生起就被认为不存在尊重权利的传统。在赛博空间Cyberspace里,与其说法律赋予作者的权利不够,不如说这些权利难以实现。
在数字化环境下,版权保护技术措施作为保护版权的有效手段受到了版权人的极力推动。因为数字技术使版权人越来越没有安全感,他们在传统版权制度中
The material basis which copyright system depends on has changed fundamentally with the coming of network age. Information technology has stepped into the field of copyright and exerts profound influences which show mainly in two aspects:First, the technical progress has greatly improved the ability by which people duplicate, distribute, public, and control information. Digital technology makes it possible that almost all the words, images and sounds of the traditional writings can be expressed by zero and one (binary scale digital),so the cost of making-up reduced extremely, and the duplication is also as good as the script in quality. To some extent, this removes the obstacles met by the bootleggers in the simulation era. In addition, the appearance of network makes the speed of writings change fundamentally. The spread of information can complete by the speed of network transportation promptly. Finally, the rising has changed the model of publication greatly. Lots of writings on the network show that individuals have the capability issued on line.Second, commercialized process of information technology and extensive combining of daily life have produced strong collision. Because under the environment of the network the understanding of some emerging rights appears fuzzy, some individual behaviors on line such as uploading, downloading, duplicating etc. maybe infringe the copyright inadvertently. Though in ex-internet era copyright circle had introduced technical measures of copyright protection, the extensive application of such method did not form the powerful challenge to the existing copyright system until the network era. It is thought that network society is not to respect the tradition of the right since boring. In Cyberspace, it is better to say that these rights are difficult
to realize than to say that it is not enough that the law is entrusted.Under the digitized environment, technical measures of copyright protection are mostly promoted by the owners of copyright as effective means to protect copyright. Because digital technology makes the owners of copyright fell less and less sense of safety and they can not get abundant legal protections in the system of traditional copyright, they have to seek private strength to relieve, that is to take technological measures in their works, especially digital works, to prevent others from contacting or using the works or recording or video products without permission. Self-sendee system, which the owners utilize technical measures to protect their interests, came into being under new technology environment. Technical measures may be destroyed or bypassed, so it has produced the demand for the legal protection, and reflected through the legislative motion provided by the copyright circle.Under its forceful push, technical measure is also admitted and protected by the international treaties and legislations from various countries. Forbid evading the technological measures has become a trend that countries all over the world legislate through revising the copyright law.However, technical measures of copyright protection are double-edged swords. While bringing good news to the owners of copyright, it will produce negative effects unavoidably. It has compressed the space of public's rights virtually while protecting the owners' interests of copyright effectively. For example public domain is occupied, protection deadline postponed, right -exhausted principle challenged, fair use for the public compressed and so on owning to technical measures. In a word, positive and negative effects which take into being as the copyright owners take the technical measures has already become the focus of the new-round legislations and modifying of laws for the countries all over the world. Developed countries and regions as U.S.A. and European Union, etc. have already taken the lead in answering to this question, and have carried on more systematic structure. The copyright law revised in 2001 and protection regulations of computers' software taken into effect in 2002 also make provisions to a certain degree. It is undoubtedly of great advantage for perfecting legislation and administration of justice of the relevant fields of our country by
analyzing the characteristics of the technical measures of copyright protection and studying the modes adopted by international organizations and developed countries. This thesis is divided into five chapters to explain the relevant contents in details which is arranged as follows,Chapter one, explaining the concept of technical measure, including its definition and sorts, etc.Chapter two, studying the development trends of the technical measures of copyright protection in the world, finding out its generality and difference taking relevant technical measure of copyright protection in U.S.A., European Union and Australian as examples.Chapter three, analyzing and studying legal attributes, urgency, necessity and applicable conditions of technical measures of copyright protection.Chapter four, illustrating the legal conflicts caused by technical measures of copyright protection, by analyzing the conflicts between the technical measures of copyright protection and the system of fair use, public interests, first-selling principle . protection of individual privacy, freedom of expression, antitrust law etc.Chapter five, putting forward advices on such respects as the legislation and administration of justice which perfect the technical protective measures of copyright of our country, etc according to the real situation of our country, through systematically analyzing the positive and negative influences that the technical measures produce, and combining the attitudes toward technology protective measures and methods of the copyright in the world.I have collected and read a large number of treatises and materials, including English materials after selecting this topic, and combined closely with law theory studied at school together, and adopted research methods such as induction and deduction, illustrating with examples etc, and kept the works written in straightforward language. I try to draw some comparatively clear views by analyzing theory deeply as reference for the masses who are interested in the relative contents.
引文
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10、力量著,“网络规则应立足于动态保护—学界专家谈网络著作权法律保护”,http://www.jhcm.com/article/image/article/358.html.
11、杨成著,“网络侵犯著作权可构成犯罪”,http://www.qianlong.com/.
12、章英著,“网络著作权合理使用制度研究”,http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/2004%5C12%5Cma77522231411022140029728.html.
13、孙宁著,“完善我国言论自由保护的对策”,http://www.law.sdu.edu.cn/xxzy/ynbk/xzsg/xzsgO3-O6.htm.
14、百无禁忌著,“谁才是真正的‘盗版者’”,http://www.jnkjsc.com/GO2.htm
15、央视在线,“网络空间的表达自由”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/200310/O9/content_1115386_1.htm.
16、曹建明,“正确贯彻实施知识产权法律和有关司法解释”,http://www.chinaiprlaw.com/fgrt/fgrt149.htm.
17、劳伦斯·莱斯格,“网络时代的守护神”http://www.gongfa.com/laisige.htm.
18、Pierre Sirinelli, The Scope of the Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures: Exceptions, http://www.law.Columbia.edu/lawconference2001.htm.
19、Report of the House Comm. on Commerce, H. R. Rep. No. 105-551, pt. 2, at 25 (1998), http://www.lexis.com/research.
20、Kenneth D. Crews, "Will we need fair use in the twenty-first century", http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectual_property/fair_use.htm.
21、Doug Isenberg's Gigalaw. com, "Legal Information for Internet Professionals" http://www.gigalaw.com/about/dougisenberg.htm.
2、朱家贤、苏号朋著,《法治网—网上纠纷、立法、司法》[M],中国经济出版社,2000年9月第1版。
3、李扬著,《网络知识产权法》[M],湖南大学出版社,2002年2月第1版。
4、薛虹著,《数字技术的知识产权保护》[M],知识产权出版社,2002年8月第1版。
5、乔生著,《信息网络传播权研究》[M],法律出版社,2004年10月第1版。
6、王利明著,《民商法研究》(第6辑)[M],法律出版社,2004年3月第1版。
7、唐广良主编,《知识产权研究》[M],中国方正出版社,2003年1第1版。
8、张玉瑞著,《互联网上知识产权—诉讼与法律》[M],人民法院出版社2000年版。
9、肖燕著,《网络环境下的著作权与数字图书馆》[M],北京图书馆出版社2003年第1版。
10、薛虹著,《知识产权与电子商务》[M],法律出版社,2003年版。
11、南振兴、刘春霖著,《知识产权学术前沿问题研究》[M],中国书籍出版社,2003年1月第1版。
12、赵永红著,《知识产权犯罪研究》[M],中国法制出版社2004年7月第1版。
13、龙文懋著,《知识产权法哲学初探》[M],人民出版社2003年8月第1版。
14、吴汉东著,《著作权合理使用制度研究》[M],中国政法大学出版社,1996年版。
15、刘茂林著,《知识产权法的经济分析》[M],法律出版社,1996年版。
16、周长龄著,《法律的起源》[M],中国人民公安大学出版社1997年版。
17、肖燕著,《网络环境下的著作权与数字图书馆》[M],北京图书馆出版社2003年第1版。
18、史尚宽著:《民法总论》,中国政法大学出版社2003年版。
19、郑成思著,《版权法》[M],中国人民大学出版社1990版。
20、李德成著,《网络隐私权保护制度初论》[M],中国方正出版社,2001年10月第1版。
21、唐广良、董炳和著,《知识产权的国际保护》[M],知识产权出版社,2002年10第1版。
22、薛虹著,《网络时代的知识产权法》,法律出版社2000年7月第1版。
23、2001年《中华人民共和国著作权法著作权法》。
24、2002年《中华人民共和国著作权法实施条例》。
25、2002年《最高人民法院关于审理著作权民事纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》。
1、陈智伦著,“计算机网络传输的著作权问题探析”[J],载《四川大学学报》1999年第3期。
2、李杨著,“试论技术措施权”[J],载《河南省政法管理干部学院学报》2002年第3期。
3、章英著,“网络著作权合理使用制度研究”[J],《信息网络法律评论》2002年版。
4、马治国著,“网络版权中技术措施的法律保护”[J],载《科技与法律》2001年第4期。
5、郭禾著,“规避技术措施行为的法律属性辨析”[J],载《电子知识产权》2004年第10期。
6、陈传夫著,“《欧盟信息社会版权与相关权利协调指令》简介”[J],载《著作权》2001年第5期。
7、杨述兴著,“技术措施与著作权法中的权利限制制度”[J],载《知识产权》,2004年第2期。
8、梁清华、汪洋著,“数字时代版权领域的利益冲突及解决思路”[J],载《知识产权》第14卷,总第83期。
9、唐广良著,“美国的《数字千年版权法》与技术措施保护制度”[J],载《电子知识产权》2004年第2期。
10、韩天岚著,“知识产权诉讼中禁令的适用”[J],载《电子知识产权》2004年第4期。
11、荣国权著,“关于法的经济学的几点分析”[J],载《北方工业大学学报》,1999年第6期。
12、袁泳著,“因特网上的版权及有关权利保护”[J],载郑成思《知识产权文丛》(第二卷),中国政法大学出版社,1999年9月第1版。
13、薛虹著,“因特网上的版权及有关权利保护”[J],载郑成思主编《知识产权文丛》(第1卷)[C],中国政法大学出版社,1999年版。
14、郭禾著,“网络技术对著作权的影响”[J],载《科技与法律》2001年第1期。
15、乔生著,“也谈网络环境下知识产权的保护”[J],《知识产权研究》(第13卷),中国方正出版社2003年1月第1版。
16、王迁著,“对技术措施立法保护的比较研究”[J],载《知识产权》2003年第2期。
17、薛虹著,“我国著作权法中的技术措施法律保护”[J],载《中国版权》2003年第2期。
18、韩天岚著,“知识产权诉讼中禁令的适用”[J],载《电子知识产权》2004年第4期。
19、汪太贤著,“权利的代价-权利限制的根据、方式、宗旨和原则”[J],载《学习与探索》 2000年第4期。
1、Qmigh著,“高科技遭遇零科技”[N],南方周末2002-5-31(7)。
2、《中国青年报》,1997-12-17,第6版。
3、郑成思著,“对二十一世纪知识产权研究的展望”[N],《中国知识产权报》,1999-8-27(2)。
4、刘小磊著,“在电脑上看DVD的权利”[N],《南方周末》,2001年12月07日。
5、梁志文著,“技术措施的版权保护”[N],载《人民法院报》2002-6-23(3)。
1、1995年《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(TRIPs)。
2、1996年的《世界知识产权组织版权公约》(WCT)。
3、《世界知识产权组织表演和录音制品条约》(WPPT)。
4、1997年欧盟《信息社会有关版权和相关权协调的指令草案》。
5、1999年欧盟《信息社会有关版权和相关权协调的指令草案》(修正案)。
6、1998年欧盟《对基于或包含有条件接触的服务的法律保护的指令》。
7、1998年美国《数字千年版权法》(DMCA)(Digital Millennium Copyright Act.)。
8、1999年澳大利亚《数字议程法案》(Australia’s Digital Agenda Act)。
9、2001年欧盟《信息社会有关版权和相关权协调的指令》。
10、罗伯特·考特、托马斯·尤伦著,《法和经济学》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1994年版。
11、保罗·戈尔茨坦著,“版权及其替代物”,载《电子知识产权》1999年第6期。
12、[日]北川善太郎著,《网上信息、著作权与契约》[J],渠涛译,《外国法译评》,1998第3期。
13、罗伯特—C—埃里克森著,苏力译《无需法律的秩序》[M]中国政法大学出版社,2003年8月版。
14、M. Perry and C. Chisick, "Copyright and anti-circumvention Growing Pains in a Digital Millenium" (2000) New Zealand Intellectual Property Journel.
15、R. A. Reece "Legal Incentives for Adopting Digital Rights Management Systems: Merging Access Controls and Right Controls" Berkeley Technology Law Journel vol.18, 613, 2003.
16、Copyright (c) 2002 International Journal of Communications Law and Policy International Journal of Communications Law and Policy 2002/2003 7 Int' 1 J. Comm. L. & Pol'y 4) By Markus Fallenbock.
17、M. Perry and C. Chisick, "Copyright and anti-circumvention Growing Pains in a Digital Millenium" (2000) New Zealand Intellectual Property Journel 261.
18、Yochai Benkler, Free as the Air to Common Use: First Amendment Constraints on Enclosure of the Public Domain, Vol 74 N. Y. U. L. Rew (2000).
19、Information Infrastructure Task Force, "Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure", the Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Right, September, 1995.
20、Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the Harmonization of Certain Aspects of Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society, Official Journal L 167, 22/06/2001 P.
21、U. S. Copyright Office, DMCA Section 104 Report A Report of the Register of Copyrights Pursuant to § 104 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, August 2001.
22、U. S. Copyright Office, DMCA Section 104 Report.
23、Lydia Pallas Loren: Technological Protections in Copyright Law-Is More Legal Protection Needed?Paper Presented the Bileta 2001 Conference IN Edinburgh, Scotland22,
24、Kamiel J Koelman: The Protection of Technological Measures Vs. the Copyright Limitations. Paper Presented at the ALAL Congress Adjuncts And Alternatives for Copytight, New York, 15 June 2001.
25、Ronald h. Cass: Copyright, Licensing, and the first screen.
1、http://www.privatelaw.com.cn.
2、http://www.lexis.com/research.
3、“微软起诉七千家网站”,http://www.cnnews.com.
4、梁志文著,“技术措施界定:比较与评价”,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/temp/cn/shownews.asp?id=76&cat=8.
5、王利著,“完善版权法上技术措施立法的思考”,中国知识产权网2004-07-30。
6、梁志文著,“技术措施的版权保护”,http://www.dastu.com/info/by/zflw/mflw/808.htm.
7、魏衍亮著,“国际网络音乐版权诉讼对我国(p2p)企业的启发”,http://www.ppcn.net/n1331c6.aspx.
8、李明德著,“网络环境中的版权保护”,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/shownews.asp?id=10711
9、雁鸣著,硅谷08-01原文参见:Chinabyte-硅谷寄语。
10、力量著,“网络规则应立足于动态保护—学界专家谈网络著作权法律保护”,http://www.jhcm.com/article/image/article/358.html.
11、杨成著,“网络侵犯著作权可构成犯罪”,http://www.qianlong.com/.
12、章英著,“网络著作权合理使用制度研究”,http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/2004%5C12%5Cma77522231411022140029728.html.
13、孙宁著,“完善我国言论自由保护的对策”,http://www.law.sdu.edu.cn/xxzy/ynbk/xzsg/xzsgO3-O6.htm.
14、百无禁忌著,“谁才是真正的‘盗版者’”,http://www.jnkjsc.com/GO2.htm
15、央视在线,“网络空间的表达自由”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/200310/O9/content_1115386_1.htm.
16、曹建明,“正确贯彻实施知识产权法律和有关司法解释”,http://www.chinaiprlaw.com/fgrt/fgrt149.htm.
17、劳伦斯·莱斯格,“网络时代的守护神”http://www.gongfa.com/laisige.htm.
18、Pierre Sirinelli, The Scope of the Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures: Exceptions, http://www.law.Columbia.edu/lawconference2001.htm.
19、Report of the House Comm. on Commerce, H. R. Rep. No. 105-551, pt. 2, at 25 (1998), http://www.lexis.com/research.
20、Kenneth D. Crews, "Will we need fair use in the twenty-first century", http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectual_property/fair_use.htm.
21、Doug Isenberg's Gigalaw. com, "Legal Information for Internet Professionals" http://www.gigalaw.com/about/dougisenberg.htm.