基于FPGA的TS流复用器及其接口的设计与实现
摘要
在数字电视系统中，MPEG-2编码复用器是系统传输的核心环节，所有的节目、数据以及各种增值服务都是通过复用打包成传输流传输出去。目前，只有少数公司掌握复用器的核心算法技术，能够采用MPEG-2可变码率统计复用方法提高带宽利用率，保证高质量图像传输。由于目前正处广播电视全面向数字化过渡期间，市场潜力巨大，因此对复用器的研究开发非常重要。本文针对复用器及其接口技术进行研究并设计出成形产品。
文中首先对MPEG-2标准及NIOSⅡ软核进行分析。重点研究了复用器中的部分关键技术：PSI信息提取及重构算法、PID映射方法、PCR校正及CRC校验算法，给出了实现方法，并通过了硬件验证。然后对复用器中主要用到的ASI接口和DS3接口进行了分析与研究，给出了设计方法，并通过了硬件验证。
本文的主要工作如下：
●首先对复用器整体功能进行详细分析，并划分软硬件各自需要完成的功能。给出复用器的整体方案以及ASI接口和DS3接口设计方案。
●在FPGA上采用c语言实现了PSI信息提取与重构算法。
●给出了实现快速的PID映射方法，并根据FPGA特点给出一种新的PID映射方法，减少了逻辑资源的使用，提高了稳定性。
●采用Verilog设计了SI信息提取与重构的硬件平台，并用c语言实现了SDT表的提取与重构算法，在FPGA中成功实现了动态分配内存空间。
●在FPGA上实现了ASI接口，主要分析了位同步的实现过程，实现了一种新的快速实现字节同步的设计。
●在FPGA上实现了DS3接口，提出并实现了一种兼容式DS3接口设计。并对帧同步设计进行改进。
●完成部分PCB版图设计，并进行调试监测。
本复用器设计最大特点是将软件设计和硬件设计进行合理划分，硬件平台及接口采用Verilog语言实现，PSI信息算法主要采用c语言实现。这种软硬件的划分使系统设计更加灵活，且软件设计与硬件设计可同时进行，极大的提高了工作效率。
整个项目设计采用verilog和c两种语言完成，采用Altera公司的FPGA芯片EP1C20，在Quartus和NIOS IDE两种设计平台下设计实现。
根据此方案已经开发出两台带有ASI和DS3接口的数字电视TS流复用器，经测试达到了预期的性能和技术指标。
In the system of Digital Vidio,MPEG-2 Multiplexer is the core of the system tranmitting. All of the program data and other service tranmite through multiplexing pack. Now only few company can predominate the technology of multiplexer. Because currently positive place the broadcast television turns a transition a period toward the numeral completely, The market potential is huge, Therefore the development and research for multiplexer is very important. This text mainly research multiplexer and its interface and design to take shape a product.
In the dissertation author first analysis and research MPEG-2 standard in detail,and introduce NIOS II. Detailed analyses the part key technique of multiplexer,such as picking up and constructing PSI information PID mapping,PCR emendation and CRC check,and then Detailed analyses ASI interface and DS3 interface, give the design project, finally pass the hardware identification. In the whole design process, through the method of the function and timing emluator and hardware identification,ensure each parts to work normally,and satisfy the request of the system function. Otherwise give parts of details worked to various designs.
First to reply to carry on with the whole work of machine detailed analysis, and divide the line soft hardware each from function that need to be complete.
Adopt the c language carried out the PSI information
Give realization the fast PID reflect to shoot a method, and give according to the FPGA characteristics a kind of new PID reflect to shoot a method, reducing the usage of the logic resources, raising a stability.
Carried out ASI to connect on the FPGA, mainly analyzed to carry out process synchronously, provide a kind of new fast carry out a synchronous method of the word stanza.
Carried out DS3 to connect on the FPGA, put forward and carry out a kind of and the permit type DS3 connect a people's design.
This project the biggest characteristics is to design software to carry on reasonable demarcation with the hardware design, Make the system, design more vivid, The software design and the hardware design can carry on in the meantime, raise a work efficiency largelg.
The whole item design completes through verilog and c two kinds of language, adopt the FPGA chip EP1C20 of the Altera company, At the Quartus and the NIOS IDE two kinds of environment.
Because this item is complete by several person, this text to oneself part of works of design study carry on an analytical research.This item still uses a little bit other related techniques, for example the numerical frequency synthesize,the network correspondence,imbed small scaled operate system etc. and do not do introduction here.
文中首先对MPEG-2标准及NIOSⅡ软核进行分析。重点研究了复用器中的部分关键技术：PSI信息提取及重构算法、PID映射方法、PCR校正及CRC校验算法，给出了实现方法，并通过了硬件验证。然后对复用器中主要用到的ASI接口和DS3接口进行了分析与研究，给出了设计方法，并通过了硬件验证。
本文的主要工作如下：
●首先对复用器整体功能进行详细分析，并划分软硬件各自需要完成的功能。给出复用器的整体方案以及ASI接口和DS3接口设计方案。
●在FPGA上采用c语言实现了PSI信息提取与重构算法。
●给出了实现快速的PID映射方法，并根据FPGA特点给出一种新的PID映射方法，减少了逻辑资源的使用，提高了稳定性。
●采用Verilog设计了SI信息提取与重构的硬件平台，并用c语言实现了SDT表的提取与重构算法，在FPGA中成功实现了动态分配内存空间。
●在FPGA上实现了ASI接口，主要分析了位同步的实现过程，实现了一种新的快速实现字节同步的设计。
●在FPGA上实现了DS3接口，提出并实现了一种兼容式DS3接口设计。并对帧同步设计进行改进。
●完成部分PCB版图设计，并进行调试监测。
本复用器设计最大特点是将软件设计和硬件设计进行合理划分，硬件平台及接口采用Verilog语言实现，PSI信息算法主要采用c语言实现。这种软硬件的划分使系统设计更加灵活，且软件设计与硬件设计可同时进行，极大的提高了工作效率。
整个项目设计采用verilog和c两种语言完成，采用Altera公司的FPGA芯片EP1C20，在Quartus和NIOS IDE两种设计平台下设计实现。
根据此方案已经开发出两台带有ASI和DS3接口的数字电视TS流复用器，经测试达到了预期的性能和技术指标。
In the system of Digital Vidio,MPEG-2 Multiplexer is the core of the system tranmitting. All of the program data and other service tranmite through multiplexing pack. Now only few company can predominate the technology of multiplexer. Because currently positive place the broadcast television turns a transition a period toward the numeral completely, The market potential is huge, Therefore the development and research for multiplexer is very important. This text mainly research multiplexer and its interface and design to take shape a product.
In the dissertation author first analysis and research MPEG-2 standard in detail,and introduce NIOS II. Detailed analyses the part key technique of multiplexer,such as picking up and constructing PSI information PID mapping,PCR emendation and CRC check,and then Detailed analyses ASI interface and DS3 interface, give the design project, finally pass the hardware identification. In the whole design process, through the method of the function and timing emluator and hardware identification,ensure each parts to work normally,and satisfy the request of the system function. Otherwise give parts of details worked to various designs.
First to reply to carry on with the whole work of machine detailed analysis, and divide the line soft hardware each from function that need to be complete.
Adopt the c language carried out the PSI information
Give realization the fast PID reflect to shoot a method, and give according to the FPGA characteristics a kind of new PID reflect to shoot a method, reducing the usage of the logic resources, raising a stability.
Carried out ASI to connect on the FPGA, mainly analyzed to carry out process synchronously, provide a kind of new fast carry out a synchronous method of the word stanza.
Carried out DS3 to connect on the FPGA, put forward and carry out a kind of and the permit type DS3 connect a people's design.
This project the biggest characteristics is to design software to carry on reasonable demarcation with the hardware design, Make the system, design more vivid, The software design and the hardware design can carry on in the meantime, raise a work efficiency largelg.
The whole item design completes through verilog and c two kinds of language, adopt the FPGA chip EP1C20 of the Altera company, At the Quartus and the NIOS IDE two kinds of environment.
Because this item is complete by several person, this text to oneself part of works of design study carry on an analytical research.This item still uses a little bit other related techniques, for example the numerical frequency synthesize,the network correspondence,imbed small scaled operate system etc. and do not do introduction here.
引文
[1] 王明臣，姜秀华，张永辉．数字电视与高清晰度电视．北京：中国广播电视出版社，2003
[2] 钟玉琢，王琪，赵黎等．MPEG-2运动图像压缩编码国际标准及MPEG的新进展．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
[3] ISO/IEC 13818-1. Genetic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio information—Part 1: Systems. 1995
[4] ISO/IEC 13818-3. Genetic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio informatio—Part2: Audio. 1995
[5] ISO/IEC 13818-2. Genetic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio information—Part 3: Video. 1995
[6] DVB Document A018, DVB Interfaces to PDH Networks. 1997
[7] ITU-T Recommendation G. 704, Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8448 and 44736kbit/s hierarchical levels, 1998
[8] ISO/IEC International Standard 11172-1. Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to about 1.5Mbps—Part 1: Systems. 1993
[9] ISO/IEC International Standard 11172-5. Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to about 1.5Mbps—Part 5: Software Simulation. 1998
[10] JPEG(ISO/IEC/JTCI/SC2/WG8). ISO CD 10918-1-1991. Digital Compression and coding of Continuous-tone Still Picture. 1991
[11] ETSI. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB specification for data broadcasting. ETSI EN 301 192v1.2.1, jun, 1999
[12] Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos. An Asociative RAM-based CAM and Its Application to Broad-Band Communications Systems. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1998, Vol. 9, No. 5:1036-1041
[13] 夏宇闻．Verilog数字系统设计教程．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2003，1-8
[14] The Fundamentals of DS3. Technical Note. TIC Company. 2004
[15] 付国映．数字电视中复用器的研究与实现：[硕士学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2004
[16] 郑鑫，张晓玲，王炯．数字电视QAM调制器中TS流处理的研究与FPGA实现．电视技术，2005，(增刊)：63～65
[17] 朱荣华．一种CRC并行计算原理与实现方法．电子学报，1999，27(4)：27-29
[18] 杜江洪．基于CATV网MPEG-2 IS流复用器包调度算法．有线网络，2002，(5)：26-28
[19] 张重阳，马时平等．数字电视多路复用器中PCR抖动的消除．电视技术，2001，(8)：18-19
[20] 杜江洪．基于CATV网MPEG-2 TS流复用器包调度算法．有线网络，2002，(5)：26-28
[21] 关冬亮，余松煜．一种新的高速ASI的设计与实现．数据采集与处理，2001，Vol．16：491-493
[2] 钟玉琢，王琪，赵黎等．MPEG-2运动图像压缩编码国际标准及MPEG的新进展．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
[3] ISO/IEC 13818-1. Genetic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio information—Part 1: Systems. 1995
[4] ISO/IEC 13818-3. Genetic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio informatio—Part2: Audio. 1995
[5] ISO/IEC 13818-2. Genetic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio information—Part 3: Video. 1995
[6] DVB Document A018, DVB Interfaces to PDH Networks. 1997
[7] ITU-T Recommendation G. 704, Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8448 and 44736kbit/s hierarchical levels, 1998
[8] ISO/IEC International Standard 11172-1. Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to about 1.5Mbps—Part 1: Systems. 1993
[9] ISO/IEC International Standard 11172-5. Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to about 1.5Mbps—Part 5: Software Simulation. 1998
[10] JPEG(ISO/IEC/JTCI/SC2/WG8). ISO CD 10918-1-1991. Digital Compression and coding of Continuous-tone Still Picture. 1991
[11] ETSI. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB specification for data broadcasting. ETSI EN 301 192v1.2.1, jun, 1999
[12] Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos. An Asociative RAM-based CAM and Its Application to Broad-Band Communications Systems. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1998, Vol. 9, No. 5:1036-1041
[13] 夏宇闻．Verilog数字系统设计教程．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2003，1-8
[14] The Fundamentals of DS3. Technical Note. TIC Company. 2004
[15] 付国映．数字电视中复用器的研究与实现：[硕士学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2004
[16] 郑鑫，张晓玲，王炯．数字电视QAM调制器中TS流处理的研究与FPGA实现．电视技术，2005，(增刊)：63～65
[17] 朱荣华．一种CRC并行计算原理与实现方法．电子学报，1999，27(4)：27-29
[18] 杜江洪．基于CATV网MPEG-2 IS流复用器包调度算法．有线网络，2002，(5)：26-28
[19] 张重阳，马时平等．数字电视多路复用器中PCR抖动的消除．电视技术，2001，(8)：18-19
[20] 杜江洪．基于CATV网MPEG-2 TS流复用器包调度算法．有线网络，2002，(5)：26-28
[21] 关冬亮，余松煜．一种新的高速ASI的设计与实现．数据采集与处理，2001，Vol．16：491-493