微型可视化标签的原理及制作
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摘要
传统光学条码成本低、易于制作和灵活实用等特点使其在众多领域得到了广泛应用。本文根据照相机的散焦特性,提出并制作了一种新颖的有源微型光学标签系统,能方便地实现对微型光学标签在较远距离的读取和识别。本系统发射端集成了LED、透镜和微型二维码,成像部分采用散焦照相机镜头,以实现在较远距离处接收放大的二维条码图像,进而实现正确解码。通过仿真和实验,重点研究了相机镜头的参数与光学标签发射端透镜焦距和孔径以及发射光源的相互影响。信息编码方式选用具有超高速全方位识读和高效表示汉字优点的QR Code。包含信息的微型二维码分别使用照相和光绘机的制作方法,以实现码元单元尺寸在毫米量级以下,因后者制作的微型二维码更清晰,本文将其作为微型二维码的首选方案。
本文主要的工作和创新之处,首先提出了一种新的标签系统,克服了传统光学条码标签面积大、容量小、易污损、工作距离短的不足。并在此基础上设计了一种类似于LED结构的集成微型可视化标签系统,以简化加工工艺缩减制作成本,以便于大规模生产。利用光绘机制作微型二维码。利用光绘机精度高、加工方便和污损少的优点,成功制作了高密度价格合理的微型二维码,其最小码元可达870μm,使进一步集成化和增加探测距离成为可能。
The new optical system of micro visual tag is based on the principle of defocus blur. Unlike current optical tag, such as barcodes, must be read within a short rang and the codes occupy valuable physical space on products, this tag can be shrunk to several millimeters and captured from a distance of over 0.1 meters. It is integrated with LED, lens and the 2D barcode mask to form an active signal transmitter. Taking using of the camera out of focus, the users are able to detect small optical tag from a relatively large distance and get an amplificatory image. The image is accurately decoded to access to information. The parameters of the transmitting terminal are related to the parameters of camera lens. The simulations and experiments show that the aperture, focal length and light source have influence on the detection range. For the virtues of QR Code such as High-Speed omnibearing reading and high-efficiency coding Chinese character, it is selected as the mode of information encoding.
The primary content and innovation of the dissertation includes the follows. Firstly, this paper puts forward a new tag system. It is different from the traditional barcode which has the flaws such as occupying too much space, low amount of information, easy defilement and short detecting range. The advantages of the tag such as large amount of information, security and cheapness make it possible to provide an effective supplement to radio frequency tags. Secondly the integrated micro visual tag like LED simplifies the process and reduces the production costs. This creates the condition for future large-scale 1 and application. At last we produce the mask by photoplotter. With the advantages of high accuracy, processing convenience and less fouling, the photoplotter can produce high-density mask whose smallest symbol is up to 870μm, so it is possible to enhance the integration and increase the detection range.
本文主要的工作和创新之处,首先提出了一种新的标签系统,克服了传统光学条码标签面积大、容量小、易污损、工作距离短的不足。并在此基础上设计了一种类似于LED结构的集成微型可视化标签系统,以简化加工工艺缩减制作成本,以便于大规模生产。利用光绘机制作微型二维码。利用光绘机精度高、加工方便和污损少的优点,成功制作了高密度价格合理的微型二维码,其最小码元可达870μm,使进一步集成化和增加探测距离成为可能。
The new optical system of micro visual tag is based on the principle of defocus blur. Unlike current optical tag, such as barcodes, must be read within a short rang and the codes occupy valuable physical space on products, this tag can be shrunk to several millimeters and captured from a distance of over 0.1 meters. It is integrated with LED, lens and the 2D barcode mask to form an active signal transmitter. Taking using of the camera out of focus, the users are able to detect small optical tag from a relatively large distance and get an amplificatory image. The image is accurately decoded to access to information. The parameters of the transmitting terminal are related to the parameters of camera lens. The simulations and experiments show that the aperture, focal length and light source have influence on the detection range. For the virtues of QR Code such as High-Speed omnibearing reading and high-efficiency coding Chinese character, it is selected as the mode of information encoding.
The primary content and innovation of the dissertation includes the follows. Firstly, this paper puts forward a new tag system. It is different from the traditional barcode which has the flaws such as occupying too much space, low amount of information, easy defilement and short detecting range. The advantages of the tag such as large amount of information, security and cheapness make it possible to provide an effective supplement to radio frequency tags. Secondly the integrated micro visual tag like LED simplifies the process and reduces the production costs. This creates the condition for future large-scale 1 and application. At last we produce the mask by photoplotter. With the advantages of high accuracy, processing convenience and less fouling, the photoplotter can produce high-density mask whose smallest symbol is up to 870μm, so it is possible to enhance the integration and increase the detection range.
引文
[1]中国物品编码中心.条码技术与应用[P].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[2]妙妙.从一维码到二维条码手机也当解码器[J].数字通信,2006(17).
[3]计库.二维条码与一维条码、RFID比较[J].中国自动识别技术,2008(03).
[4]李如年.基于RFID技术的物联网研究[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2006(06)
[5]程慧荣,黄国彬,孙坦.国外基于大众标注系统的标签研究[G].北京:中国科学院文献情报中心,2009(2).
[6] MORTON.A.Q. Packaging history: The emergence of the Uniform Product Code (UPC) in the United States[J]. History and Technology, 1994, 11: 101–111.
[7] PAVLIDIS.T, SWARTZ.J, WANG.Y.P. Fundamentals of bar code information theory[J]. IEEE Computer, 1990, 199023(4): 74–86.
[8] PENTLAND.A.P. A new sense for depth of field[J]. IEEE PAMI 1987, 1987, 9(4):523–531.
[9] ISO. QR code 2005 bar code symbology specification[P]. ISO/IEC:18004, 2006-02-04.
[10] ISO. Data Matrix bar code symbology specification[P]. ISO/IEC:16022, 2006-02-04.
[11] DE IPINA, D. L, MENDONC. A. P. R. S, HOPPER. A. TRIP: A low-cost vision-based location system for ubiquitous computing[J]. Personal Ubiquitous Computing, 2002, 6(3): 206–219.
[12]陈晓平.编著条码印刷技术[M].清华大学出版社,1993, 1(14): 166-171.
[13]陈珊.手机二维条码市场蛋糕正做大[J].人民邮电,2008, 6.
[14]包宋德.二维条码在品牌白酒防伪系统中的应用[J].荆楚理工学院学报,2004, 7.
[15]张琪.我国将继续推动电子标签(FRID)国家标准的研制[J].中国防伪报道.2008-08-20.
[16]邓由飞,郭望山,赵金石等.二维条码和RFID标签用于肉牛身份识别的性能比较[J].中国畜牧杂志,2009, 11(45): 54-56.
[17]耿军.独家代理条码标签打印机维深与日本SAOT携手RFID服务[J].每周电脑报,2005, 11: 53.
[18]计库.国外RFID应用简介[J].中国自动识别技术,2009, 2: 84-87.
[19] TELLER. S, CHEN. K, BALAKRISHNAN. H. Pervasive pose-aware applications and infrastructure[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 2003, 2.
[20] Junichi Rekimoto, Yuji Ayatuka. CyberCode: Designing Augmented Reality Environments with Visual Tags[J]. DARE 2000, 2000, 1-10.
[21] Matsushita. N, Hihara. D, Ushiro. T, Yoshimura. S, Rekimoto. J, Yamamoto. Y. ID CAM: A Smart Camera for Scene Capturing and ID Recognition[J]. The Second IEEE and ACM International Symposium, 2003, 227-236.
[22] Toshiki ISO, Shoji KURAKAKE, Toshiaki SUGIMURA. VISUAL-TAG READER: IMAGE CAPTURE BY CELL PHONE CAMERA[J], IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. 2003, 60(2): 557-560.
[23] Iso. T, Otsuji. K, Suzuki. H, Kruakake. S, Sugimura. T. Ubiquitous Video Streaming System with a Cell Phone Camera[J]. Pacific RIM Conference on Communications Computers and Signal Processing, 2003, 1: 189-192.
[24] Andrea Dell' Acqua, Marco Ferrari, Marco Marcon, Augusto Sarti, Stefano Tubaro. Colored Visual Tags: a Robust Approach for Augmented Reality[J]. Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance AVSS, 2005, 423-427.
[25] Andrey Mbogho, Lori Scarlatos. Genetic parameter tuning for reliable segmentation of colored visual tags. Proceedings of GECCO 2007: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 2007, 1525.
[26] Toye Eleanor, Sharp Richard, Madhavapeddy Anil, Scott David, Upton Eben and Blackwell Alan. Interacting with mobile services: An evaluation of camera-phones and visual tags[J]. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 2007, 11(2): 97-106.
[27] Kaj Makela, Sara Belt, Dan Greenblatt, Jonna Hakkila. Mobile interaction with Visual and RFID tag: A Field Study on User Perceptions[J]. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems– Proceedings, 2007, 991-994.
[28] Andrea Bellucci, Stefano LEvialdi, Alessio Malizia. Visual Tagging Through Social Collaboration: A Concept Paper[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2007, 4663: 268-271.
[29] Stefano Levialdi Ghiron, Carlo Maria Medaglia, Amedeo Perrone. Art-sonomy: Social Bookmarking of Real Artworks via Mobile Applications with Visual Tags[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2009, 5616: 375-384.
[30] Mohan. Ankit, Woo. Grace, Hiura. Shinsaku, Smithwick. Quinn, Raskar. Ramesh. Bokode: Imperceptible Visual tags for Camera Based Interaction from a Distance[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2009, 28.
[31]安连生.应用光学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2002.
[32]胡国永,陈长缨,陈振强.白光LED照明光源用作室内无线通信研究[J].光通信技术,2006, 07: 46-48.
[33]丁德强,柯熙政.可见光通信及其关键技术研究[J].半导体光电,2006, 02(27): 114-117.
[34]荣健,鲁辉,强世锦.室内无线光通信信道分析[J].光通信研究,2007, 01: 18-20.
[35]顾玉娟.无线光通信技术研究[J].数字通信世界,2007, 04: 76-78.
[36]魏承功.基于白光LED的室内可见光通信系统研究[D].长春理工大学,2008.
[37]云文岳.室内可见光通信系统调制与解调技术研究[D].长春理工大学,2008.
[38]江晓明.室内LED可见光无线通信系统物理层研究[D].江苏大学,2008.
[39]王永波.室内可见光无线通信系统研究[D].浙江大学,2008.
[40]胡国永.基于LED的可见光无线通信关键技术研究[D].暨南大学,2007.
[41]柯熙政,席晓莉.无线激光通信概论[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2004.
[42]百度百科:镜头[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/163723.htm.
[43]百度百科:胶卷[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/283601.htm.
[44]百度百科:感光材料[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/1855289.htm.
[45]李林.应用光学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2010.
[46] OmniVision全力投入手机CMOS传感器市场[EB/OL]. http://article.ednchina.com/2005-6/AtcShow2005629201152.htm.
[47]顾敏芬,梁忠诚,丁冬艳等.波导多层只读光卡及其软刻印制作方法研究[J].光电子·激光,2007, 18(2): 164-166.
[48]钱云平,林传佳,顾敏芬,梁忠诚.二维条码在波导多层光卡中的应用[J].光电子·激光,2009, 20(6): 733-737.
[49]王仁洲,梁忠诚,顾敏芬.波导多层光卡的压模制作法[J].光电子·激光,2008,19(4):447-448.
[50] Z.C.Liang, Y.Xie. Optical waveguide multilayer data memory and double-beam recording, reading methods[P]. Chin, Patent: ZL02138417.7, 2002-10-11.
[51] T. Pavlidis and J. Swartz. Fundamentals of barcode information theory[J]. IEEE Computer, 1990, 23(4): 74-86.
[52]颜志刚.摄影技艺教程[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005.
[53]百度百科:激光光绘机. http://baike.baidu.com/view/2530462.htm.
[54]夏勋力,余彬海,麦镇强.近朗伯光型LED透镜的光学设计[J].光电技术应用,2010,25(1): 22-25.
[55]黄智炜,郭震宁,林介本等.一种LED路灯透镜的二次光学设计与研究[J].现代显示,2010, 109: 35-39.
[56]丁毅,郑臻荣,顾培夫.实现LED照明的自由曲面透镜设计[J].光子学报,2009,38(6): 1486-1489.
[57] Yijia Zhu, Liangliang Li, Cheng Qian, Zhongcheng Liang. The optical system design and application of micro 2D barcode[J]. Photonics Asia 2010 Conference, 18-21 Oct 2010, Beijing China.
[2]妙妙.从一维码到二维条码手机也当解码器[J].数字通信,2006(17).
[3]计库.二维条码与一维条码、RFID比较[J].中国自动识别技术,2008(03).
[4]李如年.基于RFID技术的物联网研究[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2006(06)
[5]程慧荣,黄国彬,孙坦.国外基于大众标注系统的标签研究[G].北京:中国科学院文献情报中心,2009(2).
[6] MORTON.A.Q. Packaging history: The emergence of the Uniform Product Code (UPC) in the United States[J]. History and Technology, 1994, 11: 101–111.
[7] PAVLIDIS.T, SWARTZ.J, WANG.Y.P. Fundamentals of bar code information theory[J]. IEEE Computer, 1990, 199023(4): 74–86.
[8] PENTLAND.A.P. A new sense for depth of field[J]. IEEE PAMI 1987, 1987, 9(4):523–531.
[9] ISO. QR code 2005 bar code symbology specification[P]. ISO/IEC:18004, 2006-02-04.
[10] ISO. Data Matrix bar code symbology specification[P]. ISO/IEC:16022, 2006-02-04.
[11] DE IPINA, D. L, MENDONC. A. P. R. S, HOPPER. A. TRIP: A low-cost vision-based location system for ubiquitous computing[J]. Personal Ubiquitous Computing, 2002, 6(3): 206–219.
[12]陈晓平.编著条码印刷技术[M].清华大学出版社,1993, 1(14): 166-171.
[13]陈珊.手机二维条码市场蛋糕正做大[J].人民邮电,2008, 6.
[14]包宋德.二维条码在品牌白酒防伪系统中的应用[J].荆楚理工学院学报,2004, 7.
[15]张琪.我国将继续推动电子标签(FRID)国家标准的研制[J].中国防伪报道.2008-08-20.
[16]邓由飞,郭望山,赵金石等.二维条码和RFID标签用于肉牛身份识别的性能比较[J].中国畜牧杂志,2009, 11(45): 54-56.
[17]耿军.独家代理条码标签打印机维深与日本SAOT携手RFID服务[J].每周电脑报,2005, 11: 53.
[18]计库.国外RFID应用简介[J].中国自动识别技术,2009, 2: 84-87.
[19] TELLER. S, CHEN. K, BALAKRISHNAN. H. Pervasive pose-aware applications and infrastructure[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 2003, 2.
[20] Junichi Rekimoto, Yuji Ayatuka. CyberCode: Designing Augmented Reality Environments with Visual Tags[J]. DARE 2000, 2000, 1-10.
[21] Matsushita. N, Hihara. D, Ushiro. T, Yoshimura. S, Rekimoto. J, Yamamoto. Y. ID CAM: A Smart Camera for Scene Capturing and ID Recognition[J]. The Second IEEE and ACM International Symposium, 2003, 227-236.
[22] Toshiki ISO, Shoji KURAKAKE, Toshiaki SUGIMURA. VISUAL-TAG READER: IMAGE CAPTURE BY CELL PHONE CAMERA[J], IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. 2003, 60(2): 557-560.
[23] Iso. T, Otsuji. K, Suzuki. H, Kruakake. S, Sugimura. T. Ubiquitous Video Streaming System with a Cell Phone Camera[J]. Pacific RIM Conference on Communications Computers and Signal Processing, 2003, 1: 189-192.
[24] Andrea Dell' Acqua, Marco Ferrari, Marco Marcon, Augusto Sarti, Stefano Tubaro. Colored Visual Tags: a Robust Approach for Augmented Reality[J]. Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance AVSS, 2005, 423-427.
[25] Andrey Mbogho, Lori Scarlatos. Genetic parameter tuning for reliable segmentation of colored visual tags. Proceedings of GECCO 2007: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 2007, 1525.
[26] Toye Eleanor, Sharp Richard, Madhavapeddy Anil, Scott David, Upton Eben and Blackwell Alan. Interacting with mobile services: An evaluation of camera-phones and visual tags[J]. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 2007, 11(2): 97-106.
[27] Kaj Makela, Sara Belt, Dan Greenblatt, Jonna Hakkila. Mobile interaction with Visual and RFID tag: A Field Study on User Perceptions[J]. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems– Proceedings, 2007, 991-994.
[28] Andrea Bellucci, Stefano LEvialdi, Alessio Malizia. Visual Tagging Through Social Collaboration: A Concept Paper[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2007, 4663: 268-271.
[29] Stefano Levialdi Ghiron, Carlo Maria Medaglia, Amedeo Perrone. Art-sonomy: Social Bookmarking of Real Artworks via Mobile Applications with Visual Tags[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2009, 5616: 375-384.
[30] Mohan. Ankit, Woo. Grace, Hiura. Shinsaku, Smithwick. Quinn, Raskar. Ramesh. Bokode: Imperceptible Visual tags for Camera Based Interaction from a Distance[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2009, 28.
[31]安连生.应用光学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2002.
[32]胡国永,陈长缨,陈振强.白光LED照明光源用作室内无线通信研究[J].光通信技术,2006, 07: 46-48.
[33]丁德强,柯熙政.可见光通信及其关键技术研究[J].半导体光电,2006, 02(27): 114-117.
[34]荣健,鲁辉,强世锦.室内无线光通信信道分析[J].光通信研究,2007, 01: 18-20.
[35]顾玉娟.无线光通信技术研究[J].数字通信世界,2007, 04: 76-78.
[36]魏承功.基于白光LED的室内可见光通信系统研究[D].长春理工大学,2008.
[37]云文岳.室内可见光通信系统调制与解调技术研究[D].长春理工大学,2008.
[38]江晓明.室内LED可见光无线通信系统物理层研究[D].江苏大学,2008.
[39]王永波.室内可见光无线通信系统研究[D].浙江大学,2008.
[40]胡国永.基于LED的可见光无线通信关键技术研究[D].暨南大学,2007.
[41]柯熙政,席晓莉.无线激光通信概论[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2004.
[42]百度百科:镜头[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/163723.htm.
[43]百度百科:胶卷[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/283601.htm.
[44]百度百科:感光材料[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/1855289.htm.
[45]李林.应用光学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2010.
[46] OmniVision全力投入手机CMOS传感器市场[EB/OL]. http://article.ednchina.com/2005-6/AtcShow2005629201152.htm.
[47]顾敏芬,梁忠诚,丁冬艳等.波导多层只读光卡及其软刻印制作方法研究[J].光电子·激光,2007, 18(2): 164-166.
[48]钱云平,林传佳,顾敏芬,梁忠诚.二维条码在波导多层光卡中的应用[J].光电子·激光,2009, 20(6): 733-737.
[49]王仁洲,梁忠诚,顾敏芬.波导多层光卡的压模制作法[J].光电子·激光,2008,19(4):447-448.
[50] Z.C.Liang, Y.Xie. Optical waveguide multilayer data memory and double-beam recording, reading methods[P]. Chin, Patent: ZL02138417.7, 2002-10-11.
[51] T. Pavlidis and J. Swartz. Fundamentals of barcode information theory[J]. IEEE Computer, 1990, 23(4): 74-86.
[52]颜志刚.摄影技艺教程[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005.
[53]百度百科:激光光绘机. http://baike.baidu.com/view/2530462.htm.
[54]夏勋力,余彬海,麦镇强.近朗伯光型LED透镜的光学设计[J].光电技术应用,2010,25(1): 22-25.
[55]黄智炜,郭震宁,林介本等.一种LED路灯透镜的二次光学设计与研究[J].现代显示,2010, 109: 35-39.
[56]丁毅,郑臻荣,顾培夫.实现LED照明的自由曲面透镜设计[J].光子学报,2009,38(6): 1486-1489.
[57] Yijia Zhu, Liangliang Li, Cheng Qian, Zhongcheng Liang. The optical system design and application of micro 2D barcode[J]. Photonics Asia 2010 Conference, 18-21 Oct 2010, Beijing China.