植物精油杀虫作用及制剂研究
|
摘要
植物精油是一类存在于植物不同组织中的重要次生代谢物质,为易挥发的具有强烈香味的油状液体。其在医学、保健、保鲜等方面具有极其重要的作用和功能。研究表明,植物精油具有杀虫、杀菌、抗病毒等多种生物活性,并对多种农药具增效作用。由于其具有挥发性,因而尤适于家居环境卫生害虫的控制。尽管许多学者在植物精油的杀虫活性研究方面取得了不少可喜的成绩,但鲜见在生产实践中应用。基于此,本文在前期研究基础上,对所筛选出的高活性植物精油,主要从精油活性成分的互作、制剂及精油对拟除虫菊酯类农药的增效作用等方面进行了较为系统的研究。结果如下：
1.以白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)为试虫,对37种植物精油的驱避活性和熏杀活性进行筛选,发现：(1)黄樟精油、柠檬桉油、木姜子油、五倍橙油、山苍子油、玳玳花油等6种精油2-6h的驱避效果优于或相当于隆力奇花露水,其中木姜子油和山苍子油效果更为突出,该2种精油4-6h的趋避率均在50%以上,显著高于隆力奇花露水的效果(<30%),值得进一步研究；(2)供试植物精油对白纹伊蚊成虫均有一定的熏杀活性,但不同品种对白纹伊蚊的毒力存在明显差异。6h熏杀LC50在5μL·L-1以内的植物精油有3种,分别为冬青油、柠檬草油和肉豆蔻油,其熏杀LC5o分别为2.2365μL·L-1、3.8554μL-L-1和4.8797μL-L-1,表现出较强的熏蒸活性；6h熏杀LC5o在5-10μL·L-1以内的植物精油有10种,表现出较好的熏蒸活性；(3)茶树油、肉豆蔻油、缬草油、丁香罗勒油等4种植物精油对白纹伊蚊表现出一定的引诱作用,有必要进一步研究。
2.通过溶剂和乳化剂的系统筛选,研制出符合商品农药要求的10%天然冬青油乳油和10%柠檬草油乳油制剂配方：(1)10%天然冬青油乳油配方：天然冬青油10%、乳化剂02045%,95%乙醇定容至100%；(2)10%柠檬草油乳油制剂配方：柠檬草油10%,专用乳化剂N1：0204(6：4)的乳化剂组合5%,乙酸乙酯：95%乙醇(4：6)的混合溶剂定容至100%。活性测试表明,10%天然冬青油乳油和10%柠檬草油乳油对白纹伊蚊的熏杀LC5o分别为0.4951μL·L-1和0.2384μL-L-1；在LC95剂量下,10%冬青油乳油和10%柠檬草油乳油的LTso分别为13.85min和10.06min。该2种精油乳油制剂环保,杀虫效果高,值得进一步产业化开发。
3.以代替蚊香市场中已被禁止使用的增效剂S2为目标,在对增效剂所用溶剂筛选的基础上,对植物精油增效剂配方进行了筛选。结果表明：乙酸丁酯、甲酸乙酯、碳酸二乙酯等4种溶剂在脱臭煤油中溶解性较好,可作为配制植物精油增效剂的溶剂；通过对黄樟油、八角叶油、天然冬青油和柠檬草油及其混用组合增效作用的系统测试,筛选出11种对烯丙菊酯具增效作用的植物精油增效剂,该11种增效剂基础配方为40.0%-80.0%植物精油+13.5%～53.5%溶剂+6.5%乳化剂；以淡色库蚊为试虫,采用密闭圆筒法测试分别添加11种增效剂蚊香的杀蚊活性,结果表明11种蚊香样品的KTso均小于2min,达到国家A级标准,其中14#、16#、25#、26#、28#等5个配方样品对蚊虫的SR值分别为1.33、1.34、1.29、1.36和1.30,均高于或相当于添加对照增效剂S2蚊香的SR值1.28,具有良好的增效效果。
4.以市售“榄菊”牌气雾剂药液配方为基础,采用5.8m3小屋法及28m3模拟现场药效试验法进行基于植物精油的气雾剂增效剂研究。从供试的6种植物精油筛选出冬青油和p-蒎烯表现出较好的增效活性,添加二者的气雾剂样品对淡色库蚊的KT50分别比添加化学增效剂S-1的样品缩短了2.3927min和1.3819min;以冬青油为主要增效成分,研制出S-101、S-102和S-103等3个增效剂配方；5.8m3小屋法活性测试发现,S-102的增效效果最好,其样品KTso比对照(化学增效剂S1)缩短4.1875min,增效系数达1.38。S-103和S-101也表现出较好的增效效果,增效系数分别为1.23和1.16；基于28m3模拟现场的测试结果,据农药卫生用杀虫剂药效评价标准,气雾剂B和气雾剂C达到A级标准,气雾剂A则达到B级标准。
5.采用GC-MS对木姜子油和山苍子油的成分进行了分析检测,并以粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)三龄幼虫为试虫,探讨了该两种植物精油及其各组分的杀虫活性。结果表明：(1)从木姜子油中共检出11种成分,占全部精油的92.7%。其中,1,8-桉叶素(1,8-Cineole)和香芹酮(Carvone)为其主要成分,分别占总精油的52.4%和10.3%；(2)从山苍子油中共检出6种成分,占全部精油的89.9%。其中,丫-松油烯(Gamma-Terpinene)和柠檬烯(Limonene)为山苍子油的主要成分,分别占总精油的43.6%和27.2%；(3)以粉纹夜蛾三龄幼虫为试虫的毒力测试表明,木姜子油的触杀致死中量(LD50)为87.1μg/头,山苍子油的LDso为112.4μg/头；(4)精油成分间的相互作用研究表明,1,8-桉叶素和香芹酮为木姜子油的主效成分；γ-松油烯和柠檬烯为山苍子油的主效成分,对伞花烃也是其活性成分之一：两种植物精油中的其它单体成分或其混合物对粉纹夜蛾三龄幼虫均无明显的触杀活性,但这些单体成分或其混合物对精油的活性成分均有明显的增效作用。这些结果表明,植物精油中无论是主效成分,还是非活性成分,均是植物精油表现杀虫活性不可或缺的组成。
6.在研究确定木姜子油超临界CO2萃取工艺基础上,测试、比较了水蒸气蒸馏法和超临界CO2萃取技术对木姜子植物挥发油的提取效果,以及两种方法提取挥发油的杀虫活性。结果表明：(1)在上样量为1g时,木姜子油超临界C02萃取的较佳工艺为：采用先静态、后动态的萃取方式。静态萃取压力4000psi,时间10min；动态萃取压力4000psi,萃取温度55℃,C02体积为40mL,不使用夹带剂。在此条件下,计算挥发油最佳得率为7.85%；(2)超临界CO2萃取木姜子挥发油的得油率明显高于水蒸气蒸馏提取法；(3)以白纹伊蚊成虫为试虫的活性测定表明,木姜子水蒸气提取物熏杀效果明显优于超临界C02萃取物,二者熏杀致死中浓(LC50)分别为68.35μL/L和135.94μL/L。
植物精油可谓一复杂、深奥,又充满希望的研究领域。王年前的多部古书中都记有“驱虫辟邪”,一语道破了其神奇的功效。本研究结果进一步证实了其在害虫防治,特别是在家庭卫生害虫防控中的潜能和实用价值,对该研究领域的深入探讨将会在人类疾病控制、改善生活质量方面做出大的贡献。
Plant essential oils, volatile and highly fragrant liquids, are important secondary metabolites present in different tissues of the plant. Essential oils are used in the field of medicine, healthcare, and fruit industry (keeping the fruit fresh). Several studies have shown that these oils possess different kinds of bioactivities (pesticidal, funficidal and antiviral activities and may own synergistic effects. Because of the strong volatile nature, these oils may be suitable for controlling house and sanitary insect pests. Based on that, this study was aimed at investigating the interaction of constituents of essential oil and the synergistic effects on pyrethroids and making preparations. The results are as follows:
1. Using Aedes albopictus as the target insect,37plant essential oils were screened for the repellent action and fumigation action.(1) sassafras oil, citriodora oil, Litsea cubeba oil, Citrus aurantium oil, L., Five times of orange oil and dai-dai flower oil showed comparable strong repellent effects than Longlife floral water after2-4h treatment, among which citrus aurantium oil and litsea cubeba oil showed50%repellent ratio after4-6h treatment worthy further study;(2) Though essential oils all showed fumigation action to adult aedes albopictus, different cultivars had different effects. Wintergreen oil, lemon grass oil and myristica oil, had LC50level lower than5μL·L-1after6h treatment and had LC50level of2.2μL·L-1,3.8μL·L-1and4.9μL·L-1, respectively. Ten oils showed some fumigation activity with less than5-10μL/L-1LC50level.(3) Tea tree oil, myristica oil, valerian oil and Ocimum gratissimum oil showed unexpectedly attractant effect and need to be considered for future research.
2. For the screening of solvent and emulsifier,10EC wintergreen oil and10EC lemon grass oil were selected fitting the commodity commands:(1) recipe of10EC wintergreen oil: wintergreen oil10%, emulsifier02045%and95%ethanol for the rest;(2)10EC lemon grass oil recipe:lemon grass oil10%, exclusive used emulsifier N1:0204(6:4)5%and ethyl acetate:95%ethanol (4:6) for the rest. Fumigation active tests showed that10EC natural wintergreen oil and10EC lemongrass oil's LC50of fumigation active against Aedes albopictus were0.4951μL·L-1and0.2384μL·L-1respectively; under the dose of LC95, LT50of10EC natural wintergreen oil and10EC lemongrass oil were13.85min and10.06min respectively. The two kinds of essential oils emulsifiable solution (EC) were environment-friendly, and had high insecticidal effects, needed further industrialization development.
3. In terms of mosquito coils synergistic agent, S2, had been banned from the market. Plant essential oil solvents were screened on the basis of mosquito-repellent incense synergist as synergist formula. The results show that four kinds of solvent, butyl acetate, ethyl formate and diethyl carbonate etc., had good solubility in the deodorization of kerosene oil and could be used as a solvent in the preparation of plant essential oil synergist. To study the synergistic effect of single compound and mixtures using sassafras oil, anise leaf oil, natural wintergreen oil and lemon grass oil, we screened11kinds of plant essential oil synergist effects for allyl chrysanthemum ester, the11kinds of synergistic agent recipe were40.0%～80.0%plant essential oil+13.5%～53.5%solvent+6.5%emulsifier OP-10. Sealed cylinder method was used to test11kinds of synergist mosquito-repellent incense for fumigation activity against Culex pipiens. The results showed that KT50of11kinds of mosquito-repellent incense samples were less than2min, reaching the national A-level standard; The SRs of five mosquito-repellent incenses (14#、16#、25#、26#、28#) were1.33,1.34,1.29,1.36and1.30respectively, showing good synergistic effects comparing with control synergist S2's SR (1.28).
4. Based on the liquid formula of the commercially available "lanju" aerosol, we studied the plant essential oil of aerosol synergist by using5.8m3cottage method and the28m3simulated field efficacy method. The wintergreen oil and β-pinene screened from the selected six plant essential oil showed good synergistic activity, KT50of the aerosol by mixing these two compounds was reduced by2.3927min and1.3819min respectively compared with the sample by adding chemical synergistic agent; using wintergreen oil as the main synergistic ingredient and YW, Y001, Y002, and YN as surfactant or penetrating agent, we developed three synergistic agent formulas, S-101, S-102and S-103. Activity test through5.8m3cottage method showed that S-102had the best synergistic effect reducing the level of KT50(chemical synergistic agent S-1) by4.1875min with SR1.38. S-103and S-101also showed strong synergistic actions with SRs1.23and1.16respectively. According to the test results of28m3simulated field method and the sanitary insecticide efficacy evaluation standard, aerosol B and C reached A-level standard, and aerosol A reached B-level standard.
5. GC-MS analysis of Listsea pungent and L. cubeba oils showed that:(1)11compounds of L. pungent fruit oil comprised92.7%of the total oil, with1,8-cineole (43.6%) and limonene (27.2%) being the main constituents;(2) Six components from L. cubeba oil comprised89.9%of the total with gamma-Terpinene (43.6%) and limonene (27.2%) being the main constituents;(3) Bioassay showed that the LD50values of L. pungent fruit oil and L. cubeba oil against third instar larvae of cabbage loopers were87.1μ.g/larva and112.4μg/larva respectively;(4) Though the single compounds or the mixture of the main constituents of L. pungent fruit oil, L. cubeba oil,1,8-cineole, limonene, gamma-Terpinene and limonene, didn't show any contact activity, their synergistic effects were obvious. Our results showed that all constituents whether active or inactive, were required for the total activity of the oil.
6. Comparing the different extraction methods (steam distillation method versus supercritical CO2extraction) using Qinling Mountains aromatic plant, L. pungent fruit oil as material, we got the following results:(1) The efficiency of supercritical CO2extraction was far more superior than steam distillation method;(2) After1g was loaded, the best craft for supercritical CO2extraction was:static extraction for10min, holding pressure at4000psi at55℃and40mL CO2. The production under this optimal condition was7.85%;(3) Pesticidal assay against housefly showed reversed results for these two methods and the LC50of steam distillation method and supercritical CO2extraction were170.54μL/L and566.79μL/L respectively.
Studying bioactivity of essential oils is a very promising field of research, although it is also complicated, and esoteric. Many ancient books on essential oils claim that essential oils not only repel the insects but the evil too, pointing towards the magic function of essential oils. The results of our study further confirm their potential as botanical insecticides against pests, especially the hygienic insects.
1.以白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)为试虫,对37种植物精油的驱避活性和熏杀活性进行筛选,发现：(1)黄樟精油、柠檬桉油、木姜子油、五倍橙油、山苍子油、玳玳花油等6种精油2-6h的驱避效果优于或相当于隆力奇花露水,其中木姜子油和山苍子油效果更为突出,该2种精油4-6h的趋避率均在50%以上,显著高于隆力奇花露水的效果(<30%),值得进一步研究；(2)供试植物精油对白纹伊蚊成虫均有一定的熏杀活性,但不同品种对白纹伊蚊的毒力存在明显差异。6h熏杀LC50在5μL·L-1以内的植物精油有3种,分别为冬青油、柠檬草油和肉豆蔻油,其熏杀LC5o分别为2.2365μL·L-1、3.8554μL-L-1和4.8797μL-L-1,表现出较强的熏蒸活性；6h熏杀LC5o在5-10μL·L-1以内的植物精油有10种,表现出较好的熏蒸活性；(3)茶树油、肉豆蔻油、缬草油、丁香罗勒油等4种植物精油对白纹伊蚊表现出一定的引诱作用,有必要进一步研究。
2.通过溶剂和乳化剂的系统筛选,研制出符合商品农药要求的10%天然冬青油乳油和10%柠檬草油乳油制剂配方：(1)10%天然冬青油乳油配方：天然冬青油10%、乳化剂02045%,95%乙醇定容至100%；(2)10%柠檬草油乳油制剂配方：柠檬草油10%,专用乳化剂N1：0204(6：4)的乳化剂组合5%,乙酸乙酯：95%乙醇(4：6)的混合溶剂定容至100%。活性测试表明,10%天然冬青油乳油和10%柠檬草油乳油对白纹伊蚊的熏杀LC5o分别为0.4951μL·L-1和0.2384μL-L-1；在LC95剂量下,10%冬青油乳油和10%柠檬草油乳油的LTso分别为13.85min和10.06min。该2种精油乳油制剂环保,杀虫效果高,值得进一步产业化开发。
3.以代替蚊香市场中已被禁止使用的增效剂S2为目标,在对增效剂所用溶剂筛选的基础上,对植物精油增效剂配方进行了筛选。结果表明：乙酸丁酯、甲酸乙酯、碳酸二乙酯等4种溶剂在脱臭煤油中溶解性较好,可作为配制植物精油增效剂的溶剂；通过对黄樟油、八角叶油、天然冬青油和柠檬草油及其混用组合增效作用的系统测试,筛选出11种对烯丙菊酯具增效作用的植物精油增效剂,该11种增效剂基础配方为40.0%-80.0%植物精油+13.5%～53.5%溶剂+6.5%乳化剂；以淡色库蚊为试虫,采用密闭圆筒法测试分别添加11种增效剂蚊香的杀蚊活性,结果表明11种蚊香样品的KTso均小于2min,达到国家A级标准,其中14#、16#、25#、26#、28#等5个配方样品对蚊虫的SR值分别为1.33、1.34、1.29、1.36和1.30,均高于或相当于添加对照增效剂S2蚊香的SR值1.28,具有良好的增效效果。
4.以市售“榄菊”牌气雾剂药液配方为基础,采用5.8m3小屋法及28m3模拟现场药效试验法进行基于植物精油的气雾剂增效剂研究。从供试的6种植物精油筛选出冬青油和p-蒎烯表现出较好的增效活性,添加二者的气雾剂样品对淡色库蚊的KT50分别比添加化学增效剂S-1的样品缩短了2.3927min和1.3819min;以冬青油为主要增效成分,研制出S-101、S-102和S-103等3个增效剂配方；5.8m3小屋法活性测试发现,S-102的增效效果最好,其样品KTso比对照(化学增效剂S1)缩短4.1875min,增效系数达1.38。S-103和S-101也表现出较好的增效效果,增效系数分别为1.23和1.16；基于28m3模拟现场的测试结果,据农药卫生用杀虫剂药效评价标准,气雾剂B和气雾剂C达到A级标准,气雾剂A则达到B级标准。
5.采用GC-MS对木姜子油和山苍子油的成分进行了分析检测,并以粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)三龄幼虫为试虫,探讨了该两种植物精油及其各组分的杀虫活性。结果表明：(1)从木姜子油中共检出11种成分,占全部精油的92.7%。其中,1,8-桉叶素(1,8-Cineole)和香芹酮(Carvone)为其主要成分,分别占总精油的52.4%和10.3%；(2)从山苍子油中共检出6种成分,占全部精油的89.9%。其中,丫-松油烯(Gamma-Terpinene)和柠檬烯(Limonene)为山苍子油的主要成分,分别占总精油的43.6%和27.2%；(3)以粉纹夜蛾三龄幼虫为试虫的毒力测试表明,木姜子油的触杀致死中量(LD50)为87.1μg/头,山苍子油的LDso为112.4μg/头；(4)精油成分间的相互作用研究表明,1,8-桉叶素和香芹酮为木姜子油的主效成分；γ-松油烯和柠檬烯为山苍子油的主效成分,对伞花烃也是其活性成分之一：两种植物精油中的其它单体成分或其混合物对粉纹夜蛾三龄幼虫均无明显的触杀活性,但这些单体成分或其混合物对精油的活性成分均有明显的增效作用。这些结果表明,植物精油中无论是主效成分,还是非活性成分,均是植物精油表现杀虫活性不可或缺的组成。
6.在研究确定木姜子油超临界CO2萃取工艺基础上,测试、比较了水蒸气蒸馏法和超临界CO2萃取技术对木姜子植物挥发油的提取效果,以及两种方法提取挥发油的杀虫活性。结果表明：(1)在上样量为1g时,木姜子油超临界C02萃取的较佳工艺为：采用先静态、后动态的萃取方式。静态萃取压力4000psi,时间10min；动态萃取压力4000psi,萃取温度55℃,C02体积为40mL,不使用夹带剂。在此条件下,计算挥发油最佳得率为7.85%；(2)超临界CO2萃取木姜子挥发油的得油率明显高于水蒸气蒸馏提取法；(3)以白纹伊蚊成虫为试虫的活性测定表明,木姜子水蒸气提取物熏杀效果明显优于超临界C02萃取物,二者熏杀致死中浓(LC50)分别为68.35μL/L和135.94μL/L。
植物精油可谓一复杂、深奥,又充满希望的研究领域。王年前的多部古书中都记有“驱虫辟邪”,一语道破了其神奇的功效。本研究结果进一步证实了其在害虫防治,特别是在家庭卫生害虫防控中的潜能和实用价值,对该研究领域的深入探讨将会在人类疾病控制、改善生活质量方面做出大的贡献。
Plant essential oils, volatile and highly fragrant liquids, are important secondary metabolites present in different tissues of the plant. Essential oils are used in the field of medicine, healthcare, and fruit industry (keeping the fruit fresh). Several studies have shown that these oils possess different kinds of bioactivities (pesticidal, funficidal and antiviral activities and may own synergistic effects. Because of the strong volatile nature, these oils may be suitable for controlling house and sanitary insect pests. Based on that, this study was aimed at investigating the interaction of constituents of essential oil and the synergistic effects on pyrethroids and making preparations. The results are as follows:
1. Using Aedes albopictus as the target insect,37plant essential oils were screened for the repellent action and fumigation action.(1) sassafras oil, citriodora oil, Litsea cubeba oil, Citrus aurantium oil, L., Five times of orange oil and dai-dai flower oil showed comparable strong repellent effects than Longlife floral water after2-4h treatment, among which citrus aurantium oil and litsea cubeba oil showed50%repellent ratio after4-6h treatment worthy further study;(2) Though essential oils all showed fumigation action to adult aedes albopictus, different cultivars had different effects. Wintergreen oil, lemon grass oil and myristica oil, had LC50level lower than5μL·L-1after6h treatment and had LC50level of2.2μL·L-1,3.8μL·L-1and4.9μL·L-1, respectively. Ten oils showed some fumigation activity with less than5-10μL/L-1LC50level.(3) Tea tree oil, myristica oil, valerian oil and Ocimum gratissimum oil showed unexpectedly attractant effect and need to be considered for future research.
2. For the screening of solvent and emulsifier,10EC wintergreen oil and10EC lemon grass oil were selected fitting the commodity commands:(1) recipe of10EC wintergreen oil: wintergreen oil10%, emulsifier02045%and95%ethanol for the rest;(2)10EC lemon grass oil recipe:lemon grass oil10%, exclusive used emulsifier N1:0204(6:4)5%and ethyl acetate:95%ethanol (4:6) for the rest. Fumigation active tests showed that10EC natural wintergreen oil and10EC lemongrass oil's LC50of fumigation active against Aedes albopictus were0.4951μL·L-1and0.2384μL·L-1respectively; under the dose of LC95, LT50of10EC natural wintergreen oil and10EC lemongrass oil were13.85min and10.06min respectively. The two kinds of essential oils emulsifiable solution (EC) were environment-friendly, and had high insecticidal effects, needed further industrialization development.
3. In terms of mosquito coils synergistic agent, S2, had been banned from the market. Plant essential oil solvents were screened on the basis of mosquito-repellent incense synergist as synergist formula. The results show that four kinds of solvent, butyl acetate, ethyl formate and diethyl carbonate etc., had good solubility in the deodorization of kerosene oil and could be used as a solvent in the preparation of plant essential oil synergist. To study the synergistic effect of single compound and mixtures using sassafras oil, anise leaf oil, natural wintergreen oil and lemon grass oil, we screened11kinds of plant essential oil synergist effects for allyl chrysanthemum ester, the11kinds of synergistic agent recipe were40.0%～80.0%plant essential oil+13.5%～53.5%solvent+6.5%emulsifier OP-10. Sealed cylinder method was used to test11kinds of synergist mosquito-repellent incense for fumigation activity against Culex pipiens. The results showed that KT50of11kinds of mosquito-repellent incense samples were less than2min, reaching the national A-level standard; The SRs of five mosquito-repellent incenses (14#、16#、25#、26#、28#) were1.33,1.34,1.29,1.36and1.30respectively, showing good synergistic effects comparing with control synergist S2's SR (1.28).
4. Based on the liquid formula of the commercially available "lanju" aerosol, we studied the plant essential oil of aerosol synergist by using5.8m3cottage method and the28m3simulated field efficacy method. The wintergreen oil and β-pinene screened from the selected six plant essential oil showed good synergistic activity, KT50of the aerosol by mixing these two compounds was reduced by2.3927min and1.3819min respectively compared with the sample by adding chemical synergistic agent; using wintergreen oil as the main synergistic ingredient and YW, Y001, Y002, and YN as surfactant or penetrating agent, we developed three synergistic agent formulas, S-101, S-102and S-103. Activity test through5.8m3cottage method showed that S-102had the best synergistic effect reducing the level of KT50(chemical synergistic agent S-1) by4.1875min with SR1.38. S-103and S-101also showed strong synergistic actions with SRs1.23and1.16respectively. According to the test results of28m3simulated field method and the sanitary insecticide efficacy evaluation standard, aerosol B and C reached A-level standard, and aerosol A reached B-level standard.
5. GC-MS analysis of Listsea pungent and L. cubeba oils showed that:(1)11compounds of L. pungent fruit oil comprised92.7%of the total oil, with1,8-cineole (43.6%) and limonene (27.2%) being the main constituents;(2) Six components from L. cubeba oil comprised89.9%of the total with gamma-Terpinene (43.6%) and limonene (27.2%) being the main constituents;(3) Bioassay showed that the LD50values of L. pungent fruit oil and L. cubeba oil against third instar larvae of cabbage loopers were87.1μ.g/larva and112.4μg/larva respectively;(4) Though the single compounds or the mixture of the main constituents of L. pungent fruit oil, L. cubeba oil,1,8-cineole, limonene, gamma-Terpinene and limonene, didn't show any contact activity, their synergistic effects were obvious. Our results showed that all constituents whether active or inactive, were required for the total activity of the oil.
6. Comparing the different extraction methods (steam distillation method versus supercritical CO2extraction) using Qinling Mountains aromatic plant, L. pungent fruit oil as material, we got the following results:(1) The efficiency of supercritical CO2extraction was far more superior than steam distillation method;(2) After1g was loaded, the best craft for supercritical CO2extraction was:static extraction for10min, holding pressure at4000psi at55℃and40mL CO2. The production under this optimal condition was7.85%;(3) Pesticidal assay against housefly showed reversed results for these two methods and the LC50of steam distillation method and supercritical CO2extraction were170.54μL/L and566.79μL/L respectively.
Studying bioactivity of essential oils is a very promising field of research, although it is also complicated, and esoteric. Many ancient books on essential oils claim that essential oils not only repel the insects but the evil too, pointing towards the magic function of essential oils. The results of our study further confirm their potential as botanical insecticides against pests, especially the hygienic insects.
引文
艾应伟,范志金,李伟2000.植物源生理活性物质与害虫防治.资源科学,22(3)：78-81
蔡建秀,尤祖卿,黄晓冬.2006.天竺桂精油化学成分及抑菌活性研究.热带亚热带植物学报,14(5)：403--408
曹文军,吴定新,毛国芳.1996.植物精油的超临界流体萃取的研究与发展.北京林业大学学报,20(1)：67-74
陈福良,郑斐能,王仪.1997.农药混配室内毒力测定的一种实验技术.农药科学与管理,64(4)：30-31
陈根强.2001.砂地柏精油主成分松油烯-4-醇杀虫作用研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
陈开勋,刘岚,刘博.2000.看我国超临界流体技术的研究及发展.中国化工学会第三届全国超临界流体技术及应用研讨会论文集,西安,7-13
陈孝泉.1990.植物化学分类学.北京：科学出版社
陈志龙,孙俊,张爱军.2001.江苏省家蝇抗性及防治对策的研究.中国媒介生物学及控制,12(1)：41-43
程必强,马信祥,许勇.1998.黄樟素毛叶胡椒的初步研究.香料香精化妆品,32(2)：11-13
丁德生,孙汉董.1983.野薄荷精油中驱避成分的结构鉴定.植物学报,25(1)：62-65
丁丽云(译).1993.茵陈蒿抗真菌和驱虫作用的研究.国外医药·植物药分册,8(2)：80-81
邓望喜,杨志惠,杨长举.1989.几种植物性物质防治储粮害虫的初步研究.粮食,(2)：29-34
董金华,程国宝,胡皆汉.1997.温莪术精油中γ-榄香烯的分离鉴定及抗癌活性.中草药,28(1)：13-14
方才君,白志川,陶澜.1992.柠檬草油对大豆小白菜和甘蓝种子萌发的影响研究.西南农业大学学报,14(6)：549-551
方才君.1986.香茅油对柑桔腐烂病原体的抗菌性研究.四川日化,(2)：22-23
方才君,胡仕林.1997.植物精油对朱砂叶螨的毒性试验.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),22(4)：1-3
高聪芬.1996.砂地柏精油熏蒸杀虫作用研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
高聪芬,张兴.1996.砂地柏精油的熏蒸杀虫初探.南京农业大学学报,24(6)：99-102
高疆生,易晓华,陈毓荃,张兴.2001.超临界二氧化碳萃取扁桃油的研究.西北农业学报,10(1)：11-13
何坚,李秀媛.2000.实用日用化学品配方集—配方、制法、应用.北京：化学工业出版社
何军,郭红祥,陈毓荃,张兴.1999.超临界二氧化碳萃取花椒挥发油研究.西北农业大学学报,27(5)：66-70
华昌培,杨德军,胡仕林.1988.植物精油对仓库害虫的毒性试验.四川日化,1：20-25
华南农业大学主编.1987.植物化学保护(第二版).北京：中国农业出版社
黄福辉,项发根,周为民.1980.关于山苍子有效成分在储粮中的应用.粮食储藏,9(2)：19-21
黄梁绮龄,陈培榕.1994.山鸡椒挥发油成分分析及其抗真菌保鲜作用的研究.天然产物研究与开发,6(4)：1-15
黄远征,薄发鼎.1988.川芎根茎精油化学成分研究.药学学报,23(6)：426-429
柠檬醛和桉叶油素的新资源植物.武汉植物学研究,7(3)：269-274
候华民.1998.植物精油的杀虫活性及熏蒸机理研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
缑卫军.2006.留兰香油的精制及香芹酮含量的分析.广东化工,33(3)37-39陶光复,吕爱华,张小红.1989
胡仕林.1992.植物精油在害虫控制中的作用.四川日化,(1)：44-48
蒋立科,张金水.1993.天然仓贮抗霉剂的初步研究.天然产物研究与开发,8(4)：105-109
姜志宽,郑智民,王忠灿.2011.卫生害虫学.北京：人民卫生出版社
江绍玫.2000植物源无公害农药研究开发现状.江西农业大学学报,22(1)：140-142
江志利.2002.植物精油对家蝇毒杀作用研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
江志利,陈安良,白伟,林琎,张兴.2002.6种植物精油对家蝇的熏杀及触杀毒力测定.农药学学报,4(1)：85-88
焦启源.1990.芳香植物及其利用(上册).上海：上海科学技术出版社
孔垂华,黄寿山,胡飞.2001.胜红蓟化感作用研究V.挥发油对真菌、昆虫和植物的生物活性及其化学成分.生态学报,21(4)：584-587
李光灿,李隆术.1985.植物芳香油防治仓虫的试验.粮食储藏,14(4)：1-9
李明生.1995.福建药用冬青属植物资源.中药材,18(4)：174-176
李天祥.王静康.2002.超临界CO2流体萃取技术在天然物提取上的研究进展.天津大学学报,35(4)：417-424
刘鹏,姚一林,陈立人.2000.浙江省芳香植物资源的分布及利用.浙江师范大学学报,23(1)：51-56
刘丹红,关玉辉,王树诚.2000.辽宁省家蝇抗药性研究.中国媒介生物学及控制,11(5)：350-352
刘学文,徐汉虹,鞠荣.2004.植物精油在农药领域中的研究进展.香料香精化妆品(2)：36-40
刘勇,刘贤旺,胡小芬.1997.江西冬青属药用植物资源及其利用.江西林业科技,(6)：23-25
路纯明,卢奎.1995.花椒挥发油组分的分离鉴定及其对杂拟谷盗成虫毒力测定的初步研究.中国粮油学报,10(2)：15-21
吕洪飞.2000.药用芳香植物资源的开发和研究.中草药,31(7)：711-715
吕辉雄,黄慧娟,蔡全英等.2011.八氯二丙醚的研究现状与展望.生死存亡环境学报.20(2)：379-383
马志卿,张兴.2000.植物源杀虫物质的作用特点.植物保护,26(2)：37-39
慕立义.1997.植物化学保护研究方法.北京：中国农业出版社
潘瑞炽,董愚得.1995.植物生理学.北京：高等教育出版社
覃斗,罗杰民,董文俊.1998.新疆南部3市家蝇对杀虫剂抗药性的首次测定.中国媒介生物学及控制,9(6)：436-438
《全国中草药汇编》编写组.1986.全国中草药汇编(上).北京：人民卫生出版社
赛书元,胡广业,陈秀春.1991.对家蝇交配与繁殖的观察.泰山医学院学报,12(2)：151-154
孙宝国,何坚.1995.香精概论—香料、调配、应用.北京：化学工业出版社
孙凌峰,汪洪武,汤敏燕.1998.黄樟素的天然来源及其在合成香料中的利用.香料香精化妆品,36(2)：14-17
唐钢锋,雷杰,张晋芬.2010.微波提取-GC/MS-SCAN/SIM法定量检测野菊花挥发油中1,8-桉叶素,樟脑,异龙脑,龙脑.分析试验室,29：357-360
藤卷正生.1982.香料事典.东京：东京朝仓书店
王桂清,姬兰柱,张弘.2008.辽细辛精油对淡色库蚊的杀伤作用.中国生物防治,24(2)：112-115
王宏年,江志利,冯俊涛,张兴.2007.7种植物精油对番茄灰霉病的抑制效果,33(5)：111-115
王宪楷.1993.天然药物化学.北京：轻工业出版社
王亚娟,魏玉辉,王晓华.2006.光茎大黄精油成分分析及体外抑菌活性初步研究.中药材,29(10)：1072-1074
王素雅,姜永嘉.1998.5种药用植物挥发油对仓库害虫生物活性的研究.郑州粮食学院学报,19(3)：1-11
王宗训.1989.中国资源植物利用手册.北京：中国科技出版社
魏红梅.2000.几种植物精油的熏蒸杀虫作用及其活性成分研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
吴玲,杨丽辉,丛浦珠.1992.广藿香精油成分的研究.天然产物研究与开发,4(2)：34-37
吴士业.1990.柠檬醛的开发与利用.四川化工,(1)：56-57
吴廷楷,周永录,周世清.1992.四种香薷精油药理作用比较研究.中药材,15(8)：36-38
吴文君.1999.农药学原理.北京：中国农业出版社
吴文君.1988.植物化学保护实验技术导论.西安：陕西科学技术出版社
吴文君,曹金娟.1997.植物性农药的质量控制.农药科学与管理,18(1)：24-25
吴照华,王军.1994.茼蒿精油的拒食活性和化学组分.天然产物研究与开发,6(1)：1-4
夏铮,王文君.1998.香料与香精.北京：中国物资出版社
肖崇厚.1993.中药化学.上海：上海科学技术出版社
晓岗编译.2000.增效醚(PBO,胡椒基丁醚)——杀虫剂增效剂50周年报告.世界农药.22(1)：50-52
谢慧玲.1999.植物挥发油分泌物对空气微生物杀灭作用的研究.河南农业大学学报,33(2)：127-133
谢郁峰,孙琦.1997.冬青属植物成分及活性研究的进展.中药材,20(5)：260-264
徐汉虹.1992.植物精油对仓库害虫的活性与有效成分研究.[博士学位论文].广州：华南农业大学
徐汉虹,赵善欢.1993.利用植物精油防治害虫的研究进展.华南农业大学学报,14(4)：145-154
杨频,马雅军,廉振民.2004.五种植物精油熏杀致倦库蚊的效果.第二军医大学学报,25(10)：1094-1096
姚新生.1996.天然药物化学.北京：人民卫生出版社
叶崇义,吴洪元.1988.苍术成分的离心薄层分离.中成药研究,(2)：31-33
刈米达夫.1985.植物化学.北京：科学出版社
袁爱萍,陆建荣,丁立生.1990.云南柠檬草油化学成分研究.广西植物,10(4)：369-371
张承增,汪清如.1989.日用调香术.北京：轻工业出版社
张国珍,丁万隆,樊瑛.1995.几种植物挥发油防治薏苡黑粉病的初步研究.中国中药杂志,20(11)：657-659
章瑜,陈跃进.1995.黄樟油的毒性研究.苏州医学院学报,15(2)：241-242
张兴.1995.试论无公害农药.西北农业大学学报,23(6)：91-94
张兴,张民力,赵善欢.1988.楝属川楝素含量与生物活性的关系.华南农业大学学报,9(4)：21-30
张兴,赵善欢.1983.几种植物性物质对米象、玉米象的初步防治试验.粮食储藏,12(1)：1-8
张紫红,郝瑞丰,林立丰.1995.广东省家蝇对常用杀虫剂的抗药性现状调查.医学动物防治,15(5)：232-234
赵华,张金生,李丽华.2006.植物精油提取技术的研究进展.辽宁石油化工大学学报,26(4)：137-140
赵明锁,闫开明.2003.萃取天然香料精油用新溶剂.香料香精化妆品,(4)：22-23
赵善欢.1993.昆虫毒理学原理.广州：广东科技出版社
朱亮锋,陆碧瑶,罗友娇.1985.艾蒿和蕲艾精油化学的研究.云南植物研究,7(4)：433-445
中华人民共和国商业部士产废品局,中国科学院植物研究所.1987.中国经济植物志(上、下册).北京：科学出版社
中国化学会应用化学委员会.1991.精油成分对植物的影响.中国化学会第四届农副产品综合利用化学 学术会议论文集.成都：四川大学出版社,547-548
中国香料植物栽培与加工编写组.1985.中国香料植物栽培与加工.北京：轻工业出版社
朱自强.2000.超临界流体技术—原理和应用.北京：化学工业出版社
Ahmed S.M., Eapen M.1986. Vapour toxicity and repellency of some esential oil to insect pests. Indian Perfumer,30(1):273-278
Akhtar, Y.; Isman, M. B.; Pudaru, P. M.; Nagabandi, S.; Nair, R.; Plettner, E.2007. Screening of dialkoxy benzenes and disubstituted cyclopentene derivatives against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, for the discovery of new feeding and oviposition deterrents. J Agric.& Food Chem.55,10323-10330
Albuquerque A A C, Sorenson A L, Lear Cardoso J H.1995. Effects of essential oil of Croton zehntneri, and of anethole and estragole on skeletal muscles. Ethno Pharmacology,49(1):41-49
Bekele, J. & Hassanali, A.2001. Blend effects in the toxicity of the essential oil constituents of Ocimum kilimandascharicum and Ocimum kenyense (Labiateae) on two post-harvest insect pests. Phytochemistry,57:385-391
Boskabady M H, Shnikhi J.2000. Inhibitory effect of Carum copticum on hitamine(H1) receptors of isolated guinea-pig tracheal chains. Ethno. Pharmacology,69(3):217-227
Bowers W.S., Bodenstein W.G.1971. Sex pheromone mimics of the American cockroach. Nature, 232:259-261
Chang C J,Chiu Kou-lung, Chen Ying-king, etal.2000. Separation of catechins from green tea using carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chemistry,68(1):109-113
Cox S D, et al.2000. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca altemifolia (tea tree oil). Applied Microbiology,88(1):170-175
Daferera J. D., Ziogas B. N., Polissiou. M. G.2003. The effectiveness of plant essential oils on the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis. Crop Protection,22:39-44
Dale D., Saradamma K.1981. Insect antifeedant action of some essential oils. Pesticide,15(7):21-22
Deborah A W, Isman M B.2000. Effeet of Trichilia Americana extraet on feeding behavior of Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura. Journal of Chemical Ecology.26(12):2791-2800
Detto C.1992. Veber die Bedbutung der Atherischen. Oele bei xerophyten flora,176-224
Dongre T.K., Rahalkar G.W.1980. Blumea species (Compositae):Insecticides from plants. The Journal of Communicable Disease,12(1):39-41
Eisner T.1964. Catnip:It's Rasion D'Etre.Science, (146):1388-1390
Elisabetsky E, et al.1999. Anticinvulant properties of linalool in glutamate-related seizure models. Phytomedicine,6(2):107-113
Enan E.2001. Insecticidal activity of essential oil:octopaminergsites of action. Comparative Bioehemistry and Physiology PartC,130:325-337
Friendman M., Philip R. H., Robert E. M.2002. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Journal of Food Protection,65 (10):1545-1560
G. Maia, C. L. Green, M. J. Milchard.1993天然黄樟油素新资源.香料香精化妆品,34(3)：51-53
Guenther E.1949. The Essential oils(Ⅰ). Van Nostand Company
Harumichi sawada.1999. Review:Function of spices.香料(日),202：27-31
H.A.U.门罗.1986.防治害虫的熏蒸法.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司
H.C.F.1991. Laboratory of toxicity of calamus oil against four species of stored-product insects.J. Ent. Sci., 26(1):76-80
Hori M., Harada H.1995. Screening plants resistant to green peach aphid, Myzus persilla. Applied Entomology and Zoology,30(1):246-249
Horsfall J.G 1945. Fungicides and their action. Chronica Botanica
Isman M.B., Prodsch P., Yan Jwo-yee.1987. Insecticidal chromenes from the Asteraceac:Structure-activity relations. Entomol. Exp. Appl.,43:87-93
Jain S R, Jain M R.1973. Evaluation of the essential oil. Plant Media,24(2):128-132
Kerrola K.1995. Literature review:isolation of essential oils and flavor compounds by dense carbondioxide.Food rev.int.,11 (4):547-573
Kim S Ⅱ, Park C, Ohh M H, et al.2003. Contact and fumi-pant activities of aromatic palm extracts and essential oils against Lasioderma serricome(Coleotera:Anobiidae).Journal of Stored Products Research,39:77-79
Knobloch K N, Weis, H. Weigand.1986. Plant Medicine,6:556
Konk Chuihua, Xu tao, Hu Fei, et al.1999. Allelopathic potential and chemical constituents of the volatile oil from Agratum cinyzoidrs. J. Chem. Ecol.,25(10):2347-2356
Kosty Ukovsky M, RafaeliA, Gileadi C, et al.2002. Aetivation of octopamine rgic receptors by essential oil constituent sisolated from aromatic plants:possible mode of action against insect pests. Pest Management Seienee,58:1101-1106
Koul O, Isman M B.1990. Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of sweetflag, Acorus calamus L. oil on Peridroma saucia.Insect Science and Its Application,11(1):47-53
Krishnarajah S.R., Ganesalingam V.K., Senanayake V.M.1985. Repellency and toxicity of some plant oil and their terpene to sitotroga cerealella (Oliver). Tropical Science,25:249-252
Ladd T.L.1980. Japanese beetle:Enhancement of lures by eugenol and caproic acid. J. Econ. Entomol. 73:718-720
Larson K C, Berry R E.1984. Influence of peppermint phenolics and monoterpenes on twosptted spidermite (Tetranychidae). Environmental Entomology,13(1):282-285
Lis Balchin M, Pate J, Hart S.1998. Studies on the mode of essential oils of scented-leaf Pelargonium (GeranI- aceae). Phytotherapy Research,12(3):215-217
Lis Balchin M, Hart S.1999. Studies on the mode of action of the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula anqustl-folia P. Miller). Phytotherapy Research,13(6):540-542
Lis Bachin M, Hart S.1998. An investigation of the actions of the essential oils of Manuka and Kanuka, Myrtac- ene on guinea-pig smooth muscle. Pharmacology,50(7):809-811
Luo, M.; Jiang L. K.; Zou G. L.2005. Acute and genetic toxicity of essential oil extracted from Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. J. Food Prot,68,581-588
Martine Bard, et al.1988. Lipids,23(6):534-538
Maruzzella J C, Balter.1959. J. Plant Research. Report,43(15):1143-1147
Miresmailli S., Bradbury R., Isman, M. B.2006. Comparative toxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and blends of its major constitiuents against Tetranychus urticae Loch (Acari: Tetranychiadae) on two different hos plants. Pest Manag. Sci.,62:366-371
Mishra R.C., Kumar J.1983. Evaluation of Mentha piperita L. oil as a fumigant red beetle, Triboliumca tancum (Herbs). Indian Perfumer,27(2):73-76
Miyazawa M, et al.1997. Inhabition of acetylccholinesterase activity by monoterpenoids with a p-menthane skeleton. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.45(3):677-679
Nobuji nakatani.1988. Functional constituents of spices. 香料(日),157:41-46
Panday G.N.1977..J. Food Sci. and Techn.,14:14-16
Pedersen G A, Larsen E H.1997. Speciation of four selenium compounds using high performance liquid chromatography with on-line detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Fresenius' jouranl of analytical chemistry, 358(5):591-598
Perrucci S.1995. Acaricidal activity of some essential oil and their constituents against Tyrophagus logior, a mite of stored food. Food Protection,58(5):560-563
Perrucci S, et al.1994. Acaridal agents of natural origin against Psoroptes cuniculi. Parassitology,36 (3):269-271
Pino J.A.1997. Essential oil of majoram(Origanum majorona L.) grow in Cuba. JEOR (U.S.A.), 9(4):479-480
Povchen W.A.1974. Perfums. Cosmetics and Soups. Chapman and Hall, (2):19-27
Prusky D.1985. Inhibitors of avocado lipoxygenase their possible relationship with the latency of Colletotrioides gloeosporioides. (27):269-272
Ramos-Ocampo V.E., Stephen Hsia M.T.1986. The influence of valamus oil and asarone analigues in the reproduction of Oncopeltus Fasciatus. The Phillipine Entomologist,6(5):495-515
Rojas E,Scorza J V.1991. The use of lemon essential oil as sand fly repellent. The Society,85(6):803.
Samuel R. et al.1984. Influence of spice essential oil on the lift history of Lasioderma serricorac (F). Entomon,9(3):209-215
Sangwan N.K., et al,1990. Pesticide Science,28(3):331-335
Sarrade S J, Rios G M, Carles M.1998. Supercritical CO2 extraction coupled with narofiltration separation:opplicationtonatural products. Separation and purification technology,14(1-3):19-25
Saxena B.P., Koul O., Atal C.K..1977. A new insect chemoseritant isolated from Acorus calamus. Nature, 270(8):512-513
Saxena B.P., Koul O..1982. Essential oils and insect control. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. India:Jammu-Tawi,766-776
Sharma R.N., Deshpande S.G., Joseph M..1990. Evaluation of natural essential oils sa antifeedants against Spodoptera litura. Indian Perfumer.34(3):196-198
Sharma R.N., Raina R.M.1998. Evalating chemicals for eco-friendly pest management:terpenoids and faty acids for building termites. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research,57 (6):306-309
Sighamony S. et al.1984. Natural products as repellents for Tribolium castaneum. International Pest Control,26(6):156-157
Singh R.P., et al.1991. Indian Perfumer,35(1):35-37
Smith P.M(佚名译).1975.植物化学分类学.北京：科学出版社
Soliman K. M., Badeaa R. I.2002. Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigentic fungi. Food and Chemical Toxicology,40:1669-1675
Sun Y.P.. J.1950. Econ. Ent,43:45
Thiery D.1998. Electroantennogram responses of Doulgas-fir seed chalcids to plant volatiles. Journal of Insect Physiology,44(5):483-490
Tohru nakasugi.1990. Antifungal substances from plants香料(日),168：101-107
Tunc I, Sahinkakya S.1998. Sensitivity of two greenhouse pests to vapours of essential oils. Entomology, 86(2):183-187
U.S. Patent,4,379,168
Vernin G, Vernin E, Vernin C, et al.1991. Extraction and GC-MS-SPECMA data bank analysis of the aroma of Psidium Guajava L. fruit from Egyp. Flavour and fragrance journal,6(22): 143-148
Virmala K., et al.1988. Indian Perfumer,33(1):25-29
Volkov S K,Grodnitskaya E I.1994. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography to the determination of vinblastine in catharanthus roseus. Chromatogr J., B660(2),405-408
Yan, X.; Zhang, F.; Xie H.; Wei, X.2000. A review of the studies on chemical constituents from Litsea Lam. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot.8,171-176
Zhao, L.2006. Advanced research on terpenoids in Litsea and their biological activity. Lishizhen Med. and Materia Mecica Res.17,935-938
蔡建秀,尤祖卿,黄晓冬.2006.天竺桂精油化学成分及抑菌活性研究.热带亚热带植物学报,14(5)：403--408
曹文军,吴定新,毛国芳.1996.植物精油的超临界流体萃取的研究与发展.北京林业大学学报,20(1)：67-74
陈福良,郑斐能,王仪.1997.农药混配室内毒力测定的一种实验技术.农药科学与管理,64(4)：30-31
陈根强.2001.砂地柏精油主成分松油烯-4-醇杀虫作用研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
陈开勋,刘岚,刘博.2000.看我国超临界流体技术的研究及发展.中国化工学会第三届全国超临界流体技术及应用研讨会论文集,西安,7-13
陈孝泉.1990.植物化学分类学.北京：科学出版社
陈志龙,孙俊,张爱军.2001.江苏省家蝇抗性及防治对策的研究.中国媒介生物学及控制,12(1)：41-43
程必强,马信祥,许勇.1998.黄樟素毛叶胡椒的初步研究.香料香精化妆品,32(2)：11-13
丁德生,孙汉董.1983.野薄荷精油中驱避成分的结构鉴定.植物学报,25(1)：62-65
丁丽云(译).1993.茵陈蒿抗真菌和驱虫作用的研究.国外医药·植物药分册,8(2)：80-81
邓望喜,杨志惠,杨长举.1989.几种植物性物质防治储粮害虫的初步研究.粮食,(2)：29-34
董金华,程国宝,胡皆汉.1997.温莪术精油中γ-榄香烯的分离鉴定及抗癌活性.中草药,28(1)：13-14
方才君,白志川,陶澜.1992.柠檬草油对大豆小白菜和甘蓝种子萌发的影响研究.西南农业大学学报,14(6)：549-551
方才君.1986.香茅油对柑桔腐烂病原体的抗菌性研究.四川日化,(2)：22-23
方才君,胡仕林.1997.植物精油对朱砂叶螨的毒性试验.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),22(4)：1-3
高聪芬.1996.砂地柏精油熏蒸杀虫作用研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
高聪芬,张兴.1996.砂地柏精油的熏蒸杀虫初探.南京农业大学学报,24(6)：99-102
高疆生,易晓华,陈毓荃,张兴.2001.超临界二氧化碳萃取扁桃油的研究.西北农业学报,10(1)：11-13
何坚,李秀媛.2000.实用日用化学品配方集—配方、制法、应用.北京：化学工业出版社
何军,郭红祥,陈毓荃,张兴.1999.超临界二氧化碳萃取花椒挥发油研究.西北农业大学学报,27(5)：66-70
华昌培,杨德军,胡仕林.1988.植物精油对仓库害虫的毒性试验.四川日化,1：20-25
华南农业大学主编.1987.植物化学保护(第二版).北京：中国农业出版社
黄福辉,项发根,周为民.1980.关于山苍子有效成分在储粮中的应用.粮食储藏,9(2)：19-21
黄梁绮龄,陈培榕.1994.山鸡椒挥发油成分分析及其抗真菌保鲜作用的研究.天然产物研究与开发,6(4)：1-15
黄远征,薄发鼎.1988.川芎根茎精油化学成分研究.药学学报,23(6)：426-429
柠檬醛和桉叶油素的新资源植物.武汉植物学研究,7(3)：269-274
候华民.1998.植物精油的杀虫活性及熏蒸机理研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
缑卫军.2006.留兰香油的精制及香芹酮含量的分析.广东化工,33(3)37-39陶光复,吕爱华,张小红.1989
胡仕林.1992.植物精油在害虫控制中的作用.四川日化,(1)：44-48
蒋立科,张金水.1993.天然仓贮抗霉剂的初步研究.天然产物研究与开发,8(4)：105-109
姜志宽,郑智民,王忠灿.2011.卫生害虫学.北京：人民卫生出版社
江绍玫.2000植物源无公害农药研究开发现状.江西农业大学学报,22(1)：140-142
江志利.2002.植物精油对家蝇毒杀作用研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
江志利,陈安良,白伟,林琎,张兴.2002.6种植物精油对家蝇的熏杀及触杀毒力测定.农药学学报,4(1)：85-88
焦启源.1990.芳香植物及其利用(上册).上海：上海科学技术出版社
孔垂华,黄寿山,胡飞.2001.胜红蓟化感作用研究V.挥发油对真菌、昆虫和植物的生物活性及其化学成分.生态学报,21(4)：584-587
李光灿,李隆术.1985.植物芳香油防治仓虫的试验.粮食储藏,14(4)：1-9
李明生.1995.福建药用冬青属植物资源.中药材,18(4)：174-176
李天祥.王静康.2002.超临界CO2流体萃取技术在天然物提取上的研究进展.天津大学学报,35(4)：417-424
刘鹏,姚一林,陈立人.2000.浙江省芳香植物资源的分布及利用.浙江师范大学学报,23(1)：51-56
刘丹红,关玉辉,王树诚.2000.辽宁省家蝇抗药性研究.中国媒介生物学及控制,11(5)：350-352
刘学文,徐汉虹,鞠荣.2004.植物精油在农药领域中的研究进展.香料香精化妆品(2)：36-40
刘勇,刘贤旺,胡小芬.1997.江西冬青属药用植物资源及其利用.江西林业科技,(6)：23-25
路纯明,卢奎.1995.花椒挥发油组分的分离鉴定及其对杂拟谷盗成虫毒力测定的初步研究.中国粮油学报,10(2)：15-21
吕洪飞.2000.药用芳香植物资源的开发和研究.中草药,31(7)：711-715
吕辉雄,黄慧娟,蔡全英等.2011.八氯二丙醚的研究现状与展望.生死存亡环境学报.20(2)：379-383
马志卿,张兴.2000.植物源杀虫物质的作用特点.植物保护,26(2)：37-39
慕立义.1997.植物化学保护研究方法.北京：中国农业出版社
潘瑞炽,董愚得.1995.植物生理学.北京：高等教育出版社
覃斗,罗杰民,董文俊.1998.新疆南部3市家蝇对杀虫剂抗药性的首次测定.中国媒介生物学及控制,9(6)：436-438
《全国中草药汇编》编写组.1986.全国中草药汇编(上).北京：人民卫生出版社
赛书元,胡广业,陈秀春.1991.对家蝇交配与繁殖的观察.泰山医学院学报,12(2)：151-154
孙宝国,何坚.1995.香精概论—香料、调配、应用.北京：化学工业出版社
孙凌峰,汪洪武,汤敏燕.1998.黄樟素的天然来源及其在合成香料中的利用.香料香精化妆品,36(2)：14-17
唐钢锋,雷杰,张晋芬.2010.微波提取-GC/MS-SCAN/SIM法定量检测野菊花挥发油中1,8-桉叶素,樟脑,异龙脑,龙脑.分析试验室,29：357-360
藤卷正生.1982.香料事典.东京：东京朝仓书店
王桂清,姬兰柱,张弘.2008.辽细辛精油对淡色库蚊的杀伤作用.中国生物防治,24(2)：112-115
王宏年,江志利,冯俊涛,张兴.2007.7种植物精油对番茄灰霉病的抑制效果,33(5)：111-115
王宪楷.1993.天然药物化学.北京：轻工业出版社
王亚娟,魏玉辉,王晓华.2006.光茎大黄精油成分分析及体外抑菌活性初步研究.中药材,29(10)：1072-1074
王素雅,姜永嘉.1998.5种药用植物挥发油对仓库害虫生物活性的研究.郑州粮食学院学报,19(3)：1-11
王宗训.1989.中国资源植物利用手册.北京：中国科技出版社
魏红梅.2000.几种植物精油的熏蒸杀虫作用及其活性成分研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学
吴玲,杨丽辉,丛浦珠.1992.广藿香精油成分的研究.天然产物研究与开发,4(2)：34-37
吴士业.1990.柠檬醛的开发与利用.四川化工,(1)：56-57
吴廷楷,周永录,周世清.1992.四种香薷精油药理作用比较研究.中药材,15(8)：36-38
吴文君.1999.农药学原理.北京：中国农业出版社
吴文君.1988.植物化学保护实验技术导论.西安：陕西科学技术出版社
吴文君,曹金娟.1997.植物性农药的质量控制.农药科学与管理,18(1)：24-25
吴照华,王军.1994.茼蒿精油的拒食活性和化学组分.天然产物研究与开发,6(1)：1-4
夏铮,王文君.1998.香料与香精.北京：中国物资出版社
肖崇厚.1993.中药化学.上海：上海科学技术出版社
晓岗编译.2000.增效醚(PBO,胡椒基丁醚)——杀虫剂增效剂50周年报告.世界农药.22(1)：50-52
谢慧玲.1999.植物挥发油分泌物对空气微生物杀灭作用的研究.河南农业大学学报,33(2)：127-133
谢郁峰,孙琦.1997.冬青属植物成分及活性研究的进展.中药材,20(5)：260-264
徐汉虹.1992.植物精油对仓库害虫的活性与有效成分研究.[博士学位论文].广州：华南农业大学
徐汉虹,赵善欢.1993.利用植物精油防治害虫的研究进展.华南农业大学学报,14(4)：145-154
杨频,马雅军,廉振民.2004.五种植物精油熏杀致倦库蚊的效果.第二军医大学学报,25(10)：1094-1096
姚新生.1996.天然药物化学.北京：人民卫生出版社
叶崇义,吴洪元.1988.苍术成分的离心薄层分离.中成药研究,(2)：31-33
刈米达夫.1985.植物化学.北京：科学出版社
袁爱萍,陆建荣,丁立生.1990.云南柠檬草油化学成分研究.广西植物,10(4)：369-371
张承增,汪清如.1989.日用调香术.北京：轻工业出版社
张国珍,丁万隆,樊瑛.1995.几种植物挥发油防治薏苡黑粉病的初步研究.中国中药杂志,20(11)：657-659
章瑜,陈跃进.1995.黄樟油的毒性研究.苏州医学院学报,15(2)：241-242
张兴.1995.试论无公害农药.西北农业大学学报,23(6)：91-94
张兴,张民力,赵善欢.1988.楝属川楝素含量与生物活性的关系.华南农业大学学报,9(4)：21-30
张兴,赵善欢.1983.几种植物性物质对米象、玉米象的初步防治试验.粮食储藏,12(1)：1-8
张紫红,郝瑞丰,林立丰.1995.广东省家蝇对常用杀虫剂的抗药性现状调查.医学动物防治,15(5)：232-234
赵华,张金生,李丽华.2006.植物精油提取技术的研究进展.辽宁石油化工大学学报,26(4)：137-140
赵明锁,闫开明.2003.萃取天然香料精油用新溶剂.香料香精化妆品,(4)：22-23
赵善欢.1993.昆虫毒理学原理.广州：广东科技出版社
朱亮锋,陆碧瑶,罗友娇.1985.艾蒿和蕲艾精油化学的研究.云南植物研究,7(4)：433-445
中华人民共和国商业部士产废品局,中国科学院植物研究所.1987.中国经济植物志(上、下册).北京：科学出版社
中国化学会应用化学委员会.1991.精油成分对植物的影响.中国化学会第四届农副产品综合利用化学 学术会议论文集.成都：四川大学出版社,547-548
中国香料植物栽培与加工编写组.1985.中国香料植物栽培与加工.北京：轻工业出版社
朱自强.2000.超临界流体技术—原理和应用.北京：化学工业出版社
Ahmed S.M., Eapen M.1986. Vapour toxicity and repellency of some esential oil to insect pests. Indian Perfumer,30(1):273-278
Akhtar, Y.; Isman, M. B.; Pudaru, P. M.; Nagabandi, S.; Nair, R.; Plettner, E.2007. Screening of dialkoxy benzenes and disubstituted cyclopentene derivatives against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, for the discovery of new feeding and oviposition deterrents. J Agric.& Food Chem.55,10323-10330
Albuquerque A A C, Sorenson A L, Lear Cardoso J H.1995. Effects of essential oil of Croton zehntneri, and of anethole and estragole on skeletal muscles. Ethno Pharmacology,49(1):41-49
Bekele, J. & Hassanali, A.2001. Blend effects in the toxicity of the essential oil constituents of Ocimum kilimandascharicum and Ocimum kenyense (Labiateae) on two post-harvest insect pests. Phytochemistry,57:385-391
Boskabady M H, Shnikhi J.2000. Inhibitory effect of Carum copticum on hitamine(H1) receptors of isolated guinea-pig tracheal chains. Ethno. Pharmacology,69(3):217-227
Bowers W.S., Bodenstein W.G.1971. Sex pheromone mimics of the American cockroach. Nature, 232:259-261
Chang C J,Chiu Kou-lung, Chen Ying-king, etal.2000. Separation of catechins from green tea using carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chemistry,68(1):109-113
Cox S D, et al.2000. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca altemifolia (tea tree oil). Applied Microbiology,88(1):170-175
Daferera J. D., Ziogas B. N., Polissiou. M. G.2003. The effectiveness of plant essential oils on the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis. Crop Protection,22:39-44
Dale D., Saradamma K.1981. Insect antifeedant action of some essential oils. Pesticide,15(7):21-22
Deborah A W, Isman M B.2000. Effeet of Trichilia Americana extraet on feeding behavior of Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura. Journal of Chemical Ecology.26(12):2791-2800
Detto C.1992. Veber die Bedbutung der Atherischen. Oele bei xerophyten flora,176-224
Dongre T.K., Rahalkar G.W.1980. Blumea species (Compositae):Insecticides from plants. The Journal of Communicable Disease,12(1):39-41
Eisner T.1964. Catnip:It's Rasion D'Etre.Science, (146):1388-1390
Elisabetsky E, et al.1999. Anticinvulant properties of linalool in glutamate-related seizure models. Phytomedicine,6(2):107-113
Enan E.2001. Insecticidal activity of essential oil:octopaminergsites of action. Comparative Bioehemistry and Physiology PartC,130:325-337
Friendman M., Philip R. H., Robert E. M.2002. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Journal of Food Protection,65 (10):1545-1560
G. Maia, C. L. Green, M. J. Milchard.1993天然黄樟油素新资源.香料香精化妆品,34(3)：51-53
Guenther E.1949. The Essential oils(Ⅰ). Van Nostand Company
Harumichi sawada.1999. Review:Function of spices.香料(日),202：27-31
H.A.U.门罗.1986.防治害虫的熏蒸法.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司
H.C.F.1991. Laboratory of toxicity of calamus oil against four species of stored-product insects.J. Ent. Sci., 26(1):76-80
Hori M., Harada H.1995. Screening plants resistant to green peach aphid, Myzus persilla. Applied Entomology and Zoology,30(1):246-249
Horsfall J.G 1945. Fungicides and their action. Chronica Botanica
Isman M.B., Prodsch P., Yan Jwo-yee.1987. Insecticidal chromenes from the Asteraceac:Structure-activity relations. Entomol. Exp. Appl.,43:87-93
Jain S R, Jain M R.1973. Evaluation of the essential oil. Plant Media,24(2):128-132
Kerrola K.1995. Literature review:isolation of essential oils and flavor compounds by dense carbondioxide.Food rev.int.,11 (4):547-573
Kim S Ⅱ, Park C, Ohh M H, et al.2003. Contact and fumi-pant activities of aromatic palm extracts and essential oils against Lasioderma serricome(Coleotera:Anobiidae).Journal of Stored Products Research,39:77-79
Knobloch K N, Weis, H. Weigand.1986. Plant Medicine,6:556
Konk Chuihua, Xu tao, Hu Fei, et al.1999. Allelopathic potential and chemical constituents of the volatile oil from Agratum cinyzoidrs. J. Chem. Ecol.,25(10):2347-2356
Kosty Ukovsky M, RafaeliA, Gileadi C, et al.2002. Aetivation of octopamine rgic receptors by essential oil constituent sisolated from aromatic plants:possible mode of action against insect pests. Pest Management Seienee,58:1101-1106
Koul O, Isman M B.1990. Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of sweetflag, Acorus calamus L. oil on Peridroma saucia.Insect Science and Its Application,11(1):47-53
Krishnarajah S.R., Ganesalingam V.K., Senanayake V.M.1985. Repellency and toxicity of some plant oil and their terpene to sitotroga cerealella (Oliver). Tropical Science,25:249-252
Ladd T.L.1980. Japanese beetle:Enhancement of lures by eugenol and caproic acid. J. Econ. Entomol. 73:718-720
Larson K C, Berry R E.1984. Influence of peppermint phenolics and monoterpenes on twosptted spidermite (Tetranychidae). Environmental Entomology,13(1):282-285
Lis Balchin M, Pate J, Hart S.1998. Studies on the mode of essential oils of scented-leaf Pelargonium (GeranI- aceae). Phytotherapy Research,12(3):215-217
Lis Balchin M, Hart S.1999. Studies on the mode of action of the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula anqustl-folia P. Miller). Phytotherapy Research,13(6):540-542
Lis Bachin M, Hart S.1998. An investigation of the actions of the essential oils of Manuka and Kanuka, Myrtac- ene on guinea-pig smooth muscle. Pharmacology,50(7):809-811
Luo, M.; Jiang L. K.; Zou G. L.2005. Acute and genetic toxicity of essential oil extracted from Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. J. Food Prot,68,581-588
Martine Bard, et al.1988. Lipids,23(6):534-538
Maruzzella J C, Balter.1959. J. Plant Research. Report,43(15):1143-1147
Miresmailli S., Bradbury R., Isman, M. B.2006. Comparative toxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and blends of its major constitiuents against Tetranychus urticae Loch (Acari: Tetranychiadae) on two different hos plants. Pest Manag. Sci.,62:366-371
Mishra R.C., Kumar J.1983. Evaluation of Mentha piperita L. oil as a fumigant red beetle, Triboliumca tancum (Herbs). Indian Perfumer,27(2):73-76
Miyazawa M, et al.1997. Inhabition of acetylccholinesterase activity by monoterpenoids with a p-menthane skeleton. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.45(3):677-679
Nobuji nakatani.1988. Functional constituents of spices. 香料(日),157:41-46
Panday G.N.1977..J. Food Sci. and Techn.,14:14-16
Pedersen G A, Larsen E H.1997. Speciation of four selenium compounds using high performance liquid chromatography with on-line detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Fresenius' jouranl of analytical chemistry, 358(5):591-598
Perrucci S.1995. Acaricidal activity of some essential oil and their constituents against Tyrophagus logior, a mite of stored food. Food Protection,58(5):560-563
Perrucci S, et al.1994. Acaridal agents of natural origin against Psoroptes cuniculi. Parassitology,36 (3):269-271
Pino J.A.1997. Essential oil of majoram(Origanum majorona L.) grow in Cuba. JEOR (U.S.A.), 9(4):479-480
Povchen W.A.1974. Perfums. Cosmetics and Soups. Chapman and Hall, (2):19-27
Prusky D.1985. Inhibitors of avocado lipoxygenase their possible relationship with the latency of Colletotrioides gloeosporioides. (27):269-272
Ramos-Ocampo V.E., Stephen Hsia M.T.1986. The influence of valamus oil and asarone analigues in the reproduction of Oncopeltus Fasciatus. The Phillipine Entomologist,6(5):495-515
Rojas E,Scorza J V.1991. The use of lemon essential oil as sand fly repellent. The Society,85(6):803.
Samuel R. et al.1984. Influence of spice essential oil on the lift history of Lasioderma serricorac (F). Entomon,9(3):209-215
Sangwan N.K., et al,1990. Pesticide Science,28(3):331-335
Sarrade S J, Rios G M, Carles M.1998. Supercritical CO2 extraction coupled with narofiltration separation:opplicationtonatural products. Separation and purification technology,14(1-3):19-25
Saxena B.P., Koul O., Atal C.K..1977. A new insect chemoseritant isolated from Acorus calamus. Nature, 270(8):512-513
Saxena B.P., Koul O..1982. Essential oils and insect control. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. India:Jammu-Tawi,766-776
Sharma R.N., Deshpande S.G., Joseph M..1990. Evaluation of natural essential oils sa antifeedants against Spodoptera litura. Indian Perfumer.34(3):196-198
Sharma R.N., Raina R.M.1998. Evalating chemicals for eco-friendly pest management:terpenoids and faty acids for building termites. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research,57 (6):306-309
Sighamony S. et al.1984. Natural products as repellents for Tribolium castaneum. International Pest Control,26(6):156-157
Singh R.P., et al.1991. Indian Perfumer,35(1):35-37
Smith P.M(佚名译).1975.植物化学分类学.北京：科学出版社
Soliman K. M., Badeaa R. I.2002. Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigentic fungi. Food and Chemical Toxicology,40:1669-1675
Sun Y.P.. J.1950. Econ. Ent,43:45
Thiery D.1998. Electroantennogram responses of Doulgas-fir seed chalcids to plant volatiles. Journal of Insect Physiology,44(5):483-490
Tohru nakasugi.1990. Antifungal substances from plants香料(日),168：101-107
Tunc I, Sahinkakya S.1998. Sensitivity of two greenhouse pests to vapours of essential oils. Entomology, 86(2):183-187
U.S. Patent,4,379,168
Vernin G, Vernin E, Vernin C, et al.1991. Extraction and GC-MS-SPECMA data bank analysis of the aroma of Psidium Guajava L. fruit from Egyp. Flavour and fragrance journal,6(22): 143-148
Virmala K., et al.1988. Indian Perfumer,33(1):25-29
Volkov S K,Grodnitskaya E I.1994. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography to the determination of vinblastine in catharanthus roseus. Chromatogr J., B660(2),405-408
Yan, X.; Zhang, F.; Xie H.; Wei, X.2000. A review of the studies on chemical constituents from Litsea Lam. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot.8,171-176
Zhao, L.2006. Advanced research on terpenoids in Litsea and their biological activity. Lishizhen Med. and Materia Mecica Res.17,935-938