不同土壤环境对青（木奈）生长及生理特性的影响
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摘要
青木奈为木奈李（Prunus salicina Lindl. var.cordata J. Y. Zhang et al.）中的一种类型，原产福建，引种至天津后对其适应性进行全面的研究。本试验将青木奈苗木种植在沙土和粘壤土两种土壤条件下，以期研究不同土壤条件对青木奈生长的影响，了解青木奈对我市不同土壤的适应能力，同时探讨青木奈在中轻度盐碱土上种植的可能性，为青木奈在我市及北方类似土壤条件的地区较大面积的推广种植提供参考依据。本试验中还对沙土中生长的普通和变异青木奈生长特性及生理指标进行测定比较。
对两种类型土壤的理化性质进行了测定分析，测定的指标包括：水解氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量；有机质含量、土壤pH值、土壤容重等。同时，对两地种植青木奈的外部形态特征和生理生化指标进行了分析比较。外部形态特征测定的内容包括：单叶片面积、主干直径、新梢总长度、新梢直径、单株最大新梢长度等；生理生化分析的指标有：叶片中MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性、Pro含量、可溶性糖含量及根系活力等。再有，对两地青木奈的光合特性进行了研究，测定的指标有：净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO_2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）等。
根据两地土壤的理化性质、青木奈的外部形态特征、生理生化指标和光合特性的测定分析结果，对两地青木奈及沙土中生长的普通和变异青木奈的生长情况进行了分析对比，结果表明：
1、两块试验地虽质地不同（东校区为粘壤土，西校区为沙土），但两地土壤均属坚实度偏大的土壤，且粘壤土坚实度明显高于沙土。粘壤土养分含量较高，其中除速效磷外，有机质含量、水解氮、速效钾含量均高于沙土中各项含量。两地土壤均呈碱性，而粘壤土碱性更强。综合各项指标分析，两地养分供应较为缺乏。两地土壤全盐量均属中下等水平，应不会成为青木奈生长的限制因子。
2、沙土中种植的青木奈，其地上部分的单叶片面积、主干直径、新梢总长度、新梢直径和单株最大新梢长度均极显著高于东校区粘壤土中种植的青木奈，地下部分的须根系活力显著高于粘壤土中青木奈的根活力，直径2mm根的活力与粘壤土中的青木奈相比，差异未达显著水平。结合田间观察可知沙土中种植的青木奈长势明显强于东校区粘壤土中青木奈的生长势。
3、粘壤土中种植的青木奈，其叶片中的MDA含量、POD活性和可溶性糖含量均极显著高于、SOD活性显著高于沙土中种植的青木奈，而Pro含量在两种不同土壤条件下的表现为差异不显著。表明在粘壤土逆境胁迫条件下（高土壤容重、高pH值、中等盐分含量），青木奈体内的保护酶活性、某些细胞内含物的含量均呈现提高或增加的趋势。
4、沙土和粘壤土中种植的青木奈叶片净光合速率的日变化均为双峰型曲线。沙土中种植的青木奈叶片每个时刻的净光合速率都较高，在13:00时，两地种植的青木奈叶片净光合速率均出现低谷，说明青木奈存在光合午休现象。在相同的CO_2浓度条件下，沙土中青木奈的净光合速率均高于粘壤土中的，两地生长种植的青木奈叶片净光合速率均随着CO_2浓度的升高呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。沙土土壤条件下，青木奈能够在较大CO_2浓度范围内不断提高净光合速率，生产力较高。
5、研究中发现变异植株与普通青木奈相比除具有新梢粗壮、节间短，花芽萌动提前，秋季自然落叶以及净光合速率较高等特点外，在叶片的MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性、Pro含量、可溶性糖含量等指标中未发现显著差异。今后应对果实性状进行对比分析，以对青木奈变异植株作出全面的评价鉴定。
综合比较分析本试验对青木奈各项观察测定指标以及其在田间的生长表现，建议在天津地区乃至北方更广大地区栽培青木奈选择土壤时，需特别注意土壤的透气性。应种植在疏松、通气性良好、pH值适当的土壤中，避免在粘重的土壤中栽培青木奈。
Qing-nai is a variety from Nai-li (Prunus salicina Lindl. var. cordata J. Y. Zhang et al),which is native to Fujian China and should be studied systematically after introduced toTianjin. Qing-nai plants were cultivated in sandy and clay loam separately, aiming atunderstanding the effects of soil conditions on growth and development of Qing-nai, learningits adaptability to different soil in Tianjn city, exploring the possibility of planting Qing-nai inmild saline soils and providing the data for planting Qing-nai in a large scale in Tianjin aswell as the area with similar soil conditions as Tianjin. Meanwhile morphological andphysiological properties of Qing-nai and its mutant plants in the sandy soil were compared inthe experiment.
The plots physical and chemical properties, including hydrolysable nitrogen, availablepotassium and phosphorus and organic matter contents, soil pH value and bulk density ofsandy and clay loam, were determined. Determinations of morphological and physiologicalcharacters of Qing-nai planted in two plots were conducted at the same time with soil examine.Plant morphological characters examined included single leaf area, trunk diameter, shootgrowth increment，shoot diameter and the largest shoot growth increment. Physiological andbiochemical properties determined included MDA, Pro and soluble sugar contents and PODand SOD activity as well as root dynamics. In addition, photosynthesis characters such as netphotosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, intercellular CO_2concentration and transpirationrate were studied.
According to analyzing and comparing of the soil physical and chemical properties of thetwo plots, the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics andphotosynthesis of Qing-nai and its mutation planted in sandy soil the results were summarizedbriefly as follows:
1、Soil compaction of both two plots were relatively great, though there was differencebetween the two plots in the soil texture (the plot in East Campus is clay loam, while that ofWest Campus is sandy soil). Bulk density of the clay loam was higher than that of the sandysoil. Besides of available P, organic matter, hydrolysable nitrogen and available K in the clay loam were higher than that in the sandy soil. The two plots was alkaline soil, with strongeralkalinity in clay loam. Based on the data analyzed both two plots should be considered aspoor nutrient soils. Salt content in the two plots was middle or low and should not be therestrictions for the growth of Qing-nai.
2、The single leaf area, trunk diameter, shoot growth increment, shoot diameter andsingle largest shoot growth increment of Qing-nai planted in the sandy soil was verysignificantly higher than those in the clay soil. The activity of underground fibrous root ofQing-nai planted in the sandy soil is higher than those in the clay soil. There was nosignificant difference between activities of the root with2mm diameters sampled from clayand sandy soils separately. It was known from the analysis of indexes quoted above and thefield observations that the plants in the sandy soil grew more vigorously than the plants in theclay soil.
3、MDA and soluble sugar contents and activity of POD of Qing-nai cultivated in theclay loam was very significantly higher than that in the sandy loam, and activity of SOD fromthe clay loam was significantly higher than that from the sandy loam. There was nosignificant difference between the two plots in respect of Pro content. The results suggestedthat protective enzyme activity and intracellular contents of Qing-nai trended to increase orbecame higher when the plants were cultivated under soil stress (high bulk density and pHvalue and moderate salt content).
4、The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of both two plot plants presented abimodal curve. The net photosynthetic rate of Qing-nai plants which planted in the sandy soilwas higher all the time. The net photosynthetic rate of both two plot plants presented a lowvalley at pm1:00, proposing that there was obvious photosynthetic midday depression. At thesame concentration of CO_2, the net photosynthetic rate of Qing-nai planted in the sandy soil ishigher than those in the clay soil. With the increasing concentration of CO_2, the netphotosynthetic rate of both two plots increased at the beginning and decreased afterwards. Inthe sandy soil, Qing-nai plants could keep increasing the net photosynthetic rate in the largerrange of CO_2concentration, expressing a higher productivity.
5、Comparing the common Qing-nai with its mutant plants, it was found that the mutantplants performed some different characters from the common Qing-nai, such as thicker shoot,shorter internodes, earlier flower bud sprout in spring, natural leaves fall in autumn and higher net photosynthetic rate, but there was no significant difference between the two kindsplants in MDA, soluble sugar and Pro contents and activities of POD and SOD. In the future,the fruit traits should be analyzed to make further identification and evaluation for themutants.
A suggestion could be drown from Qing-nai indexes examined in the experiment and itsfield observation that Qing-nai should be planted in loose, good ventilation, proper soil pHconditions, especially avoiding cultivation in heavy clay soil as long as chance of soilselection exists.
对两种类型土壤的理化性质进行了测定分析，测定的指标包括：水解氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量；有机质含量、土壤pH值、土壤容重等。同时，对两地种植青木奈的外部形态特征和生理生化指标进行了分析比较。外部形态特征测定的内容包括：单叶片面积、主干直径、新梢总长度、新梢直径、单株最大新梢长度等；生理生化分析的指标有：叶片中MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性、Pro含量、可溶性糖含量及根系活力等。再有，对两地青木奈的光合特性进行了研究，测定的指标有：净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO_2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）等。
根据两地土壤的理化性质、青木奈的外部形态特征、生理生化指标和光合特性的测定分析结果，对两地青木奈及沙土中生长的普通和变异青木奈的生长情况进行了分析对比，结果表明：
1、两块试验地虽质地不同（东校区为粘壤土，西校区为沙土），但两地土壤均属坚实度偏大的土壤，且粘壤土坚实度明显高于沙土。粘壤土养分含量较高，其中除速效磷外，有机质含量、水解氮、速效钾含量均高于沙土中各项含量。两地土壤均呈碱性，而粘壤土碱性更强。综合各项指标分析，两地养分供应较为缺乏。两地土壤全盐量均属中下等水平，应不会成为青木奈生长的限制因子。
2、沙土中种植的青木奈，其地上部分的单叶片面积、主干直径、新梢总长度、新梢直径和单株最大新梢长度均极显著高于东校区粘壤土中种植的青木奈，地下部分的须根系活力显著高于粘壤土中青木奈的根活力，直径2mm根的活力与粘壤土中的青木奈相比，差异未达显著水平。结合田间观察可知沙土中种植的青木奈长势明显强于东校区粘壤土中青木奈的生长势。
3、粘壤土中种植的青木奈，其叶片中的MDA含量、POD活性和可溶性糖含量均极显著高于、SOD活性显著高于沙土中种植的青木奈，而Pro含量在两种不同土壤条件下的表现为差异不显著。表明在粘壤土逆境胁迫条件下（高土壤容重、高pH值、中等盐分含量），青木奈体内的保护酶活性、某些细胞内含物的含量均呈现提高或增加的趋势。
4、沙土和粘壤土中种植的青木奈叶片净光合速率的日变化均为双峰型曲线。沙土中种植的青木奈叶片每个时刻的净光合速率都较高，在13:00时，两地种植的青木奈叶片净光合速率均出现低谷，说明青木奈存在光合午休现象。在相同的CO_2浓度条件下，沙土中青木奈的净光合速率均高于粘壤土中的，两地生长种植的青木奈叶片净光合速率均随着CO_2浓度的升高呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。沙土土壤条件下，青木奈能够在较大CO_2浓度范围内不断提高净光合速率，生产力较高。
5、研究中发现变异植株与普通青木奈相比除具有新梢粗壮、节间短，花芽萌动提前，秋季自然落叶以及净光合速率较高等特点外，在叶片的MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性、Pro含量、可溶性糖含量等指标中未发现显著差异。今后应对果实性状进行对比分析，以对青木奈变异植株作出全面的评价鉴定。
综合比较分析本试验对青木奈各项观察测定指标以及其在田间的生长表现，建议在天津地区乃至北方更广大地区栽培青木奈选择土壤时，需特别注意土壤的透气性。应种植在疏松、通气性良好、pH值适当的土壤中，避免在粘重的土壤中栽培青木奈。
Qing-nai is a variety from Nai-li (Prunus salicina Lindl. var. cordata J. Y. Zhang et al),which is native to Fujian China and should be studied systematically after introduced toTianjin. Qing-nai plants were cultivated in sandy and clay loam separately, aiming atunderstanding the effects of soil conditions on growth and development of Qing-nai, learningits adaptability to different soil in Tianjn city, exploring the possibility of planting Qing-nai inmild saline soils and providing the data for planting Qing-nai in a large scale in Tianjin aswell as the area with similar soil conditions as Tianjin. Meanwhile morphological andphysiological properties of Qing-nai and its mutant plants in the sandy soil were compared inthe experiment.
The plots physical and chemical properties, including hydrolysable nitrogen, availablepotassium and phosphorus and organic matter contents, soil pH value and bulk density ofsandy and clay loam, were determined. Determinations of morphological and physiologicalcharacters of Qing-nai planted in two plots were conducted at the same time with soil examine.Plant morphological characters examined included single leaf area, trunk diameter, shootgrowth increment，shoot diameter and the largest shoot growth increment. Physiological andbiochemical properties determined included MDA, Pro and soluble sugar contents and PODand SOD activity as well as root dynamics. In addition, photosynthesis characters such as netphotosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, intercellular CO_2concentration and transpirationrate were studied.
According to analyzing and comparing of the soil physical and chemical properties of thetwo plots, the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics andphotosynthesis of Qing-nai and its mutation planted in sandy soil the results were summarizedbriefly as follows:
1、Soil compaction of both two plots were relatively great, though there was differencebetween the two plots in the soil texture (the plot in East Campus is clay loam, while that ofWest Campus is sandy soil). Bulk density of the clay loam was higher than that of the sandysoil. Besides of available P, organic matter, hydrolysable nitrogen and available K in the clay loam were higher than that in the sandy soil. The two plots was alkaline soil, with strongeralkalinity in clay loam. Based on the data analyzed both two plots should be considered aspoor nutrient soils. Salt content in the two plots was middle or low and should not be therestrictions for the growth of Qing-nai.
2、The single leaf area, trunk diameter, shoot growth increment, shoot diameter andsingle largest shoot growth increment of Qing-nai planted in the sandy soil was verysignificantly higher than those in the clay soil. The activity of underground fibrous root ofQing-nai planted in the sandy soil is higher than those in the clay soil. There was nosignificant difference between activities of the root with2mm diameters sampled from clayand sandy soils separately. It was known from the analysis of indexes quoted above and thefield observations that the plants in the sandy soil grew more vigorously than the plants in theclay soil.
3、MDA and soluble sugar contents and activity of POD of Qing-nai cultivated in theclay loam was very significantly higher than that in the sandy loam, and activity of SOD fromthe clay loam was significantly higher than that from the sandy loam. There was nosignificant difference between the two plots in respect of Pro content. The results suggestedthat protective enzyme activity and intracellular contents of Qing-nai trended to increase orbecame higher when the plants were cultivated under soil stress (high bulk density and pHvalue and moderate salt content).
4、The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of both two plot plants presented abimodal curve. The net photosynthetic rate of Qing-nai plants which planted in the sandy soilwas higher all the time. The net photosynthetic rate of both two plot plants presented a lowvalley at pm1:00, proposing that there was obvious photosynthetic midday depression. At thesame concentration of CO_2, the net photosynthetic rate of Qing-nai planted in the sandy soil ishigher than those in the clay soil. With the increasing concentration of CO_2, the netphotosynthetic rate of both two plots increased at the beginning and decreased afterwards. Inthe sandy soil, Qing-nai plants could keep increasing the net photosynthetic rate in the largerrange of CO_2concentration, expressing a higher productivity.
5、Comparing the common Qing-nai with its mutant plants, it was found that the mutantplants performed some different characters from the common Qing-nai, such as thicker shoot,shorter internodes, earlier flower bud sprout in spring, natural leaves fall in autumn and higher net photosynthetic rate, but there was no significant difference between the two kindsplants in MDA, soluble sugar and Pro contents and activities of POD and SOD. In the future,the fruit traits should be analyzed to make further identification and evaluation for themutants.
A suggestion could be drown from Qing-nai indexes examined in the experiment and itsfield observation that Qing-nai should be planted in loose, good ventilation, proper soil pHconditions, especially avoiding cultivation in heavy clay soil as long as chance of soilselection exists.
引文
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