浅埋暗挖法下穿既有地铁车站的风险控制
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摘要
随着城市地下空间开发力度的加大,地下工程近接施工问题大量涌现。对新建地铁线路近距离穿越既有线工程而言,在施工过程中既要保证既有隧道的运营安全,又要保证新建隧道的施工安全。但是由于地下工程本身的复杂性,难以准确预测地下工程施工对周边环境的影响,这就给近接穿越工程的风险控制带来了严峻的挑战。论文针对城市地下工程中近距离穿越问题进行研究,提出了一整套的城市地下工程安全风险控制体系,综合采用理论分析、数值计算、现场试验等研究方法,主要开展了以下几个方面的工作：
(1)通过对既有建(构)筑物安全风险影响因素进行分析,提出安全风险评价指标体系；将模糊数学理论应用于既有建(构)筑物安全风险评估,建立适合既有建(构)筑物风险特点的模糊综合评价模型；在此基础上对北京地铁4号线宣武门车站的环境安全风险进行评估,确定隧道施工影响范围内既有建(构)筑物的安全风险等级。
(2)通过调研分析,提出既有地铁车站破坏模式；针对既有地铁车站典型破坏模式,建立结构变形与破坏之间的对应关系,并对既有车站结构进行承载力极限状态和正常使用极限状态验算,制定其安全使用的控制标准；通过理论分析对地表建(构)筑物、地下管线、交通路面的破坏和变形之间的相互关系进行研究,制定相应的变形控制标准。
(3)针对浅埋暗挖法地铁车站分部开挖的特点,分析北京地铁既有暗挖工法施工造成的地表沉降规律,得到了在控制环境安全方面较好的双层暗挖车站和单层暗挖车站施工工法,并应用于4号线宣武门车站的施工中；针对所选用的双层段和单层段的暗挖工法,通过正交试验,确定单层段和双层段所选工法的施工顺序、拆撑距离以及施工错距等施工参数。
(4)对4号线宣武门车站下穿既有线工程进行过程控制,采用数值分析计算各施工步序造成的地层和既有建(构)筑物的变形规律,根据变位分配原理制定地层和既有建(构)筑物的变形阶段控制目标及相应的控制措施,通过各个风险源阶段控制目标的满足来实现对整体环境安全风险的控制。
(5)结合北京地铁4号线宣武门车站环境风险特点,针对工程中的核心环境风险采取相应的控制措施和监测方案,并按照制定的阶段控制标准进行过程控制,进而保证了既有线结构的运营安全以及地下管线、既有建(构)筑物、路面结构的安全使用；施工结束后,对控制效果和环境风险进行再评估,对存在的超限情况和潜在风险进行工后恢复。
Along with the intensified effort on exploitation of underground space in urban areas, numerous problems about construction closed to existing buildings have arisen. In the present urban metro system, the distances, including line to line, line to station and station to station, are so short that a cloverleaf international metro network has been gradually developed, which results in a string of difficulties like interchange, adjacent tunnelling challenges, etc. In the construction process of a new line passing through an existing one in close proximity to, it is necessary to ensure not only the existing tunnel's operation safety, but also its structural safety. Therefore, construction parameters should be strictly controlled under some criteria. However, in most circumstances, underground works are quite complex, difficult to accurately forecast the impact that underground construction may have on the existing structure. Integrated by the means of theoretical analysis, numerical calculation and field test, this paper put forward to a set of safety risk control methods in allusion to the problems above, mainly in the following aspects:
(1) By analyzing the factors affecting the safety risks of the existing buildings, the paper put forward to a safety risk assessment index. Fuzzy theory applied in the process of accessing the safety risk of existing buildings, it also put forward to a fuzzy comprehensive assessment model. Based on the index and the model, we made a safety assessment of the environment in Xuanwumen station of Beijing metro line4, and determined the safety risk level of the existing buildings within the sphere of influence induced by the construction of a new tunnel.
(2) We summarized the failure modes of metro stations systematically, analyzed the existing buildings' deformation properties, at the same time, checked out both the structure bearing capacity limit state and serviceability limit state of the existing buildings, thus working out the control standard to judge whether the existing buildings will be safely used or not. We analyzed the relationship between failure and deformation occurred in upper buildings, underground pipelines and traffic pavement theoretically, and worked out deformation control standard for the three involved above.
(3) For the sequential excavation characteristic of the shallow tunnelling method applied to metro stations, the paper systematically analyzed the laws that surface subsidence induced by construction of this method followed. And then the paper came to the conclusion that the combination of single deck and double deck subway station construction method should be adopted in the construction of Xuanwumen metro station. Furthermore, by orthogonal experiment, the paper specified many construction parameters, such as construction sequence, temporary lining dismantle distance, construction cutting face distance, etc.
(4) We implemented the process control over the construction of Xuanwumen metro station which is beneath the existing line2, and calculated the amount of deformation of the strata and existing buildings induced by each construction step through the approach of numerical analysis. During the phrase of deformation, we finalized our control objective and control measures, according to the deformation distributing principle.
(5) Combined with the construction of Xuanwumen station in line4passing through the existing line2, we took corresponding monitoring measures and implemented the process control which successfully guaranteed both the operation safety of existing line2and the safety of existing ground pipelines, upper buildings and roadbed structure. The assessment on the control effect was necessary when the construction was completed. For those deformations which exceeded the allowed limits, appropriate measures were required to be taken.
(1)通过对既有建(构)筑物安全风险影响因素进行分析,提出安全风险评价指标体系；将模糊数学理论应用于既有建(构)筑物安全风险评估,建立适合既有建(构)筑物风险特点的模糊综合评价模型；在此基础上对北京地铁4号线宣武门车站的环境安全风险进行评估,确定隧道施工影响范围内既有建(构)筑物的安全风险等级。
(2)通过调研分析,提出既有地铁车站破坏模式；针对既有地铁车站典型破坏模式,建立结构变形与破坏之间的对应关系,并对既有车站结构进行承载力极限状态和正常使用极限状态验算,制定其安全使用的控制标准；通过理论分析对地表建(构)筑物、地下管线、交通路面的破坏和变形之间的相互关系进行研究,制定相应的变形控制标准。
(3)针对浅埋暗挖法地铁车站分部开挖的特点,分析北京地铁既有暗挖工法施工造成的地表沉降规律,得到了在控制环境安全方面较好的双层暗挖车站和单层暗挖车站施工工法,并应用于4号线宣武门车站的施工中；针对所选用的双层段和单层段的暗挖工法,通过正交试验,确定单层段和双层段所选工法的施工顺序、拆撑距离以及施工错距等施工参数。
(4)对4号线宣武门车站下穿既有线工程进行过程控制,采用数值分析计算各施工步序造成的地层和既有建(构)筑物的变形规律,根据变位分配原理制定地层和既有建(构)筑物的变形阶段控制目标及相应的控制措施,通过各个风险源阶段控制目标的满足来实现对整体环境安全风险的控制。
(5)结合北京地铁4号线宣武门车站环境风险特点,针对工程中的核心环境风险采取相应的控制措施和监测方案,并按照制定的阶段控制标准进行过程控制,进而保证了既有线结构的运营安全以及地下管线、既有建(构)筑物、路面结构的安全使用；施工结束后,对控制效果和环境风险进行再评估,对存在的超限情况和潜在风险进行工后恢复。
Along with the intensified effort on exploitation of underground space in urban areas, numerous problems about construction closed to existing buildings have arisen. In the present urban metro system, the distances, including line to line, line to station and station to station, are so short that a cloverleaf international metro network has been gradually developed, which results in a string of difficulties like interchange, adjacent tunnelling challenges, etc. In the construction process of a new line passing through an existing one in close proximity to, it is necessary to ensure not only the existing tunnel's operation safety, but also its structural safety. Therefore, construction parameters should be strictly controlled under some criteria. However, in most circumstances, underground works are quite complex, difficult to accurately forecast the impact that underground construction may have on the existing structure. Integrated by the means of theoretical analysis, numerical calculation and field test, this paper put forward to a set of safety risk control methods in allusion to the problems above, mainly in the following aspects:
(1) By analyzing the factors affecting the safety risks of the existing buildings, the paper put forward to a safety risk assessment index. Fuzzy theory applied in the process of accessing the safety risk of existing buildings, it also put forward to a fuzzy comprehensive assessment model. Based on the index and the model, we made a safety assessment of the environment in Xuanwumen station of Beijing metro line4, and determined the safety risk level of the existing buildings within the sphere of influence induced by the construction of a new tunnel.
(2) We summarized the failure modes of metro stations systematically, analyzed the existing buildings' deformation properties, at the same time, checked out both the structure bearing capacity limit state and serviceability limit state of the existing buildings, thus working out the control standard to judge whether the existing buildings will be safely used or not. We analyzed the relationship between failure and deformation occurred in upper buildings, underground pipelines and traffic pavement theoretically, and worked out deformation control standard for the three involved above.
(3) For the sequential excavation characteristic of the shallow tunnelling method applied to metro stations, the paper systematically analyzed the laws that surface subsidence induced by construction of this method followed. And then the paper came to the conclusion that the combination of single deck and double deck subway station construction method should be adopted in the construction of Xuanwumen metro station. Furthermore, by orthogonal experiment, the paper specified many construction parameters, such as construction sequence, temporary lining dismantle distance, construction cutting face distance, etc.
(4) We implemented the process control over the construction of Xuanwumen metro station which is beneath the existing line2, and calculated the amount of deformation of the strata and existing buildings induced by each construction step through the approach of numerical analysis. During the phrase of deformation, we finalized our control objective and control measures, according to the deformation distributing principle.
(5) Combined with the construction of Xuanwumen station in line4passing through the existing line2, we took corresponding monitoring measures and implemented the process control which successfully guaranteed both the operation safety of existing line2and the safety of existing ground pipelines, upper buildings and roadbed structure. The assessment on the control effect was necessary when the construction was completed. For those deformations which exceeded the allowed limits, appropriate measures were required to be taken.
引文
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