流空间形成与发展的信息导引研究
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摘要
区域空间组织模式本质上取决于传统意义上的地理空间(场所空间)与人流、物流、信息流、文化流、生态流等流要素的动态交互作用。当前,随着信息和通信技术的广泛应用,区域空间形式不断演变,正在由场所空间扩展到流空间与场所空间复合并存的新型空间,流空间对区域空间组织模式的影响也不断深化。为此,开展流空间形成与发展的机制研究就显得尤为重要。本文基于以上认识,从信息流视角研究流空间形成与发展的信息导引机制,并以吉林省为案例进行验证,力图初步建立本土化流空间研究的概念体系、结构体系和方法体系,并通过梳理吉林省流空间发展脉络和形成机制为吉林省区域未来发展提供有益参考。
     本研究共分为四个部分:
     第一部分(第1章、第2章、第3章):基础理论研究。主要从国内外流空间相关基础理论探讨入手,同时结合我国经济体制和政治体制特征提出适合我国国情的本土化流空间概念、特征和基本结构,并分析了流空间组织下城市形态的演变。
     第二部分(第4章):流空间形成的影响因素与作用形态研究。从区域经济发展差异与磁力作用、社会支配性权力的变迁、信息和通信技术(ICTs)的广泛应用、“创新氛围”(Milieux of Innovation)中的要素互动四方面阐释流空间形成的影响因素,并对流空间作用于区域的机制进行分析。
     第三部分(第5章):流空间的信息导引机制研究。从信息流与经济社会结构演变分析入手,重点研究基于信息导引下的流空间形成过程与机制,在理论分析的基础上,提出基于信息流的流空间格局研究方法体系。
     第四部分(第6章):基于互联网信息流和电信通信流的吉林省流空间案例研究。通过基于互联网信息流和城市间电信通信流(通话时长)的吉林省流空间对比分析,确定当前吉林省流空间的基本格局、演变特征和阶段划分。同时针对性开展了基于电信通信流流向数据的吉林省流空间层级结构研究。
     通过研究,得出以下结论:
     (1)流空间的概念、特征与结构。流空间的概念界定为:以知识和技术为基础,以信息流负载各要素流为主要运作方式,以信息流动的过程控制为主导,以信息和通信网络基础设施为神经网络,以核心信息化城市为枢机,以信息传递中承担协调功能的地方为节点,以占支配性地位的政府和信息掌握组织为管制主体的交互性网络化空间。流空间具有永动性、多维性、非对称性、瞬时交互性、神经网络性等基本特征,体现出时间—过程性、空间—格局性、综合—地方性等地理学属性。流空间的基本结构包括:流要素(The Things That Flow)、流载体(The Medium Through Which ThingsFlows)、流节点(The Nodes Among Which The Flows Circulate)和流支配系统(TheDominate System of Flows)。
     (2)流空间形成与发展的影响因素。提出区域空间发展差异与中心城市磁力作用是流空间形成发展的决定性影响因素;社会支配性权力是流空间发展的主导因素;信息和通信技术的广泛应用是流空间形成与发展的基础性因素;创新氛围是流空间形成与发展的动力因素。在实践活动中,流空间通过关联机制、集聚机制、扩散机制、分异机制作用于区域场所空间,不断地优化城市结构与强化城市功能,促进区域动态均衡化发展。
     (3)流空间形成与发展的信息导引机制。信息技术革命为流空间形成和发展提供了宏观背景;信息技术的广泛应用,通过促进信息产业化和产业信息化发展,依托于信息流组织着资金流、技术流、人才流、创新流、文化流等流簇,使场所空间与流空间复合;信息流即时效率化交互改变着区域空间及生产方式,以信息处理为核心并通过信息流改变着人类生产方式的同时,生产中的各种社会实践活动或关系也不断转化为信息流和信息网络,从而为流空间的出场奠定基础;信息和通信基础设施的建设与更新,为流空间形成与发展的载体和路径提供了多样化选择。
     (4)基于信息流的流空间分析方法。将信息流的表征确定为互联网信息流和电信通信流,提出了“信息流强度”的概念,通过将城市之间交互信息流量转变成城市的信息流强度,并以此为基础数据利用ArcGIS和SPSS等工具进行统计分析与研究。初步建立了基于信息流数量维度的“交互信息流——信息流强度转化——系统聚类、频度分析——空间表达”的分析方法和基于信息流流向数据“主成分分析——C-value、D-value的Index层级分类——优势流类型划分——多级优势流对比”的分析方法。
     (5)吉林省流空间格局及其历史演变过程。从信息流总量维度来看,吉林省流空间的基本结构为:以长春市、吉林市为双核心,以四平市、通化市、松原市、白山市、延吉市、白城市、辽源市、公主岭市、敦化市九个城市为主要节点,以梅河口等县级市和抚松县等县级单元为基础层级的网络化空间格局。同时,表现出两个明显的“区域三角”和一个“梯形结构”。吉林省流空间发育与形成过程分为三个阶段:第一阶段(2001年以前)为蕴育阶段;第二阶段(2001年—2007年)为主要节点发育阶段;第三阶段(2008年至今)为层级网络化空间形成与发展阶段。从信息流流向数据研究来看,吉林省流空间结构应该为以长春市为“单中心”的特征明显,长春市、延吉市、通化市、公主岭市为主导型城市,吉林市、白城市、白山市、辽源市、松原市、四平市为次级主导型城市,其他城市为从属型城市的层级化网络结构。
Regional spatial organization pattern is in nature dependent on the dynamicinteractions between the geographical space(space of place)in traditional sense of and thefollowing flows: human flow, material flow, information flow, cultural flow and ecologicalflow. At present, with the wide application of information and communication technology,forms of regional space have been evolving. They are now extending from place space to anew space in which space of flows and place space coexist. Moreover, the influence ofspace of flows to regional spatial organization pattern is unceasingly deepening. So it isparticularly important to do the research of fashion and development mechanism of space offlows. Based on the above recognition, this dissertation attempts to research the informationguidance mechanism of space of flows fashion and development from the perspective ofinformation flow, to set up the concept system, structure system and method system of localspace of flows research with Jilin Province as a case and to offer proposals for thedevelopment of Jilin Province through analyzing the development and fashion mechanismof space of flows in Jilin Province.
     This dissertation is composed of four parts:
     Part1(Chapter1,2and3): Research on fundamental theories. This part mainly beginsfrom the discussions about the basic theories related to space of flows at home and abroad,put forward the concept, characteristics and basic structure of local space of flows that aresuitable for China's national conditions taking into consideration China’s economic as wellas political system, and analyze the urban form in the organization of space of flows.
     Part2(Chapter4): Research on the factors that influence the fashion of space of flowsand functional forms. This part is to elaborate the factors that influence the fashion of spaceof flows from the following four aspects: differences in regional economic development andmagnetic forces, changes in social dominant, wide application of information andcommunication technologies, interactions of elements in "Milieux of Innovation" andfunctional mechanisms of space of flows to different regions.
     Part3(Chapter5): Research on the information-guiding mechanism of space of flows.Starting with the analysis of information flow and economic and social structure evolution,the research focuses on fashion process and mechanism of space of flows which are basedon information guidance. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the research puts forward themethodological framework of space of flows studies.
     Part4(Chapter6): Case studies of space of flows in Jilin Province based on flows ofinternet information and flows of telecommunication. The basic framework and distinctivefeatures of the space of flows in Jilin Province has been identified through the contrast andanalysis based on the flows of internet information and flows of telecommunication amongcities in Jilin Province, and three phases have been divided by integrating the sequentialfeatures of the evolution of space of flows in Jilin Province. At the same time, analyze the structure of space of flows in Jilin Province by flow direction data of the communicationflow.
     The following conclusions have been drawn through the research:
     (1)Identification of definition, features and structure of space of flows. Its definitioncan be: a interactive network space where knowledge and technologies are its foundation,the flows loaded by information load forms the main functional pattern, the processingcontrol over the flows of information is its dominating part, the information andtelecommunication network infrastructure are its nervous network, the coreinformationalized cities are its pivot, the places undertaking the functions of coordination inthe transmission of information are its nodes, the dominating government and theorganizations which control information are its principle controller. The space of flows hasmany fundamental features such as perpetual moving, multidimensional, asymmetrical,temporally interactive as well as the nature of nervous network. It embodies manygeographical features, for example, temporal—process, space—structure, comprehensive-local and so on. The basic structures of space of flows are: The Things That Flow, TheMedium through Which Things Flows, The Nodes among Which the Flows Circulate, andThe Dominate System of Flows.
     (2)Identification of factors that influence the formation and development of space offlows. The factors are as follows: the divergence of regional space development and centralurban magnetic force are the decisive factors on the formation and development of space offlows; social dominating power is its major factor; the prevalence of the information andtelecommunication is its fundamental factor; creative atmosphere is its driving force. Inpractice, space of flows affects regional space by relation mechanism, assemblingmechanism, diffusing mechanism and differential mechanism. It optimizes urban structureand strengthens urban functions and boosts the dynamic and balanced development ofdifferent areas.
     (3)Analysis of the information guidance mechanism in the fashion and developmentof space of flows. Information and technology revolution provide the macro background forits fashion and development. The wide application of information technology pushes thetransfer from place space into space of flows through promoting the development ofInformation Industrialization and Industry Informationalization and depending on relevantflow clusters of capital, technology, talent, innovation, culture and so on. The real-timeefficiency of information flow interactively changes the regional space and the mode ofproduction, information processing being the core and information flow changing thehuman mode of production. A variety of social activities or relationships are alsotransformed into information flow and information networks to lay the foundation for theappearance of space of flows. And the construction and updating of the information andcommunication infrastructures provide various options of carriers and paths for space offlows’ fashion and development.
     (4)Establishment of research methods of space of flows based on information flow.The thesis identifies the characters of information flow as the Internet information flow and telecommunication flow, and comes up with the concept of “information flow intensity”,transforms interactive information flow among cities into cities’ information flow intensity,and uses ArcGIS and SPSS for statistical analysis. The research system of space of flows“interactive information flow—information flow intensity conversion—systemic clustering,frequency analysis—spatial expression” by the Information flow data dimension and“Principal Component Analysis—Index level classification of the C-value、 D-value—bytype of preferential flow—multi-level preferential flow comparison” by the dimension ofinformation flow direction data is initially established.
     (5)Studies of patterns and historical evolution of the space of flows in Jilin Province.From the total dimension of information flow,the basic structure of space of flows in JilinProvince is as follows: the dual core is Changchun and Jilin, the main nodes are Siping,Tonghua, Songyuan, Baishan, Yanji, Baicheng, Liaoyuan, Gongzhuling, and Dunhua, andtwo sub-networks are Meihekou and other county-level cities, and Fusong and othercounties. Also, it reflects two distinct "regional triangle" and a "ladder structure". Thedeveloping and forming process of space of flows in Jilin Province is divided into threestages. They are Stage1(before2001): Embryonic stage; Stage2(2001-2007):developmental stage of main nodes and Stage3(2008-): fashion and development stage ofhierarchical network space. In terms of flow direction data of the information flow,thestructure of space of flows in Jilin Province should be the characteristics of the single centerof Changchun, obviously, Changchun, Yanji, Tonghua, Gongzhuling are the dominant cities,Jilin, Baicheng, Baishan, Liaoyuan, Songyuan and Siping are the subdominant cities, othercities are the dominanted cities. The space of flows of Jilin Province is the structure ofhierarchical network.
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