面向分娩仿真的虚拟器官表现方法研究
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摘要
分娩仿真系统使“分娩机制”这个在人体内看不见摸不着，很难直观说明的过程清晰生动地展现在医学受训者面前，提高了培训质量，节约了培训的费用和时间。虚拟器官作为分娩仿真系统不可或缺的元素，其真实性能给操作者带来临境感和沉浸感。作为加强分娩仿真系统真实感的一个重要环节，本文研究了逼真地表现虚拟器官的若干种方法。具体研究工作如下：
(1)CT影像处理是骨盆三维重建的首要环节，本文研究了基于CT图片的医学影像处理方法。描述了中值滤波法进行CT图像的平滑去噪，阈值法进行图像二值化处理，和利用8链码算法提取出骨盆的边缘轮廓数据。通过这些CT图像处理获得有用的信息后利用3D-DOCTOR进行三维重构得到骨盆的三维模型。
(2)分析了子宫的解剖结构，阐述了子宫建模过程中存在的难点。针对如何表现子宫的关键结构和满足后续的形变需求，给出了建模的实现方案。然后详细描述了利用3D Studio MAX构建子宫三维模型的过程，并对建模过程中的经验教训进行了归纳和总结。
(3)对女性骨盆的特征进行了详细的研究和分析，根据骨产道特征的各项指标在3D Studio MAX里对骨盆模型的关键结构进行了细致的优化修改，包括骨盆的耻骨联合、耻骨降支、坐骨棘和骶骨的修改，保证了分娩示教的准确性。
(4)阐述了复杂模型表面纹理映射技术的原理和相关算法，对3DStudio MAX最常用的两种纹理贴图法：位图贴图和程序贴图进行了实践和比较。分别采用位图贴图和程序贴图法为子宫模型赋予纹理，并对贴图后的效果进行比较，根据两者表现细节的程度选择其中一种应用于分娩仿真系统。
(5)研究了模拟骨盆耻骨局部形变的方法。根据耻骨形变的原理，给出了动画仿真的设计思想和实现方法。该方案利用3D Studio MAX把骨盆的三维模型以三角形网格方式保存为3DS输出格式，通过VC++接口程序解析3DS格式，将骨盆模型的数据转换后导入OpenGL进行显示。再利用OpenGL的双缓冲机制来实现动画模拟骨盆局部形变的过程。
(6)通过3D Studio MAX的关键帧动画对子宫的实时形变进行模拟，并探讨了关键帧动画的控制原理和形变数据的表示方法。
最后，总结了本文的研究内容和开发工作，提出进一步要完善的地方，为后续的研究开发工作提供参考。
Delivery Simulation System made "Mechanism of Labor", which was difficult to be explained distinctly owing to its invisibility, displayed clearly and vividly. This greatly improved the quality of delivery education and operation training, as well as saved the expense and time. As the indispensable element of Delivery Simulation System, virtual organ must be realistic, thus giving the sense of immersion. In order to enhance the reality of Delivery Simulation System, this dissertation studied a new approach to represent virtual organ vividly. The main contents of this thesis are presented as follows:
Firstly, CT image processing is the primary links for three-dimensional-reconstructing (3D-reconstructing). This dissertation was dedicated to the processing methods of CT image, such as filtering the noise with Median Algorithm, producing binary CT Image via threshold value and gaining the contour data of pelvis by means of 8-chained algorithm. Then we reconstructed the 3D model of pelvis in software 3D-D0CT0R, making use of the profile data gained by the former CT image processing.
Secondly, we analyzed the anatomical structure of uterus and discussed the difficulties existing in uterus modeling. The solution for how to represent the key frame of uterus and implement the deformation real timely was given. The paper described the whole process of uterus modeling in detail, and also summarized the experience and lessons of it.
Thirdly, we made much detailed study on the characteristic of female pelvis, according to which we modified the pelvis model carefully in software 3D Studio MAX, including the modification of pubis symphysis, pubis falls, sacrum and ischium. This guaranteed the validity of delivery training.
Fourthly, this thesis discussed the principle and algorithm of texture mapping for complicated model. Two common mapping methods in 3D Studio MAX: Bitmap and Procedural Map were respectively used to endow uterus model with texture. We compared the effect of these two mapping methods and chose one of them applied to the Delivery Simulation System.
Fifthly, we studied the means of simulating pubis deformation. Based on the principle of pubis deformation, the design idea and implementation of animation simulation were given. 3D geometric model of pelvis is stored in the software 3D Studio MAX and then we transformed its 3DS data structure into three-dimensional representation of entities with VC++ language and displayed it by OpenGL. Since OpenGL provides double-buffering ability to complete animation, the simulation of pubis deformation was accomplished.
Sixthly, through the key frame animation of 3D Studio MAX, we accomplished the simulation of uterus real-time deformation. The control principle of key frame animation and representation of deformation data were also discussed.
Finally, the thesis summarized the study work and experience during development process and offered the reference for following development work.
(1)CT影像处理是骨盆三维重建的首要环节，本文研究了基于CT图片的医学影像处理方法。描述了中值滤波法进行CT图像的平滑去噪，阈值法进行图像二值化处理，和利用8链码算法提取出骨盆的边缘轮廓数据。通过这些CT图像处理获得有用的信息后利用3D-DOCTOR进行三维重构得到骨盆的三维模型。
(2)分析了子宫的解剖结构，阐述了子宫建模过程中存在的难点。针对如何表现子宫的关键结构和满足后续的形变需求，给出了建模的实现方案。然后详细描述了利用3D Studio MAX构建子宫三维模型的过程，并对建模过程中的经验教训进行了归纳和总结。
(3)对女性骨盆的特征进行了详细的研究和分析，根据骨产道特征的各项指标在3D Studio MAX里对骨盆模型的关键结构进行了细致的优化修改，包括骨盆的耻骨联合、耻骨降支、坐骨棘和骶骨的修改，保证了分娩示教的准确性。
(4)阐述了复杂模型表面纹理映射技术的原理和相关算法，对3DStudio MAX最常用的两种纹理贴图法：位图贴图和程序贴图进行了实践和比较。分别采用位图贴图和程序贴图法为子宫模型赋予纹理，并对贴图后的效果进行比较，根据两者表现细节的程度选择其中一种应用于分娩仿真系统。
(5)研究了模拟骨盆耻骨局部形变的方法。根据耻骨形变的原理，给出了动画仿真的设计思想和实现方法。该方案利用3D Studio MAX把骨盆的三维模型以三角形网格方式保存为3DS输出格式，通过VC++接口程序解析3DS格式，将骨盆模型的数据转换后导入OpenGL进行显示。再利用OpenGL的双缓冲机制来实现动画模拟骨盆局部形变的过程。
(6)通过3D Studio MAX的关键帧动画对子宫的实时形变进行模拟，并探讨了关键帧动画的控制原理和形变数据的表示方法。
最后，总结了本文的研究内容和开发工作，提出进一步要完善的地方，为后续的研究开发工作提供参考。
Delivery Simulation System made "Mechanism of Labor", which was difficult to be explained distinctly owing to its invisibility, displayed clearly and vividly. This greatly improved the quality of delivery education and operation training, as well as saved the expense and time. As the indispensable element of Delivery Simulation System, virtual organ must be realistic, thus giving the sense of immersion. In order to enhance the reality of Delivery Simulation System, this dissertation studied a new approach to represent virtual organ vividly. The main contents of this thesis are presented as follows:
Firstly, CT image processing is the primary links for three-dimensional-reconstructing (3D-reconstructing). This dissertation was dedicated to the processing methods of CT image, such as filtering the noise with Median Algorithm, producing binary CT Image via threshold value and gaining the contour data of pelvis by means of 8-chained algorithm. Then we reconstructed the 3D model of pelvis in software 3D-D0CT0R, making use of the profile data gained by the former CT image processing.
Secondly, we analyzed the anatomical structure of uterus and discussed the difficulties existing in uterus modeling. The solution for how to represent the key frame of uterus and implement the deformation real timely was given. The paper described the whole process of uterus modeling in detail, and also summarized the experience and lessons of it.
Thirdly, we made much detailed study on the characteristic of female pelvis, according to which we modified the pelvis model carefully in software 3D Studio MAX, including the modification of pubis symphysis, pubis falls, sacrum and ischium. This guaranteed the validity of delivery training.
Fourthly, this thesis discussed the principle and algorithm of texture mapping for complicated model. Two common mapping methods in 3D Studio MAX: Bitmap and Procedural Map were respectively used to endow uterus model with texture. We compared the effect of these two mapping methods and chose one of them applied to the Delivery Simulation System.
Fifthly, we studied the means of simulating pubis deformation. Based on the principle of pubis deformation, the design idea and implementation of animation simulation were given. 3D geometric model of pelvis is stored in the software 3D Studio MAX and then we transformed its 3DS data structure into three-dimensional representation of entities with VC++ language and displayed it by OpenGL. Since OpenGL provides double-buffering ability to complete animation, the simulation of pubis deformation was accomplished.
Sixthly, through the key frame animation of 3D Studio MAX, we accomplished the simulation of uterus real-time deformation. The control principle of key frame animation and representation of deformation data were also discussed.
Finally, the thesis summarized the study work and experience during development process and offered the reference for following development work.
引文
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[2] 周祖文，潘静球．虚拟现实技术对医学领域的贡献及评价[J]．医学文选，2004，23(5)：690-692
[3] 左令燕，杨鹏．虚拟现实技术在医学上的应用[J]．医学信息，2002，15(5)：260～261
[4] 姜学智．国内外虚拟现实技术的研究现状[J]．辽宁工程技术大学学报，2004，12(4)：90～92
[5] 陈俊，李健．从《分娩机制》的制作看三维动画在医学教育中的应用[J]．中国医学教育技术，2005，19(4)：294～296
[6] 谭珂，郭光友，王勇军，吴鹏．虚拟现实技术在医学手术仿真训练中的应用[J]．军医进修学院学报，2002，23(1)：77～79
[7] 尹毅东．谈医学虚拟手术的运用[J]．中国医学教育技术，2002，16(6)：355～357
[8] 朱世昕，陈立潮．虚拟现实中的场景建模及模型优化技[J]．电脑开发与应用，2005，18(11)：35～37
[9] 秦绪佳，欧宗瑛，纪凤欣，吴良武，张勇，侯建华．三维医学图像MT表面重建的相关性处理及模型简化[J]．中国生物医学工程学报，2001，20(5)：398～403
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