单载波频域均衡（SC-FDE）技术的研究
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摘要
在无线信道上进行高速率通信时,由于多径效应的影响,会产生严重的码间干扰。为了消除码间干扰,降低通信系统的误码率,均衡技术被广泛地应用于各种高速率无线通信系统中。在众多均衡技术中,运用于单载波系统的频域均衡技术由于其在计算复杂度上的优势,成为下一代无线通信系统的核心技术之一。
本论文主要围绕单载波频域均衡技术展开。首先阐述了无线信道的基本特性,引出了应用均衡技术的必要性。接着研究了单载波频域均衡技术的系统框图和原理,并与正交频分复用传输系统在信道容量、信号峰值平均功率比以及误码性能方面进行了比较分析与仿真。在此基础上,研究了单载波频域均衡系统中的信道估计与均衡技术,并仿真分析了不同调制与均衡方式下系统的误码性能。最后针对单载波频域均衡系统中信号帧结构的设计和导频信号(独特字)的产生方法,对系统进行了改进,提出了采用多块独特字作为训练序列的单载波频域均衡系统结构,并对采用新方法的系统性能与开销进行了分析。
A fundamental challenge in transmitting high speed data over radio channels is ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference) caused by multi-path propagation. In order to overcome ISI and decrease BER (Bit Error Rate), equalization technology is widely used in high speed wireless communication system. Among existing equalization technologies, Single-carrier based Frequency Domain Equalization exhibits the property of relatively low complexity. It is commended as one of key technologies by next-generation wireless communication system.
The thesis focuses on the SC-FDE (Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization) technology. Firstly, the characteristics of radio channels are presented and the concept of SC-FDE technology is explained. Secondly, the principles and system construction of the SC-FDE technology are studied and then the channel capability, PAPR (Peak Average Power Ratio) and BER are compared with those of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system. On this basis, the thesis researches on the channel estimation and equalization techniques of SC-FDE system, it completes the simulation and comparative analysis of SC-FDE system based on the different modulation types and equalization algorithms. Finally, considering the signal frame structure design and the method to generate pilot signals (Unique Word) of SC-FDE, the method of using more than one UW as the training sequences to improve the system is proposed and the analysis on performance and cost of the system using the new method is given.
本论文主要围绕单载波频域均衡技术展开。首先阐述了无线信道的基本特性,引出了应用均衡技术的必要性。接着研究了单载波频域均衡技术的系统框图和原理,并与正交频分复用传输系统在信道容量、信号峰值平均功率比以及误码性能方面进行了比较分析与仿真。在此基础上,研究了单载波频域均衡系统中的信道估计与均衡技术,并仿真分析了不同调制与均衡方式下系统的误码性能。最后针对单载波频域均衡系统中信号帧结构的设计和导频信号(独特字)的产生方法,对系统进行了改进,提出了采用多块独特字作为训练序列的单载波频域均衡系统结构,并对采用新方法的系统性能与开销进行了分析。
A fundamental challenge in transmitting high speed data over radio channels is ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference) caused by multi-path propagation. In order to overcome ISI and decrease BER (Bit Error Rate), equalization technology is widely used in high speed wireless communication system. Among existing equalization technologies, Single-carrier based Frequency Domain Equalization exhibits the property of relatively low complexity. It is commended as one of key technologies by next-generation wireless communication system.
The thesis focuses on the SC-FDE (Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization) technology. Firstly, the characteristics of radio channels are presented and the concept of SC-FDE technology is explained. Secondly, the principles and system construction of the SC-FDE technology are studied and then the channel capability, PAPR (Peak Average Power Ratio) and BER are compared with those of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system. On this basis, the thesis researches on the channel estimation and equalization techniques of SC-FDE system, it completes the simulation and comparative analysis of SC-FDE system based on the different modulation types and equalization algorithms. Finally, considering the signal frame structure design and the method to generate pilot signals (Unique Word) of SC-FDE, the method of using more than one UW as the training sequences to improve the system is proposed and the analysis on performance and cost of the system using the new method is given.
引文
[1]李蔷薇主编.移动通信技术.北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2005.
[2] Norihiko Morinaga,Masao Nakagawa, Ryuji Kohno.New Concepts and Technologies for Achieving Highly Reliable and High-Capacity Multimedia Wireless Communications Systems.IEEE Communications Magazine.Jan.1997. pp:34-40.
[3]冯玉珉编著,张树京主审.通信系统原理.北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.
[4] David Falconer, Sirikiat Lek Ariyavisitakul, Anader Benyamin-Seeyar.Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier Broadband Wireless Systems.IEEE Communications Magazine. Apr.2002. pp:58-66.
[5]时荣峰,葛万成. OFDM和SC/FDE在宽带通信中的应用.信息技术. 2005年第7期, pp:32-34.
[6] Paulo S.R.Diniz著,刘郁林,景晓军,谭刚兵等译.自适应滤波算法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社, 2004.
[7]吴江,吴伟陵.未来无线通信中的单载波频域均衡技术.数据通信. 2004年第5期. pp: 4-7.
[8] Gordon L.Stuber著,裴昌幸,聂敏,岳安军译.移动通信原理(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社, 2004.
[9]陈卓,余重秀,于志辉,徐大雄,李海军. IEEE 802.11与802.16系列标准的分析与比较.电信工程技术与标准化. 2005.1. pp:40-44.
[10]贾崇.第四代移动通信的核心技术——OFDM及SC-FDE.现代电子技术. 2006年第23期. pp:1-3.
[11] M.Huemer, A.Koppler, R.Weigel, etc.A review of cyclically extended single carrier transmission with frequency domain equalization for broadband wireless transmission. European Transations on Telecomunications. 2003. Vol.14. pp:329-341.
[12] Michael Tuchler, Andrew C.Singer, Ralf Koetter. Minimum Mean Squared Error Equalization Using A Priori Information. IEEE Transactions on Single Processing. Mar. 2002, Vol. 50, No. 3. pp:673-683.
[13]刘鲁平,唐金花,陈文正. SC-TDE、OFDM和SC-FDE三种系统的性能比较研究.科技通报. 2008年7月第24卷第4期. pp:543-547.
[14] Tingting Shi, Shidong Zhou, Yan Yao. Capacity of single carrier systems with frequency-domain equalization. IEEE 6th CAS Symp. on Emerging Technologies: Mobile and Wireless Comm. Shanghai, China, May.3–June.2,2004.pp:429-432.
[15] Slimane Ben Slimane. Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of OFDM Signals Through Precoding. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. Mar. 2007, Vol. 56, No. 2. pp:686-695.
[16]杨娇瑜.高速移动无线信道自适应均衡研究.北京交通大学硕士学位论文. 2006.12.
[17]刘婷婷.新一代无线通信系统中的自适应均衡技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文. 2006.4.
[18]孙永梅,李晖.数字通信系统中自适应均衡技术的研究.信息技术. 2006第4期. pp: 53-56.
[19]高科.多径衰减信道中自适应均衡技术的研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文. 2006. 1.
[20]征学银,王志新,李建东. OFDM的时域与频域均衡技术.空间电子技术. 2006增刊. pp:19-26.
[21] M. Dentino, J.McCool, B.Widrow. Adaptive Filtering in the Frequency Domain. Proceeding of the IEEE. Dec.1978, Vol.66, No.12. pp:1658-1659.
[22] Martin V.Clark. Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Oct.1998, Vol.16. pp:1385-1395.
[23] T.Walzman, M.Schwartz. Automatic equalization using the discrete frequency domain. IEEE Transactions on information Theory. Jan.1973, Vol.19. pp:59-68.
[24] Ali Saidi. Decimation-in-Time-Frequency FFT Algorithm. IEEE. 1994. pp: 453-456.
[25] Michele Morelli, Luca Sanguinetti, Umberto Mengali. Channel Estimation for Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization. IEEE Transaction on wireless Communications. 2005, Vol.4, No.5.pp:2508-2518.
[26] Qing Zhang, Tho Le-Ngoc. Channel-estimate-based frequency-domain equalization (CE-FDE) for broadband single-carrier transmission. Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing. 2004(4). pp:449-461.
[27] Yue Wang, Xiaodai Dong. Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation for SC-FDE in UWB Communications. IEEE Transations on Communications. Dec.2006, Vol.54, No.12. pp:2155-2163.
[28]张国斌,黄湧,林臻.单载波频域均衡系统的信道估计技术.电力系统通信. 2003年第12期.pp:37-40.
[29] Nevio Benvenuto, Stefano Tomasin. On the Comparison Between OFDM and Single Carrier Modulation With a DFE Using a Frequency-Domain Feedforward Filter. IEEE Transactions On Communications. 2002, Vol.50, No.6. pp:947-955.
[30]丁玉美,高西全编著.数字信号处理(第二版).西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2001.
[31]张贤达著.现代信号处理(第二版).北京:清华大学出版社, 2002.
[32] Andreas Czylwik. Comparison between adaptive OFDM and single carrier modulation with frequency domain equalization. Communications Magazine IEEE. May. 1997, Vol.2, pp:865-869.
[33]王竞,葛万成.频域均衡的单载波传输方案研究.信息技术. 2006年第5期. pp: 29-33.
[34]初宝喜.单载波宽带无线系统的频域均衡.中国新通信. pp: 89-96.
[35]单超,王娜,王萍,张邦宁. OFDM系统的抗干扰性能研究.系统仿真学报. 2006年6月. pp:1618-1622.
[36] H.Witsching, T.Mayer, A.Springer. A Different Look on Cyclic Prefix for SC/FDE. IEEE. 2002. pp:824-828.
[37] Shaoping Chen, Cuitao Zhu. ICI and ISI Analysis and Mitigation for OFDM Systems with Insufficient Cyclic Prefix in Time-Varying Channels. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. Feb. 2004,Vol. 50, No. 1. pp:78-83.
[38] Naresh Sharma, Ashok A. Tikku. Is the cyclic prefix necessary? IEEE.2006. pp:128-132.
[39] Wei Shengqun, Wu Qihui, Wang Jinlong. Efficient Cyclic Prefix Reconstruction Using Decision Feedback Filter for coded Single-Carrier Systems with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE). Journal of Electronics (China). Jan, 2007. pp: 32-38.
[40] H.Witschnig, T.Mayer, Michael Petit. The Advantages of a Unique Word for a Synchronisation and Channel Estimation in a SC/FDE System. The institution of Electrical Engineers. 2003.pp:436-440.
[41] H.Witsching, T.Mayer, A.Springer. The Advantages of a Known Sequence versus Cyclic Prefix in a SC/FDE System. IEEE.2002.pp:1328-1332.
[42] Mario Huemer, Harald Witschnig, Josef Hausner. Unique word based phase tracking algorithms for SC/FDE-systems.Global telecommunications Conference. Dec.2003, Vol.1. pp:70-74.
[43] H.Witsching, T.Mayer, A.Springer. On the Use of a Unique Word Structure for Linear Equalization in an SC/FDE System.Munich Germany. Oct.2007.pp:5-7.
[44] Antonio Gusmao, Paulo ToRRES, Rui Dinis. On SC/FDE Block Transmission with Reduced Cyclic Prefix Assistance. IEEE ICC 2006 proceedings. pp:5058-5063.
[45] Sirikiat Ariyavisitakui, Larry J.Greenstein. Reduced-Complexity EqualizationTechniques for Broadband Wireless Channels. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Jan. 1997,Vol.15, No. 1. pp:5-15.
[46] R.L.Frank, S.A.Zadoff. Phase Shift Pulse Codes With Good Periodic Correlation Properties. IRE Transactions on Information theory. Oct.1962. pp:381-382.
[47] David C.Chu. Polyphase Codes With Good Periodic Correlation Properties. IEEE Transactions on Information theory. Jul.1972. pp:531-532.
[48]张辉,曹丽娜编著.现代通信原理与技术.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2002.
[49]唐杰敏,葛万成.单载波频域均衡系统的研究.电脑知识与技术. 2007. pp:347-348.
[50] Jean-Bernard Martens. Discrete Fourier Transform Algorithms for Real Valued Sequences. IEEE Transactions on acoustics. Apr. 1984, Vol.Assp-32, No.2. pp:390-396.
[51] G.Zakaria, A.A.Beex. Using DFT and Interpolation to Reconstruct Narrowband Signals Buried in Noise. IEEE. 1994. pp:437-441.
[2] Norihiko Morinaga,Masao Nakagawa, Ryuji Kohno.New Concepts and Technologies for Achieving Highly Reliable and High-Capacity Multimedia Wireless Communications Systems.IEEE Communications Magazine.Jan.1997. pp:34-40.
[3]冯玉珉编著,张树京主审.通信系统原理.北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.
[4] David Falconer, Sirikiat Lek Ariyavisitakul, Anader Benyamin-Seeyar.Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier Broadband Wireless Systems.IEEE Communications Magazine. Apr.2002. pp:58-66.
[5]时荣峰,葛万成. OFDM和SC/FDE在宽带通信中的应用.信息技术. 2005年第7期, pp:32-34.
[6] Paulo S.R.Diniz著,刘郁林,景晓军,谭刚兵等译.自适应滤波算法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社, 2004.
[7]吴江,吴伟陵.未来无线通信中的单载波频域均衡技术.数据通信. 2004年第5期. pp: 4-7.
[8] Gordon L.Stuber著,裴昌幸,聂敏,岳安军译.移动通信原理(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社, 2004.
[9]陈卓,余重秀,于志辉,徐大雄,李海军. IEEE 802.11与802.16系列标准的分析与比较.电信工程技术与标准化. 2005.1. pp:40-44.
[10]贾崇.第四代移动通信的核心技术——OFDM及SC-FDE.现代电子技术. 2006年第23期. pp:1-3.
[11] M.Huemer, A.Koppler, R.Weigel, etc.A review of cyclically extended single carrier transmission with frequency domain equalization for broadband wireless transmission. European Transations on Telecomunications. 2003. Vol.14. pp:329-341.
[12] Michael Tuchler, Andrew C.Singer, Ralf Koetter. Minimum Mean Squared Error Equalization Using A Priori Information. IEEE Transactions on Single Processing. Mar. 2002, Vol. 50, No. 3. pp:673-683.
[13]刘鲁平,唐金花,陈文正. SC-TDE、OFDM和SC-FDE三种系统的性能比较研究.科技通报. 2008年7月第24卷第4期. pp:543-547.
[14] Tingting Shi, Shidong Zhou, Yan Yao. Capacity of single carrier systems with frequency-domain equalization. IEEE 6th CAS Symp. on Emerging Technologies: Mobile and Wireless Comm. Shanghai, China, May.3–June.2,2004.pp:429-432.
[15] Slimane Ben Slimane. Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of OFDM Signals Through Precoding. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. Mar. 2007, Vol. 56, No. 2. pp:686-695.
[16]杨娇瑜.高速移动无线信道自适应均衡研究.北京交通大学硕士学位论文. 2006.12.
[17]刘婷婷.新一代无线通信系统中的自适应均衡技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文. 2006.4.
[18]孙永梅,李晖.数字通信系统中自适应均衡技术的研究.信息技术. 2006第4期. pp: 53-56.
[19]高科.多径衰减信道中自适应均衡技术的研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文. 2006. 1.
[20]征学银,王志新,李建东. OFDM的时域与频域均衡技术.空间电子技术. 2006增刊. pp:19-26.
[21] M. Dentino, J.McCool, B.Widrow. Adaptive Filtering in the Frequency Domain. Proceeding of the IEEE. Dec.1978, Vol.66, No.12. pp:1658-1659.
[22] Martin V.Clark. Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Oct.1998, Vol.16. pp:1385-1395.
[23] T.Walzman, M.Schwartz. Automatic equalization using the discrete frequency domain. IEEE Transactions on information Theory. Jan.1973, Vol.19. pp:59-68.
[24] Ali Saidi. Decimation-in-Time-Frequency FFT Algorithm. IEEE. 1994. pp: 453-456.
[25] Michele Morelli, Luca Sanguinetti, Umberto Mengali. Channel Estimation for Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization. IEEE Transaction on wireless Communications. 2005, Vol.4, No.5.pp:2508-2518.
[26] Qing Zhang, Tho Le-Ngoc. Channel-estimate-based frequency-domain equalization (CE-FDE) for broadband single-carrier transmission. Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing. 2004(4). pp:449-461.
[27] Yue Wang, Xiaodai Dong. Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation for SC-FDE in UWB Communications. IEEE Transations on Communications. Dec.2006, Vol.54, No.12. pp:2155-2163.
[28]张国斌,黄湧,林臻.单载波频域均衡系统的信道估计技术.电力系统通信. 2003年第12期.pp:37-40.
[29] Nevio Benvenuto, Stefano Tomasin. On the Comparison Between OFDM and Single Carrier Modulation With a DFE Using a Frequency-Domain Feedforward Filter. IEEE Transactions On Communications. 2002, Vol.50, No.6. pp:947-955.
[30]丁玉美,高西全编著.数字信号处理(第二版).西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2001.
[31]张贤达著.现代信号处理(第二版).北京:清华大学出版社, 2002.
[32] Andreas Czylwik. Comparison between adaptive OFDM and single carrier modulation with frequency domain equalization. Communications Magazine IEEE. May. 1997, Vol.2, pp:865-869.
[33]王竞,葛万成.频域均衡的单载波传输方案研究.信息技术. 2006年第5期. pp: 29-33.
[34]初宝喜.单载波宽带无线系统的频域均衡.中国新通信. pp: 89-96.
[35]单超,王娜,王萍,张邦宁. OFDM系统的抗干扰性能研究.系统仿真学报. 2006年6月. pp:1618-1622.
[36] H.Witsching, T.Mayer, A.Springer. A Different Look on Cyclic Prefix for SC/FDE. IEEE. 2002. pp:824-828.
[37] Shaoping Chen, Cuitao Zhu. ICI and ISI Analysis and Mitigation for OFDM Systems with Insufficient Cyclic Prefix in Time-Varying Channels. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. Feb. 2004,Vol. 50, No. 1. pp:78-83.
[38] Naresh Sharma, Ashok A. Tikku. Is the cyclic prefix necessary? IEEE.2006. pp:128-132.
[39] Wei Shengqun, Wu Qihui, Wang Jinlong. Efficient Cyclic Prefix Reconstruction Using Decision Feedback Filter for coded Single-Carrier Systems with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE). Journal of Electronics (China). Jan, 2007. pp: 32-38.
[40] H.Witschnig, T.Mayer, Michael Petit. The Advantages of a Unique Word for a Synchronisation and Channel Estimation in a SC/FDE System. The institution of Electrical Engineers. 2003.pp:436-440.
[41] H.Witsching, T.Mayer, A.Springer. The Advantages of a Known Sequence versus Cyclic Prefix in a SC/FDE System. IEEE.2002.pp:1328-1332.
[42] Mario Huemer, Harald Witschnig, Josef Hausner. Unique word based phase tracking algorithms for SC/FDE-systems.Global telecommunications Conference. Dec.2003, Vol.1. pp:70-74.
[43] H.Witsching, T.Mayer, A.Springer. On the Use of a Unique Word Structure for Linear Equalization in an SC/FDE System.Munich Germany. Oct.2007.pp:5-7.
[44] Antonio Gusmao, Paulo ToRRES, Rui Dinis. On SC/FDE Block Transmission with Reduced Cyclic Prefix Assistance. IEEE ICC 2006 proceedings. pp:5058-5063.
[45] Sirikiat Ariyavisitakui, Larry J.Greenstein. Reduced-Complexity EqualizationTechniques for Broadband Wireless Channels. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Jan. 1997,Vol.15, No. 1. pp:5-15.
[46] R.L.Frank, S.A.Zadoff. Phase Shift Pulse Codes With Good Periodic Correlation Properties. IRE Transactions on Information theory. Oct.1962. pp:381-382.
[47] David C.Chu. Polyphase Codes With Good Periodic Correlation Properties. IEEE Transactions on Information theory. Jul.1972. pp:531-532.
[48]张辉,曹丽娜编著.现代通信原理与技术.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2002.
[49]唐杰敏,葛万成.单载波频域均衡系统的研究.电脑知识与技术. 2007. pp:347-348.
[50] Jean-Bernard Martens. Discrete Fourier Transform Algorithms for Real Valued Sequences. IEEE Transactions on acoustics. Apr. 1984, Vol.Assp-32, No.2. pp:390-396.
[51] G.Zakaria, A.A.Beex. Using DFT and Interpolation to Reconstruct Narrowband Signals Buried in Noise. IEEE. 1994. pp:437-441.