矛盾态度的行为与ERP研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代以前,人们一直认为:态度是个体对社会客体持有或支持或反对的心理倾向。态度通常也通过单维量表来测量。矛盾态度的定义超越传统的单维度定义,指出矛盾态度是人们同时具有的积极和消极的评价,强调这种同时性且高强度性。探讨不同矛盾程度的被试在积极、消极维度是否存在不同的加工模块和神经机制,是国外认知神经科学和社会认知领域所关注的问题之一。本研究采用视觉事件相关电位技术和GNAT范式相结合的方式探讨人们对乙肝群体的态度矛盾性问题。实验前经过量表测量,选择了高、低矛盾态度者各12名(有效被试为24名右利手健康大学生),要求被试对不同类型的联结作按键反应或不作反应,记录64导脑电。结果如下:
(1)人们对乙肝群体存在内隐的矛盾态度,但有消极倾向。高矛盾与低矛盾者的态度差异,并不显现在消极维度,而是在积极维度。
(2)对乙肝群体态度的早期加工受到情绪词影响加工延后,且存在右偏侧化现象。在晚期加工阶段,高、低矛盾态度者在乙肝群体-积极刺激下都呈现出N270(冲突负波),但这种冲突负波主要分布在前、中头部。
(3)矛盾态度调和预存性评价与背景依赖。
(4)外显矛盾态度已影响人们的行为选择;对群体的认知度影响人们态度的矛盾性及行为选择。
Traditional ways of viewing attitudes often construed representing general positive or negative evaluation before 1920s' .Ambivalence attitude extends the traditional one-Dimensional conceptualization of attitude by acknowledging that people can simultaneously evaluate attitude objects as positive and negative, even both have strong feeling. To explore whether there is difference between ambivalence and their dimensional in terms of processing module and neural mechanism is one of the core problem of cognitive neural science. The present research adopted visual ERP technique and GNAT to find out the neural mechanism of them. Chose twelve people have high ambivalence attitude and twelve people had low ambivalence attitude using evaluate table. Subjects are twenty-four healthy right-handed university students; Stimuli are difference line. The EEG was recorded from 64 scalp locations. The results are as follows:
People had ambivalence attitude and implicit ambivalence attitude with Hepatitis B sufferer or carrier, but had negative trend. High ambivalence and low ambivalence is not difference in negative but positive;
The early process has a right lateralized distribution and has delayed; Both high ambivalence and low ambivalence causes N270(conflict negativity ),but the N270 is only in positive stimuli, and maximally over the fronto-central site;
Ambivalence attitude had a moderator effect to stored-evaluations and context clue;
Explicit ambivalence attitude had influenced people' s chose, the cognition to group affect both of them.
(1)人们对乙肝群体存在内隐的矛盾态度,但有消极倾向。高矛盾与低矛盾者的态度差异,并不显现在消极维度,而是在积极维度。
(2)对乙肝群体态度的早期加工受到情绪词影响加工延后,且存在右偏侧化现象。在晚期加工阶段,高、低矛盾态度者在乙肝群体-积极刺激下都呈现出N270(冲突负波),但这种冲突负波主要分布在前、中头部。
(3)矛盾态度调和预存性评价与背景依赖。
(4)外显矛盾态度已影响人们的行为选择;对群体的认知度影响人们态度的矛盾性及行为选择。
Traditional ways of viewing attitudes often construed representing general positive or negative evaluation before 1920s' .Ambivalence attitude extends the traditional one-Dimensional conceptualization of attitude by acknowledging that people can simultaneously evaluate attitude objects as positive and negative, even both have strong feeling. To explore whether there is difference between ambivalence and their dimensional in terms of processing module and neural mechanism is one of the core problem of cognitive neural science. The present research adopted visual ERP technique and GNAT to find out the neural mechanism of them. Chose twelve people have high ambivalence attitude and twelve people had low ambivalence attitude using evaluate table. Subjects are twenty-four healthy right-handed university students; Stimuli are difference line. The EEG was recorded from 64 scalp locations. The results are as follows:
People had ambivalence attitude and implicit ambivalence attitude with Hepatitis B sufferer or carrier, but had negative trend. High ambivalence and low ambivalence is not difference in negative but positive;
The early process has a right lateralized distribution and has delayed; Both high ambivalence and low ambivalence causes N270(conflict negativity ),but the N270 is only in positive stimuli, and maximally over the fronto-central site;
Ambivalence attitude had a moderator effect to stored-evaluations and context clue;
Explicit ambivalence attitude had influenced people' s chose, the cognition to group affect both of them.
引文
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[3]李彩军.134例乙肝患者病毒携带者的心理状况调查分析.医学理论与实践,2006,19(8):985
[4]Nosek B A,Banaji M R..The go/no-go association task Social Cognition,2001,6(19):625-664
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[28]Sparks P, Harris P R, Lockwood N. Predictors and predictive effects of ambivalence. British Journal of social psychology, 2004, 43:371-383
[29]Broemer P. Relative effectiveness of differently framed health messages: the influence of ambivalence. European Journal of social psychology, 2002, 32:685-703
[30]Costarelli S, Colloca P. The effects of attitudinal ambivalence on pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2004, 24:279-288
[31]Costarelli S, Colloca P. The effects of attitudinal ambivalence on pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2004, 24:279-288
[32]Armitage C J, Rachel Povey R, Arden M A. Evidence for discontinuity patterns across the stages of change: A role for attitude ambivalence. Psychology and Health, 2003, 18:373-386
[33]Devine P G. Prejudice and stereotypes: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1989, 56 : 5—18
[34]Amodio D M, Jones E H, Devine P G, Curtin J J, Hartley S L. Neural Signals for The Detection of Unintentional Race Bias. Psychology Science. 2004, 15(2): 88 - 93
[35]Osterhout L, Bersick M, McLaughlin J. Brain potentials reflect violations of gender stereotypes. Memory and Cognition, 1997, (25):273-285
[36]Wicha N Y, Moreno EM, Kutas M. Anticipating words and their gender: an event related brain potential study of semantic integration, gender expectancy and gender agreement in Spanish sentence reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2004, 16(7):1272 - 1288
[37]Lattner S,Friederici A D.Talker' s voice and gender stereotype in human auditory sentence processing evidence from event - related brain potentials.Neuroscience Letters,2003,339(3):191-194
[38]Gray H M,Ambady N,Lowenthal WT,Deldin P.P300 as an index of attention to self-relevant stimuli.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2004,40:216-224.
[39]Ito T A,Cacioppo J T.Electrophysiological evidence of implicit and explicit categorization processes.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2000,36:666-676
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[41]Martin H.Ambivalence,conflict,and decision-making:attitudes and feelings in Germany towards NATO' s military intervention in the Kosovo War.European Journal of Social Psychology,2001.31.693-706
[42]吴明证.社会认知中内隐态度的理论和实验研究:硕士毕业论文.上海.华东师范大学,2001年
[43]吴明证,梁宁建,许静,杨宇然.内隐社会态度的矛盾现象研究.心理科学,2004,27(2):281-283
[44]赵仑.ERP实验教程.天津:天津社会科学院出版社.2004
[45]魏景汉,罗跃嘉等主编.认知事件相关脑电位教程.北京:经济日报出版社.2002
[46]吴明证.社会认知中内隐态度的理论和实验研究.硕士毕业论文.上海.华东师范大学.2001
[47]蔡华俭.Greenwald提出的内隐联想测验介绍.心理科学进展2003.11(3):339-344
[48]梁宁建,吴明证,高旭成.基于反应时范式的内隐社会认知研究方法.心理科学2003.26.2:208-211
[49]吴明证.内隐态度的理论与实证研究.博士学位论文.上海:华东师范大学,2004
[50]杨博民主编.心理实验纲要.北京:北京大学出版.1989
[51]董艳娟,王玉平,王荫华,毛薇.大脑对早期、晚期冲突信息处理的事件相关电位研究.临床神经电生理杂志,2006,15(3):136-141
[52]Greenwald A G,Farnham S D.Using the Implicit Association Test to measure Self-esteem And self-concept.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2000,79:1022-1038
[53]蔡华俭.内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系.心理学报,2003,35(6):796-801.
[54]Aidman E V& Carroll S M.Implicit Individual differences:relationships between implicit self-esteem,gender identity,and gender attitudes.European Journal of Personality,2003,17(1):19-37
[55]耿晓伟.自尊自我概念对主观幸福感影响的内隐社会认知研究.硕士毕业论文.浙江:浙江大学,2005
[56]杨福义.内隐自尊的理论与实验研究.博士毕业论文.上海:华东师范大学,2006
[57]Fazio R H,Sanbonmastsu D M.On the automatic activation of attitudes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,50:229-238
[58]Cuthbert B N,Schupp H T,Bradley M M.Brain potentials in affective picture processing:Co variation with autonomic arousal and affective report.Biological Psychology,2000,52:95-111
[59]庄锦英.情绪影响认知加工策略内隐机制的实验研究.心理科学,2005,28(4):852-854
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[2]Mucchl-Faina A,Costarelli S,Romoli C.The effects of intergroup context of evaluation on ambivalence toward the intergroup and outgroup.European Journal of Social Psychology,2002,32:247-259
[3]李彩军.134例乙肝患者病毒携带者的心理状况调查分析.医学理论与实践,2006,19(8):985
[4]Nosek B A,Banaji M R..The go/no-go association task Social Cognition,2001,6(19):625-664
[5]Priester J R,Petty R E.The gradual threshold Model of ambivalence:Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence Journal of personality and psychology,1996 3(71):431-449
[6]张林,张向葵.态度研究的新进展--双重态度模型.心理科学进展,2003,11(2):171-176
[7]章志光主编.社会心理学.北京:人民教育出版.1998:239-242
[8]Kaplan,K.J.On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement:h suggested modification of the semantic differential technique.Psychological Bulletin,1972,77:361-372
[9]Bell D W,Esses V M.Ambivalence and response amplification:A motivational perspective.The society for Personality and social psychology,2002,28,8:1143-1152
[10]Sparks P,Conner M,James R,Shepherd R,Povey R.Ambivalence about health-related behaviours:An exploration in the domain of food choice.British Journal of Health Psychology,2001,6:53-68
[11]Emmons R A.Strivings and feeling:Personal goals and subjective well-being.In P.M.Gollwitzer&J.A.Bargh.The psychology of action:linking cognition and motivation to behavior.New York:Guilford.,1996:313-337
[12]Priester J R,Petty R E.Extending the bases of subjective attitudinal ambivalence:Interpersonal and intrapersonal antecedents of evaluative tension.Journal of personality and social psychology,2001,80(1):19-34
[13]Breckler S J. A comparison of numerical indexes for measuring attitude ambivalence. Educational and psychological Measurement, 1994, 54:350-365
[14]Bassili J N. Meta-judgement versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1996, 71:637-653
[15]Conner M, Sparks P, Povey R, James R, Armitage C J. Moderator effect of attitudinal ambivalence on attitude-behavior relationships. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2002, 32:705-718
[16]Hodson G, Maio G R, Esses V M. The role of attitudinal ambivalence in susceptibility to consensus information. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2001, 23(3): 197-205
[17]Petty R E,Tormala Z L, Brinol P,Blair W, Jarvis G. Implicit ambivalence form attitude change: an exploration of PAST model. Journal personality and social psychology, 2006, 90(1): 21-41
[18]Anderson N H. Integration theory and attitude change, Psychologyical Review, 1971, 78:171-206
[19]David W B, Victria M E. Ambivalence and response amplification: A motivational perspective. The society for Personality and social psychology, 2002, 28(8): 1143-1152
[20]Newby-clark I R,McGregor I, Zanna M P. Thinking and caring about cognitive inconsistency: when and for whom does attitudinal ambivalence feel uncomfortable? Journal of personality and social psychology, 2002, 82(2): 157-166
[21]Hanze M. Ambivalence, conflict, and decision-making: attitudes and feelings in Germany towards NATO's military intervention in the Kosovo War. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2001, 31:693-706
[22]Lavine H, Thomsen, Zanna M, Borgida E. On the primacy of affect in the determination of attitudes and behavior: The moderating role of affective-cognitive ambivalence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1998,34:398-421
[23]Harreveld F V, Plight J V D, Nanne K,Vries D,wenneker C,Verhue D. Ambivalence and information integration in attitudinal judgment British Journal of social Psychology, 2004,43:431-447
[24]Fazio R H, Jackson J R,Dunton B C, Williams C J. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial stereotypes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of personality and social psychology, 1995, 69:1013-1027
[25]Maio G R, Esses V M, Bell D W. Examining conflict between components of attitudes: Ambivalence and inconsistency are distinct constructs. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science. 2000, 32(2): 71-83
[26]Conner M, Sparks P, PoveyR, James R. Moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence within the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Social Psychological, 2003, 42:75-94
[27]WilsonT D, Lindsey S,Schooler T Y. Amodel of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 2000,107:101-126
[28]Sparks P, Harris P R, Lockwood N. Predictors and predictive effects of ambivalence. British Journal of social psychology, 2004, 43:371-383
[29]Broemer P. Relative effectiveness of differently framed health messages: the influence of ambivalence. European Journal of social psychology, 2002, 32:685-703
[30]Costarelli S, Colloca P. The effects of attitudinal ambivalence on pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2004, 24:279-288
[31]Costarelli S, Colloca P. The effects of attitudinal ambivalence on pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2004, 24:279-288
[32]Armitage C J, Rachel Povey R, Arden M A. Evidence for discontinuity patterns across the stages of change: A role for attitude ambivalence. Psychology and Health, 2003, 18:373-386
[33]Devine P G. Prejudice and stereotypes: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1989, 56 : 5—18
[34]Amodio D M, Jones E H, Devine P G, Curtin J J, Hartley S L. Neural Signals for The Detection of Unintentional Race Bias. Psychology Science. 2004, 15(2): 88 - 93
[35]Osterhout L, Bersick M, McLaughlin J. Brain potentials reflect violations of gender stereotypes. Memory and Cognition, 1997, (25):273-285
[36]Wicha N Y, Moreno EM, Kutas M. Anticipating words and their gender: an event related brain potential study of semantic integration, gender expectancy and gender agreement in Spanish sentence reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2004, 16(7):1272 - 1288
[37]Lattner S,Friederici A D.Talker' s voice and gender stereotype in human auditory sentence processing evidence from event - related brain potentials.Neuroscience Letters,2003,339(3):191-194
[38]Gray H M,Ambady N,Lowenthal WT,Deldin P.P300 as an index of attention to self-relevant stimuli.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2004,40:216-224.
[39]Ito T A,Cacioppo J T.Electrophysiological evidence of implicit and explicit categorization processes.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2000,36:666-676
[40]许静.内隐自尊的ERP与EB研究:博士毕业论文.上海.华东师范大学,2007
[41]Martin H.Ambivalence,conflict,and decision-making:attitudes and feelings in Germany towards NATO' s military intervention in the Kosovo War.European Journal of Social Psychology,2001.31.693-706
[42]吴明证.社会认知中内隐态度的理论和实验研究:硕士毕业论文.上海.华东师范大学,2001年
[43]吴明证,梁宁建,许静,杨宇然.内隐社会态度的矛盾现象研究.心理科学,2004,27(2):281-283
[44]赵仑.ERP实验教程.天津:天津社会科学院出版社.2004
[45]魏景汉,罗跃嘉等主编.认知事件相关脑电位教程.北京:经济日报出版社.2002
[46]吴明证.社会认知中内隐态度的理论和实验研究.硕士毕业论文.上海.华东师范大学.2001
[47]蔡华俭.Greenwald提出的内隐联想测验介绍.心理科学进展2003.11(3):339-344
[48]梁宁建,吴明证,高旭成.基于反应时范式的内隐社会认知研究方法.心理科学2003.26.2:208-211
[49]吴明证.内隐态度的理论与实证研究.博士学位论文.上海:华东师范大学,2004
[50]杨博民主编.心理实验纲要.北京:北京大学出版.1989
[51]董艳娟,王玉平,王荫华,毛薇.大脑对早期、晚期冲突信息处理的事件相关电位研究.临床神经电生理杂志,2006,15(3):136-141
[52]Greenwald A G,Farnham S D.Using the Implicit Association Test to measure Self-esteem And self-concept.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2000,79:1022-1038
[53]蔡华俭.内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系.心理学报,2003,35(6):796-801.
[54]Aidman E V& Carroll S M.Implicit Individual differences:relationships between implicit self-esteem,gender identity,and gender attitudes.European Journal of Personality,2003,17(1):19-37
[55]耿晓伟.自尊自我概念对主观幸福感影响的内隐社会认知研究.硕士毕业论文.浙江:浙江大学,2005
[56]杨福义.内隐自尊的理论与实验研究.博士毕业论文.上海:华东师范大学,2006
[57]Fazio R H,Sanbonmastsu D M.On the automatic activation of attitudes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,50:229-238
[58]Cuthbert B N,Schupp H T,Bradley M M.Brain potentials in affective picture processing:Co variation with autonomic arousal and affective report.Biological Psychology,2000,52:95-111
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